Dieser Text ist ein Klassiker der vergleichenden Politikwissenschaft. In den 1960er Jahren erarbeitete Juan Linz am Beispiel des Franco-Regimes das Konzept eines dritten Regimetyps neben Demokratie und Totalitarismus. Es sollte der wirkungsmächtige Anstoß zum Nachdenken über autoritäre Regime werden: Ein Nachdenken, das angesichts aktueller weltpolitischer Entwicklungen fortgesetzt werden muss - und wozu diese erste deutschsprachige Übersetzung des Klassikers einen Beitrag leistet.

Cette thèse porte sur l’oeuvre de l’auteur espagnol de bande dessinée Carlos Giménez, l’un des dessinateurs et scénaristes les plus importants en Espagne, et dont une grande partie de l’oeuvre constitue un témoignage précieux de plus de cinquante ans d’Histoire en Espagne, depuis la guerre civile jusqu’à la transition démocratique. Auteur résolument engagé, véritable pionnier en matière de bande dessinée autobiographique, Carlos Giménez est en outre doté d’un style caractéristique : un graphisme en noir et blanc, un trait personnel, à la fois réaliste et parfois très caricatural, toujours au service d’une critique idéologique ou sociétale. Ce travail de recherche s’est articulé autour de deux grands axes constitutifs de son oeuvre : le souvenir, qui correspond à la réflexion sur l’Histoire et la mémoire, et la dénonciation. Une dénonciation qui semble aujourd’hui devenir peut-être moins criante au bénéfice de ce que l’on pourrait appeler la finalité éducative, chez un auteur qui met de plus en plus l’accent sur l’héritage de la mémoire, ou comment transmettre la mémoire aux générations futures. Aussi ses dernières productions s’avèrent-elles plus que jamais en phase avec les débats qui agitent l’Espagne aujourd’hui autour du thème de la mémoire historique et montrent jusqu’à quel point le neuvième art, cet « art séquentiel », production accessible à un public éclectique (mais peut-être aussi plus jeune),constitue même une base « didactico-pédagogique »,dont la finalité édifiante des jeunes générations est indéniable chez l’auteur madrilène. / This research focuses on the Spanish cartoonist Carlos Giménez, one of the most important artists and scriptwriters in Spain. A large part of the work is avaluable testimony of more than fifty years of history in Spain, since the Civil War to the Democratic Transition. Author resolutely committed, genuine pioneer ofautobiographical comic, Carlos Giménez is further provided with a characteristic style: a black and white graphics, a personal trait, both realistic and sometimesvery cartoonish, always at the service of ideological or social criticism. This research revolves around two main axes constituent of his work: memory and enunciation. A denunciation that now seems to be perhaps less glaring in favor of what might be called the educational purpose, for an author who puts more emphasis on the legacy of memory. Thus his last productions are more than ever in tune with the debates which agitate Spain today on the theme of Historical Memory and show how far the 9th art, production accessible to a large public is even a "didactic-pedagogic"base for younger generations.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the early work of the Catalan poet Pere Gimferrer, in which the elements of Franco's dictatorship and restrictions are examined. Special attention is paid to the poem The Deserted Space (L'espai desert), in which Gimferrer responds more explicitly to the Francoist regime in Catalonia, and the philosophical topic of this poem is also partly described in the thesis. Furthermore, the work depicts the history and politics of the Francoist period from 1939 to 1975 and deals with the specific problems of restriction in Catalonia. The thesis also focuses on literature in the period of Franquism and the new aesthetic poetry of the Novísimos group to which Gimferrer belongs and which wanted to break free from the long- standing social poetry condemning the political situation after the civil war. At the same time, the thesis proves that Gimferrer does not completely abandon the social poetry, because the elements of the Franco's dictatorship can be found in his poems.

Após a Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936-1939), conflito que durou quase três anos e culminou com a vitória das forças conservadoras fascistas e o estabelecimento da ditadura do general Francisco Franco, a Espanha atravessou um período de extrema miséria e desolação, período também conhecido como \"años de hambre\". Camilo José Cela retrata as mazelas sociais deste período em uma narrativa repleta de ironia e cinismo em La Colmena, romance que abriu portas para o realismo social na década de 50. Na obra de Cela, a perspectiva fragmentada da realidade, a reprodução dos valores conservadores e o conformismo disseminados no cotidiano constroem um quadro de inércia e desolação sociais, onde cada indivíduo é obrigado a aceitar a condição em que se encontra, tentando sobreviver por mais um dia em uma sociedade alienada e violenta. / After the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), which lasted nearly three years and culminated in the victory of the conservative fascist forces and the establishment of General Franco\'s dictatorial regime, Spain experienced times of extreme poverty and despair known as \"años de hambre\". In La Colmena, Camilo José Cela depicts the social maladies of that time through a narrative where irony and cynicism abound. The novel cleared the way for social realism in the 50\'s. In Cela\'s work the fragmented perspective of reality, the reproduction of conservative values and the resignation disseminated in everyday life paint a portrait of inertia and social despair, where each individual is obliged to accept the conditions in which they find themselves and tries to survive one more day in a violent and alienated society.

Após a Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936-1939), conflito que durou quase três anos e culminou com a vitória das forças conservadoras fascistas e o estabelecimento da ditadura do general Francisco Franco, a Espanha atravessou um período de extrema miséria e desolação, período também conhecido como \"años de hambre\". Camilo José Cela retrata as mazelas sociais deste período em uma narrativa repleta de ironia e cinismo em La Colmena, romance que abriu portas para o realismo social na década de 50. Na obra de Cela, a perspectiva fragmentada da realidade, a reprodução dos valores conservadores e o conformismo disseminados no cotidiano constroem um quadro de inércia e desolação sociais, onde cada indivíduo é obrigado a aceitar a condição em que se encontra, tentando sobreviver por mais um dia em uma sociedade alienada e violenta. / After the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), which lasted nearly three years and culminated in the victory of the conservative fascist forces and the establishment of General Franco\'s dictatorial regime, Spain experienced times of extreme poverty and despair known as \"años de hambre\". In La Colmena, Camilo José Cela depicts the social maladies of that time through a narrative where irony and cynicism abound. The novel cleared the way for social realism in the 50\'s. In Cela\'s work the fragmented perspective of reality, the reproduction of conservative values and the resignation disseminated in everyday life paint a portrait of inertia and social despair, where each individual is obliged to accept the conditions in which they find themselves and tries to survive one more day in a violent and alienated society.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal