Univ., Diss.--Budapest, 2001.

Frank C. Laubach made substantial contributions both to literacy education and the Christian life. There were between sixty and one hundred million people who learned to read through his literacy campaigns. He traveled to 130 countries developing literacy primers in 312 languages. At the same time, Laubach was a missionary mystic, spiritual experimenter and leader among Protestant Christians. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between two important parts of Laubach's life: his Christian development and literacy education. The study presents an overview of the family and social background of Frank C. Laubach from a chronological framework. Additional chapters examine: the importance of i-he Christian disciplines in Laubach's life, the impact of the missionary call and Laubach's concern for Christian social responsibility. The final chapter summarizes and evaluates the research. Both the Laubach collection, found in the George Arents Research Library at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York, and the library at Laubach Literacy International in Syracuse, provided the resources for comprehensive research in the life of Frank C. Laubach.

Desde a década de 50, o ensino de arquitetura em São Paulo enfocou uma grande discussão de valores éticos e estéticos, tendo como centro difusor a Faculdade de Arquitetura da USP e como principal articulador Vilanova Artigas. Na época, duas linhas se divergiam no âmbito do discurso arquitetônico, dentro e fora da universidade: os racionalistas e os organicistas, ou como costumavam se declarar, os corbusianos e os wrightianos. Os dois grupos geraram no seio da discussão moderna nacional, debates interessantes que foram muitas vezes além do aspecto arquitetônico. Entre os declaradamente wrightianos estava o jovem Luiz Gastão de Castro Lima, formado pela FAU-USP em 1954, depois de ter cursado dois anos na Politécnica. A recuperação de sua produção acadêmica e arquitetônica, ainda que pautada na experiência relativa de uma trajetória individual, é capaz de ilustrar uma parte da história da arquitetura que ficou por muito tempo às margens da historiografia. / Since the 50\'s, the teaching of architecture in Sao Paulo has focused on a broad discussion of ethical and aesthetic values, having as its diffuser centre the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of Sao Paulo (FAU-USP), and as its main articulator Vilanova Artigas. At the time, two streams used to have different ideas about the architectural discourse: the racionalistas and organicistas, or as they used to call themselves, corbusianos and wrightianos. The discussions generated by these two groups have sometimes gone beyond the architectural aspect. Among the wrightianos was Luiz Gastão de Castro Lima, who graduated by FAU-USP in 1954 after two years studying at Polytechnic school. The recovery of his academic and architectural production is able to illustrate a part of the history of architecture that was, for a long time, kept on the edge of historiography.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:21:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Turna Beck.pdf: 10326392 bytes, checksum: fdcb8d1f815aecd04b62aec2a61050e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-25 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This dissertation addresses, in its first part, the practice-based research problems in the academic research s architectural area. The purpose is to verify in what proportion research methods, that evolve non-textual analysis process, show up and to interpret them as academic elements of argumentation. The intention is to contribute to the reflection on academic knowledge production and its communication in practice-based areas X required patterns in the academic context. To set a boundary to this research, were analyzed Brazilian academic work (theses and dissertations) attended by about design methods and / or visual approach of the architectural work of Frank Lloyd Wright. Through these studies, a gap was identified: the lack of a deeper iconographic analysis about the influence of the Japanese art and architecture in the North American architect work. The second part of this dissertation, therefore, presents and emphasizes the role of images when the Japanese culture resonance on Frank Lloyd Wright's work is approached. The purpose of this effort has two-fold: the first one is to illustrate and to emphasize the importance of the visual or non-textual material employment, in the academic argumentation construction in the architectural area, which purposes are, for example, to detect or discuss projectual influences. The second intention is the contribution to supply the gap mentioned before, which is, the little attention given by Brazilian academic works about Japanese art s influence on Wright s work. The analysis of the academic works has helped to a better comprehension of which elements and resources, and how they must be employed in an academic research that has the practice-based characteristics. The construction of the exercise in the second part of this work uses the association of text and image, pointing, this way, to evidences that, if the use of non-textual resources, sometimes may be