京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17883号 / 工博第3792号 / 新制||工||1580(附属図書館) / 30703 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 中島 正愛, 教授 川瀬 博, 教授 竹脇 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Microfluidics has been the focal point of research in various disciplines due to its advantages of portability and cost effectiveness, and the ability to perform complex tasks with precision. In the past two decades microfluidic technology has been used to cool integrated circuits, for exoplanetary chemical analysis, for mimicking cellular environments, and in the design of specialized organ-on-a-chip devices. While there have been considerable advances in the complexity and miniaturization of microfluidic devices, particularly with the advent of microfluidic large-scale integration (mLSI) and microfluidic very-large-scale-integration (mVLSI), in which there are hundreds of thousands of flow channels per square centimeter on a microfluidic chip, there remains an actuation overhead problem: these small, complex microfluidic devices are tethered to extensive off-chip actuation machinery that limit their portability and efficiency. Insects, in contrast, actively and efficiently handle their respiratory air flows in complex networks consisting of thousands of microscale tracheal pathways. This work analytically and experimentally investigates the viability of incorporating some of the essential kinematics and actuation strategies of insect respiratory systems in microfluidic devices. Mathematical models of simplified individual tracheal pathways were derived and analyzed, and insect-mimetic PDMS-based valveless microfluidic devices were fabricated and tested. It was found that not only are these devices are capable of pumping fluids very efficiently using insect-mimetic actuation techniques, but also that the fluid flow direction and magnitude could be controlled via the actuation frequency alone, a feature never before realized in microfluidic devices. These results suggest that insect-mimicry may be a promising direction for designing more efficient microfluidic devices. / Ph. D. / Microfluidics or the study of fluids at the microscale has gained a lot of interest in the recent past due to its various applications starting from electronic chip cooling to biomedical diagnostic devices and exoplanetary chemical analysis. Though there has been a lot of advancements in the functionality and portability of microfluidic devices, little has been achieved in the improvement of the peripheral machinery needed to operate these devices. On the other hand insects can expertly manipulate fluids, in their body, at the microscale with the help of their efficient respiratory capabilities. In the present study we mimic some essential features of the insect respiratory system by incorporating them in microfluidic devices. The feasibility of practical application of these techniques have been tested, at first, analytically by mathematically modeling the fluid flow in insect respiratory tract mimetic microchannels and tubes and then by fabricating, testing and analyzing the functionality of microfluidic devices. The mathematical models, using slip boundary conditions, showed that the volumetric fluid flow through a trachea mimetic tube decreased with the increase in the amount of slip. Apart from that it also revealed a fundamental difference between shear and pressure driven flow at the microscale. The microfluidic devices exhibited some unique characteristic features never seen before in valveless microfluidic devices and have the potential in reducing the actuation overhead. These devices can be used to simplify the operating procedure and subsequently decrease the production cost of microfluidic devices for various applications.

A computationally efficient, discrete model is presented for transmission line analysis and passive model order reduction of high-speed interconnect systems. The development of this model was motivated by the on-going efforts in chip/package co-design to route a major portion of the on-chip clock and high-speed data buses through the package in order to overcome the bandwidth reduction and delay caused by the high ohmic loss of on-chip wiring. The geometric complexity of the resulting interconnections is such that model order reduction is essential for rapid and accurate signal integrity assessment to support pre-layout design iteration and optimization. The modal network theory of the skin effect in conjunction with the theory of compact differences is used for the development of discrete models for dispersive, multi-conductor interconnects compatible with passive model order reduction algorithms. The passive reduced-order interconnect modeling algorithm, PRIMA, is then used on the resulting discrete model to generate a low-order, multi-port macromodel for interconnect networks. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed model.