essential to the substantiation of an argumentation, on the other hand, this same argumentation cannot does without the text to be clearly enounced. / Esta pesquisa aborda, em sua primeira parte, a problemática da prática projetual na produção acadêmica na área de arquitetura. O objetivo é verificar em que medida comparecem métodos de pesquisa ligados a processos não textuais de análise e ponderar sobre seu papel como elementos de argumentação acadêmica. A intenção é contribuir para a reflexão sobre produção de conhecimento acadêmico e sua comunicação nas áreas de prática projetual X padrões exigidos no contexto acadêmico. Para limitar o âmbito da pesquisa foram analisados trabalhos acadêmicos brasileiros (teses e dissertações) que contassem com métodos projetuais e/ou visuais na abordagem da obra arquitetônica de Frank Lloyd Wright. Ao proceder com as leituras desses trabalhos foi identificada uma lacuna: a ausência de análises iconográficas mais aprofundadas sobre a ressonância da arte e arquitetura japonesa na obra do arquiteto norte-americano. A segunda parte deste trabalho, portanto, apresenta e enfatiza o papel das imagens quando se fala sobre a ressonância da cultura japonesa na obra de Wright. O objetivo deste esforço tem dupla intenção: a primeira é ilustrar e enfatizar a importância do emprego de material de natureza visual, e não-textual, na construção de argumentações acadêmicas na área de arquitetura, que visem, por exemplo, detectar ou discutir influências projetuais. A segunda é a contribuição para suprir a lacuna identificada acima, qual seja, a pouca atenção dada pelos trabalhos acadêmicos brasileiros sobre Frank Lloyd Wright à ressonância da arte japonesa em sua obra. A análise dos trabalhos acadêmicos buscou contribuir para a melhor compreensão da dinâmica entre os elementos e recursos textuais e não-textuais na elaboração da argumentação acadêmica. A construção do exercício na segunda parte do trabalho utiliza a associação de texto e imagem, apontando assim, para efeito desta investigação, indícios de que se a utilização de recursos não-textuais por vezes se mostra essencial na substanciação de uma argumentação, por outro lado, esta mesma argumentação não pode prescindir do texto para ser claramente enunciada.

Les aciers inoxydables austénitiques sont très utilisés dans l’industrie nucléaire comme structure interne. Ces structures se retrouvent en grande majorité dans la cuve du réacteur et, du fait de leur proximité avec les assemblages combustibles, sont soumis à de rudes conditions d’utilisation. Ces éléments sont donc exposés à des doses d’irradiation élevées et peuvent atteindre 100 dpa après 40 ans d’utilisation, à une température proche de 350°C. Ces conditions d’utilisation modifient la microstructure de l’acier et son comportement mécanique, ce qui entraîne une dégradation de leurs propriétés mécaniques et de leur résistance à la corrosion. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’établir à l’échelle atomique une loi de comportement décrivant le déplacement d’une dislocation coin dans une solution solide Fe-Ni10-Cr20, d’apporter une compréhension des mécanismes d’interaction entre une dislocation coin et une boucle de Frank et d’investiguer l’effet de la température, du générateur aléatoire d’alliage, de l’orientation et du diamètre de la boucle sur la contrainte mécanique. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, des simulations en dynamique moléculaire sont réalisées, basées sur potentiel FeNiCr récemment développé pour imiter le comportement de l’acier austénitique inoxydable. Les simulations sont réalisées en conditions statiques, à 300 K, 600 K et 900 K et les interactions effectuées pour des tailles de boucle de Frank de 2 nm et 10 nm. nous proposons une loi de comportement où sont incluses la température et la vitesse de déformation; l’interaction entre la dislocation coin et la boucle de Frank révèle trois types de mécanismes d’interactions : le cisaillement simple, le défautement et l’absorption de la boucle. L’absorption est le mécanisme le plus stable ; Les analyses des propriétés mécaniques résultantes ont montré que le mécanisme de défautement requiert la contrainte la plus élevée pour que la dislocation franchisse l’obstacle. D’autre part, contrairement aux études précédentes, le défautement de la surface de la boucle n’a lieu que lorsque celle-ci entre en contact avec la dislocation coin ; dans le cas de la boucle de Frank de 2 nm, la corrélation entre la probabilité du mécanisme d’interaction et la force moyenne de l’obstacle constitue des données utiles pour les simulations en Dynamique des Dislocations. Les observations des configurations résultantes de la boucle de Frank suite à l’interaction avec la dislocation permettent de justifier l’apparition de bandes claires observées au MET. Ce travail a été partiellement soutenu par la Commission européenne FP7 par le numéro de subvention 232612 dans le cadre du projet PERFORM 60. / Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in the nuclear industry as internals. These structures reside mainly in the reactor vessel and, due to their proximity with fuel assemblies, are subjected to severe operating conditions. These elements are exposed to high irradiation doses which can reach 100 dpa after 40 years of operating, at a temperature close to 350°C. These operating conditions affect the microstructure of steels and their mechanical behavior, which leads to the deterioration of their mechanical properties and their corrosion resistance. The objective of this PhD research work is to establish at the atomic scale a constitutive law describing the edge dislocation motion in a random Fe-Ni10-Cr20 solid solute solution, to bring a comprehensive understanding of the interaction mechanism between the edge dislocation and the Frank loops and to investigate the effect of temperature, alloying random generator, orientation and size of the Frank loop on the mechanical stress. To achieve these objectives, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted with a recently developed FeNiCr potential used to mimic the behavior of austenitic stainless steels. These simulations have been performed in static conditions as well as at 300 K, 600 K and 900 K and the interactions realized for loop sizes of 2nm and 10nm. A constitutive law taking into account the temperature and strain rate is proposed; the interaction between the edge dislocation and the Frank loop revealed 3 kinds of interaction mechanisms: simple shearing, unfaulting and absorption of the loop. Absorption is the most stable mechanism; the analyses of the resulting mechanical properties have shown that the unfaulting mechanism requires the highest stress to make the dislocation overcome the obstacle. On the other hand, contrary to previous studies, the unfaulting of the loop surface occurs only when the dislocation comes into contact with the edge dislocation; for the 2 nm Frank loop size, the coupling between the probability of the outcome of the reaction and the average strength of the obstacle constitutes useful data for Dislocation Dynamics simulations. The observations of the resulting Frank loop configurations following the interaction with the dislocation allow justifying the emergence of clear bands observed in TEM. This work has been partially supported by the European Commission FP7 with the grant number 232612 as part of the PERFORM 60 project.

A partire dall’analisi di diverse sentenze particolarmente significative per l’accertamento del dolo, la tesi prende in considerazione i diversi orientamenti filosofici sul metodo scientifico nella spiegazione e comprensione dell’azione intenzionale. Prendendo posizione per l’autonomia del metodo scientifico nelle scienze umane, la tesi cerca di delineare una metodologia per l’accertamento del dolo che sia, al tempo stesso, rispettosa del principio di determinatezza nel diritto penale e della necessaria individualizzazione nell’accertamento dell’elemento soggettivo. L’analisi è condotta studiando le principali posizioni della dottrina italiana e tedesca sul tema, nonché attraverso un’indagine comparatistica sugli states of mind costitutivi della mens rea nel diritto inglese. Su queste basi e prendendo spunto dai casi giurisprudenziali trattati, la tesi propone un metodo di accertamento che utilizzi come base di comprensione la situazione vissuta dal soggetto concreto e, attraverso di essa, interpreti la condotta secondo i significati sociali pertinenti. Il lavoro si concentra, inoltre, sul tema dell’oltre ogni ragionevole dubbio, cercando di precisarne il significato nell’ambito del dolo, e sulla configurazione dogmatica del dolo, illustrando i riflessi dell’accertamento sulla sistematica del reato. In conclusione, la tesi cerca di esplorare la possibilità di riformare il codice penale inserendo una regola che renda maggiormente stringente e controllabile l’accertamento del dolo. / Starting from the analysis of several sentences that are particularly significant in terms of the assessment of intention, the thesis considers the different philosophical attitudes on the scientific method for the explanation and comprehension of wilful action. With due regard to the difference in the scientific method in human sciences compared to natural sciences, the thesis tries to outline a method for the assessment of intention that is in compliance both with the principle of empirical verifiability in criminal law and with the required individualisation in the assessment of the subjective element. The research was carried out analysing the main positions of Italian and German law on the issue, and through a comparative investigation over the states of mind that represent the mens rea in English law. On these grounds, and drawing inspiration from the legal cases analysed, the thesis suggests an assessment method that uses the situation experienced by the concrete subject as grounds for comprehension, and through this situation, interprets the conduct in accordance with pertaining social meanings. The work also focuses on the issue of beyond any reasonable doubt, trying to specify the meaning within the scope of intention; and on the dogmatic structure of intention, explaining the effects of assessment on the theory of crime. In conclusion, the thesis attempts to explore the possibility of reforming the criminal code by introducing a rule making the assessment of intention more strict and easy to control.

Zugl.: Regensburg, Univ., Diss. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 158-164).