Amplitude-versus-offset, AVO, approximations allow the estimation of various properties from pre-stack seismic gathers. Recently it has been suggested that fluid mobility is a controlling factor in pore pressure equalisation and can result in anomalous velocity dispersion in the seismic bandwidth. However, current approximations all assume an elastic subsurface and are unable to account for velocity dispersion. I have applied existing methodologies to a real dataset to qualitatively detect and interpret spectral amplitude anomalies. Three areas had AVO and spectral signature consistent with frequency-dependent AVO theory. The results suggest that it is feasible to measure such effects on real data in the presence of random noise. It would imply that the relaxation parameter, tau, is larger in the field than has been measured in water-saturated real and synthetic sandstones in the laboratory. I extended a two-term AVO approximation by accounting for velocity dispersion and showed how the resultant reflection coefficient becomes frequency-dependent. I then used this to measure P- and S-wave reflectivity dispersion using spectrally-balanced amplitudes. The inversion was able to quantify the affect of the P-wave velocity dispersion as an instantaneous effect on the reflection. NMO stretch was an issue at the far offsets and I limited myself to the near offsets and effectively measured only the P-wave reflectivity dispersion. I showed how the P-wave reflectivity dispersion signs depend on the AVO classification of the reflection whilst the magnitude depends on the crack density of my model. I showed how the effect of noise and thin-bed tuning can enter uncertainties into the interpretation of spectral anomalies. Whilst it is possible to detect frequency-dependent AVO signatures on pre-stack gathers, the interpretation remains non-unique. I have quantitatively measured a new physical property, reflectivity dispersion, from pre-stack seismic data. I have presented a method of detecting and measuring velocity dispersion in pre-stack gathers but there remain ambiguities in the interpretation of such results. The approach incorporates spectrally decomposed data in an extended AVO inversion scheme. Future work should investigate the application of the methodology to a real seismic dataset.

Les signaux d'avertissement que portent les proies toxiques (ou autrement défendues) offrent une opportunité unique de développer une vision intégrative de la diversification biologique. Ces signaux sont soumis à une forte sélection naturelle et sexuelle. D'une part, la stratégie d'échantillonnage utilisée par les prédateurs, caractérisée par l'apprentissage des signaux associés à la toxicité, protège les signaux en forte fréquence dans la communauté de proies. Cette sélection fréquence-dépendante positive favorise l'uniformité des phénotypes et la convergence de signaux entre espèces toxiques (mimétisme mutualiste dit "Müllerien") dans de nombreux taxons. D'autre part, les signaux d'avertissement sont utilisés comme critères de choix entre partenaires sexuels et sont donc soumis à de la sélection sexuelle avec des conséquences importantes pour l'émergence de l'isolement reproducteur et la spéciation. Paradoxalement, malgré une forte sélection naturelle favorisant la convergence, les signaux d'avertissement sont incroyablement diversifiés, à la fois au sein de la même espèce et entre espèces. Cette diversification morphologique est souvent associée à une importante diversification des espèces à l'échelle des clades. Dans cette thèse, j'apporte quelques explications à ce paradoxe et j'affine ainsi notre compréhension de l'effet de la sélection fréquence-dépendante positive et du mutualisme sur la diversification à l'échelle micro- et macro-évolutive. Premièrement, je montre que la stratégie d'échantillonnage des prédateurs peut favoriser la diversification des signaux d'avertissement malgré une sélection fréquence-dépendante positive. Deuxièmement, je dissèque les conditions permettant l'évolution d'un isolement reproducteur stable, nécessaire à la spéciation, dans certaines situations écologiques où les signaux mimétiques sont sous sélection naturelle et sexuelle. Troisièmement, je décris des effets indirect de la sélection fréquence-dépendante sur la diversification à l'échelle macro-évolutive par le biais de contraintes spatiales et de convergences écologiques secondaires. / The display of warning signals by unpalatable (or otherwise defended) prey provides a wonderful opportunity for establishing an integrative view of biological diversification. Warning signals are known to be under strong natural and sexual selection. On the one hand, the sampling strategy of predators, characterized by a learned avoidance of signals associated with unpalatability, generates natural selection in favour of warning signals in high frequency in the prey community. Such positive frequency-dependent selection favours phenotypic uniformity and causes unpalatable species to converge on common warning signals (mutualistic "Müllerian" mimicry), as seen in a large panel of taxa. On the other hand, warning signals are used as a phenotypic cue for mate choice, generating sexual selection with important consequences for reproductive isolation and speciation. Paradoxically, despite powerful selection favouring phenotypic convergence, warning signals are fantastically diverse, both within and between species, and this morphological diversification is often associated with extensive species diversification at the clade level. In this thesis, I tackle this apparent paradox from the ground up and I thereby refine our understanding of the role of positive frequency-dependent selection and mutualistic interactions for evolutionary diversification at micro- and macroevolutionary scales. First, I show that the predator sampling strategy can favour the emergence of diversity of warning signals despite positive frequency-dependent selection. Second, I dissect the conditions allowing the evolution of strong and stable reproductive isolation, necessary for speciation to occur, in a number of ecological situations where warning signals are under natural and sexual selection. Third, I highlight important indirect effects of frequency-dependent selection on diversification at macro-evolutionary scale via spatial constraints and by-product ecological convergence.