Desde a década de 50, o ensino de arquitetura em São Paulo enfocou uma grande discussão de valores éticos e estéticos, tendo como centro difusor a Faculdade de Arquitetura da USP e como principal articulador Vilanova Artigas. Na época, duas linhas se divergiam no âmbito do discurso arquitetônico, dentro e fora da universidade: os racionalistas e os organicistas, ou como costumavam se declarar, os corbusianos e os wrightianos. Os dois grupos geraram no seio da discussão moderna nacional, debates interessantes que foram muitas vezes além do aspecto arquitetônico. Entre os declaradamente wrightianos estava o jovem Luiz Gastão de Castro Lima, formado pela FAU-USP em 1954, depois de ter cursado dois anos na Politécnica. A recuperação de sua produção acadêmica e arquitetônica, ainda que pautada na experiência relativa de uma trajetória individual, é capaz de ilustrar uma parte da história da arquitetura que ficou por muito tempo às margens da historiografia. / Since the 50\'s, the teaching of architecture in Sao Paulo has focused on a broad discussion of ethical and aesthetic values, having as its diffuser centre the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of Sao Paulo (FAU-USP), and as its main articulator Vilanova Artigas. At the time, two streams used to have different ideas about the architectural discourse: the racionalistas and organicistas, or as they used to call themselves, corbusianos and wrightianos. The discussions generated by these two groups have sometimes gone beyond the architectural aspect. Among the wrightianos was Luiz Gastão de Castro Lima, who graduated by FAU-USP in 1954 after two years studying at Polytechnic school. The recovery of his academic and architectural production is able to illustrate a part of the history of architecture that was, for a long time, kept on the edge of historiography.

La phase d’apprentissage des méthodes d’apprentissage statistique automatique correspondent à la résolution d’un problème d’optimisation mathématique dont la fonction objectif se décompose en deux parties: a) le risque empirique, construit à partir d’une fonction de perte, dont la forme est déterminée par la métrique de performance et les hypothèses sur le bruit; b) la pénalité de régularisation, construite a partir d’une norme ou fonction jauge, dont la structure est déterminée par l’information à priori disponible sur le problème a résoudre.Les fonctions de perte usuelles, comme la fonction de perte charnière pour la classification supervisée binaire, ainsi que les fonctions de perte plus avancées comme celle pour la classification supervisée avec possibilité d’abstention, sont non-différentiables. Les pénalités de régularisation comme la norme l1 (vectorielle), ainsi que la norme nucléaire (matricielle), sont également non- différentiables. Cependant, les algorithmes d’optimisation numériques les plus simples, comme l’algorithme de sous-gradient ou les méthodes de faisceaux, ne tirent pas profit de la structure composite de l’objectif. Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier les problèmes d’apprentissage doublement non-différentiables (perte non- différentiable et régularisation non-différentiable), ainsi que les algorithmes d’optimisation numérique qui sont en mesure de bénéficier de cette structure composite.Dans le premier chapitre, nous présentons une nouvelle famille de pénalité de régularisation, les normes de Schatten par blocs, qui généralisent les normes de Schatten classiques. Nous démontrons les principales propriétés des normes de Schatten par blocs en faisant appel à des outils d’analyse convexe et d’algèbre linéaire; nous retrouvons en particulier des propriétés caractérisant les normes proposées en termes d’enveloppe convexes. Nous discutons plusieurs applications potentielles de la norme nucléaire par blocs, pour le filtrage collaboratif, la compression de bases de données, et l’annotation multi-étiquettes d’images.Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous présentons une synthèse de différentes tech- niques de lissage qui permettent d’utiliser des algorithmes de premier ordre adaptes aux objectifs composites qui de décomposent en un terme différentiable et un terme non-différentiable. Nous montrons comment le lissage peut être utilisé pour lisser la fonction de perte correspondant à la précision au rang k, populaire pour le classement et la classification supervises d’images. Nous décrivons dans les grandes lignes plusieurs familles d’algorithmes de premier ordre qui peuvent bénéficier du lissage: i) les algorithmes de gradient conditionnel; ii) les algorithmes de gradient proximal; iii) les algorithmes de gradient incrémental.Dans le troisième chapitre, nous étudions en profondeur les algorithmes de gradient conditionnel pour les problèmes d’optimisation non-différentiables d’apprentissage statistique automatique. Nous montrons qu’une stratégie de lis- sage adaptative associée à un algorithme de gradient conditionnel donne lieu à de nouveaux algorithmes de gradient conditionnel qui satisfont des garanties de convergence théoriques. Nous présentons des résultats expérimentaux prometteurs des problèmes de filtrage collaboratif pour la recommandation de films et de catégorisation d’images. / Training machine learning methods boils down to solving optimization problems whose objective functions often decomposes into two parts: a) the empirical risk, built upon the loss function, whose shape is