Orientador: Sérgio Kurokawa / Banca: Luiz Fernando Bovolato / Banca: Lourenço Matias / Resumo: O objetivo deste projeto é o desenvolvimento de um modelo de linha de transmissão bifásica diretamente no domínio do tempo, que leve em consideração o efeito corona e o efeito da freqüência sobre seus parâmetros longitudinais, utilizando os conceitos de variáveis de estado. Os parâmetros longitudinais de uma linha de transmissão dependentes da freqüência serão sintetizados por meio de funções racionais pelo método do Vector Fitting. Em seguida, as funções racionais que descrevem o comportamento dos parâmetros longitudinais serão associadas com um circuito elétrico equivalente, que será inserido em cada um dos circuitos . Para a validação do modelo desenvolvido levando em consideração o efeito da freqüência o mesmo foi comparado com o programa de estudo de transitórios eletromagnético Micotran do tipo EMTP. Utilizando o modelo matemático desenvolvido foi possível inserir através das equações de Gary e de Skilling-Umoto, o efeito corona nas simulações de transitórios eletromagnético. Ao termino do projeto, apresenta-se um modelo matemático de uma linha de transmissão que leva em conta o efeito da freqüência e o efeito corona. Tal modelo não necessita dos programas do tipo EMTP para simulação de transitórios em linhas de transmissão. / Abstract: The objective of this work is to implement a computational model of two-phase transmission line directly in the time domain, which takes into account the corona effect and the effect of frequency on its longitudinal parameters, using the concepts of state variables. The longitudinal parameters of a frequency dependent transmission line are synthesized by rational functions using the Vector Fitting method. Then, the rational functions that describe the behavior of the longitudinal parameters will be associated with an equivalent electrical circuit, which is inserted in very circuit . Validating the model developed taking into account the effect of frequency, this model was compared to the Micotran program, a EMTP (Electromagnetic Transient Program) type program that is used for transient analyses in electrical networks. Through the developed mathematical model, it enter, through the equations of Gary and Skilling-Umoto, the corona effect in simulations of electromagnetic transients. At the end of the project, it is obtained a mathematical model of a transmission line that takes into account the effect of frequency and the corona effect. This model does not need the EMTP type programs for transient simulations in transmission lines. / Mestre

The purpose of this research is to develop a method of making system equivalents for the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), which should enhance its capability of simulating large power systems. The proposed equivalent combines a Frequency Dependent Network Equivalent (FDNE) for the high frequency electromagnetic transients and a Transient Stability Analysis (TSA) type simulation block for the electromechanical transients. The frequency dependent characteristic for FDNE is obtained by curve-fitting frequency domain admittance characteristics using the Vector Fitting method. An approach for approximating the frequency dependent characteristic of large power networks from readily available typical power-flow data is also introduced. A new scheme of incorporating TSA solution in RTDS is proposed. This report shows how the TSA algorithm can be adapted to a real time platform. The validity of this method is confirmed with examples, including the study of a multi in-feed HVDC system based network.

The purpose of this research is to develop a method of making system equivalents for the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), which should enhance its capability of simulating large power systems. The proposed equivalent combines a Frequency Dependent Network Equivalent (FDNE) for the high frequency electromagnetic transients and a Transient Stability Analysis (TSA) type simulation block for the electromechanical transients. The frequency dependent characteristic for FDNE is obtained by curve-fitting frequency domain admittance characteristics using the Vector Fitting method. An approach for approximating the frequency dependent characteristic of large power networks from readily available typical power-flow data is also introduced. A new scheme of incorporating TSA solution in RTDS is proposed. This report shows how the TSA algorithm can be adapted to a real time platform. The validity of this method is confirmed with examples, including the study of a multi in-feed HVDC system based network.