determined by the performance metric and the noise assumptions; b) the regularization penalty, built upon a norm, or a gauge function, whose structure is determined by the prior information available for the problem at hand.Common loss functions, such as the hinge loss for binary classification, or more advanced loss functions, such as the one arising in classification with reject option, are non-smooth. Sparse regularization penalties such as the (vector) l1- penalty, or the (matrix) nuclear-norm penalty, are also non-smooth. However, basic non-smooth optimization algorithms, such as subgradient optimization or bundle-type methods, do not leverage the composite structure of the objective. The goal of this thesis is to study doubly non-smooth learning problems (with non-smooth loss functions and non-smooth regularization penalties) and first- order optimization algorithms that leverage composite structure of non-smooth objectives.In the first chapter, we introduce new regularization penalties, called the group Schatten norms, to generalize the standard Schatten norms to block- structured matrices. We establish the main properties of the group Schatten norms using tools from convex analysis and linear algebra; we retrieve in particular some convex envelope properties. We discuss several potential applications of the group nuclear-norm, in collaborative filtering, database compression, multi-label image tagging.In the second chapter, we present a survey of smoothing techniques that allow us to use first-order optimization algorithms designed for composite objectives decomposing into a smooth part and a non-smooth part. We also show how smoothing can be used on the loss function corresponding to the top-k accuracy, used for ranking and multi-class classification problems. We outline some first-order algorithms that can be used in combination with the smoothing technique: i) conditional gradient algorithms; ii) proximal gradient algorithms; iii) incremental gradient algorithms.In the third chapter, we study further conditional gradient algorithms for solving doubly non-smooth optimization problems. We show that an adaptive smoothing combined with the standard conditional gradient algorithm gives birth to new conditional gradient algorithms having the expected theoretical convergence guarantees. We present promising experimental results in collaborative filtering for movie recommendation and image categorization.

Lors du déclenchement d’un incendie en milieu clos, la quantité d’oxygène du local décroît, entrainant une combustion incomplète. Des gaz chauds imbrûlés peuvent alors s’accumuler dans le local ou dans les gaines de ventilation et un accident thermique peut survenir suite à un apport d’air frais. Ce travail, réalisé pour AREVA, vise à quantifier et d’analyser ce risque, afin de pouvoir le prédire et le prévenir. Tout d’abord, une étude bibliographique a été réalisée afin de définir les paramètres d’auto-inflammation à partir du modèle de Frank-Kamenetskii. Celui-ci permet, après un bilan d’énergie, l’établissement d’un paramètre critique, δC, d’auto-inflammation du mélange. δC réunit la géométrie, la température (et la température ambiante) et la composition du mélange à l’auto-inflammation.Puis, la dégradation thermique du Polyéthylène Haute Densité en fonction de la densité surfacique de flux incident à la surface du matériau et de la sous-ventilation a été caractérisée (cinétique de dégradation, productions gazeuses). Le Cône Calorimètre à Atmosphère Contrôlée a été employé.Ce travail expérimental a permis d’obtenir plusieurs mélanges gazeux suivant les conditions. La dernière partie de l’étude a permis, à partir de δC, de poser le volume de mélange via le rayon comme critère d’auto-inflammabilité des mélanges. En imposant une température, en faisant varier la fraction volumique de chaque gaz combustible entre sa LII et LSI le risque d’accident thermique a été défini. / After the beginning of a fire in a closed room, the oxygen rate in the atmosphere decreases. This implies an incomplete combustion and unburnt gases production. These ones may accumulate in the room or in ventilation pipes, and, after mixing with fresh air, auto-ignite. This could trigger a thermal accident such as backdraft. This present work, conducted for AREVA, aims to analyse this hazard and provide some methods to predict and prevent it. First, a bibliographical research, was carried on to define a mixture’s auto-ignition parameters. This study was based on Frank-Kamenetskii’s model: after establishing the energetics balance between the heat produced by combustion, and the one consumed by conduction, an auto-ignition critical parameter, δC, was defined. It reunites the system’s geometry, temperature (or the room temperature) and composition.Then, the High Density Polythene degradation in a Controlled Atmosphere Cone Calorimeter was studied. The effect on the material’s degradation of under-ventilation and of the energy brought has been tested through the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere and the incident heat flux.During this work many different gas mixtures were analyzed. On the ground of δC formula, the final step was to set the volume, through the radius (characteristic size of the system), as an auto-ignition parameter. Making the concentration of each combustible varying between the LFL and UFL and imposing the temperature allowed to predict this hazard.