Subject of this thesis is analysis of friction power losses in rolling bearings and design and implementation of computing program. Thesis is divided into six chapters. At the beginning there is overview of different types of rolling bearings and their system of lubrication. Fundamentals of elastohydrodynamic lubrication are described together with effects that occur in lubricant. Remaining part is focused on friction in rolling bearing its sources and calculation. Other programs for computing friction losses are shown and own program is designed. Designed program is applied on bearings of chosen type and results are compared with existing models.

Le graphène est un matériau carboné exceptionnel de par ses propriétés électriques (mobilité électronique à température ambiante de 200 000 cm²V-¹s-¹), mécaniques (module d'Young de 1,5 TPA) et sa capacité à protéger un substrat de l’atmosphère. Cela en fait un candidat idéal comme revêtement de protection pour les dispositifs de connexion dont la partie active (le contact électrique) peut subir des dégradations sévères au cours du temps.. Un tel revêtement de protection doit en effet avoir des propriétés de robustesse et de conduction la plupart du temps antinomiques. La première étape de ce travail a consisté à mettre en œuvre un procède d’exfoliation en phase liquide afin de produire des suspensions de graphène ou de matériaux de type graphène. Différents type de caractérisations structurelles et électriques à l’échelle microscopique ont permis de déterminer des conditions d’exfoliation favorables en variant la nature du solvant et les conditions de sonication. Il s’est agi ensuite d’évaluer différents modes de dépôts permettant d’obtenir un revêtement de protection à partir de feuillets individuels. Les méthodes de trempé, évaporation, spray et filtration ont été caractérisées et ont montré leurs avantages et inconvénients. La méthode de filtration donne les films les plus couvrants mais pose le problème du transfert vers la surface à protéger : on a mis en évidence une contamination résiduelle difficile à éliminer. Les premiers résultats avec une méthode de spray industriel sans buse ont montré une grande réduction du frottement mais aussi la complexité des mécanismes régissant la qualité des dépôts. Les limites des différentes méthodes de dépôt pourraient être dépassées par l’utilisation de films composites polymère-graphène. / Graphene is a special carbon material due to its electrical properties (electron mobility at room temperature 200 000 cm²V-¹s-¹), mechanical (Young modulus of 1.5 TPA) and ability to protect a substrate of atmosphere. This makes it an ideal candidate as a protective coating for connecting devices including the active portion (electrical contact) may suffer severe damage over time .. Such a protective coating must indeed have properties and robustness conducting most of the contradictory time. The first step of this work was to implement an exfoliation proceeds in the liquid phase to produce suspensions of graphene and graphene-like materials.Different types of structural and electrical properties at the microscopic scale have determined favorable conditions for exfoliation by varying the nature of the solvent and conditions of sonication. He then acted deposits evaluate different methods to obtain a protective coating from individual sheets. The methods of dip coating, drop casting, spray and filtration have been characterized and have shown their advantages and disadvantages. The filtration method gives the most covering films, but the problem of the transfer to the surface to be protected: it showed residual contamination difficult to remove. The first results with an industrial spray without nozzle method showed a large reduction in friction but also the complexity of the mechanisms governing the quality of deposits. Limitations of different deposit methods could be exceeded by the use of graphene-polymer composite films.

La thèse porte sur l’étude de l’influence des textures sur le mouillage et la propulsion. Trois situations ont été considérées, selon la taille des textures utilisées.Des textures nanométriques hydrophobes permettent d’obtenir des surfaces aérophiles. Lorsque ces surfaces sont immergées dans un bain, elles restent recouvertes d’un fin film d’air et ouvrent toute une classe de nouveaux problèmes de mouillage, où les interfaces gaz – liquide sont inversées par rapport aux situations traditionnelles. Nous avons décrit l’étalement d’une bulle d’air sur une surface aérophile, la dépression capillaire ou encore la dynamique de bulles sur des fils.En situation de lévitation, des textures de l’ordre du millimètre permettent de rediriger efficacement le flux d’air qui sépare un objet de son support. L’écoulement étant contrôlé, une direction privilégiée peut être choisie et l’objet se trouve alors efficacement propulsé. Selon l’emplacement des textures, un entrainement visqueux ou une propulsion par effet fusée peuvent être observés.Sur des créneaux millimétriques recouverts de nanotextures hydrophobes, l’eau est en situation non-mouillante. Il suffit d’une toute petite inclinaison de la surface pour qu’une goutte dévale, et elle atteint rapidement des vitesses importantes puisque la friction est très faible. La présence des macrotextures sur la surface permet de ralentir considérablement la goutte : l’étude a porté sur l’optimisation du contrôle d’une goutte, éventuellement visqueuse. / This thesis deals with the influence of textures on wetting and propulsion. Three situations have been considered, depending on the texture size.Aerophilic surfaces can be obtained with hydrophobic nanometric structures. When immerged in a liquid bath, these surfaces remain covered by a thin plastron of air. This oppens a new class of problems where gas – liquid interfaces are exchanged, compared to usual studies. We described the spreading of an air bulle over an aerophilic surface, capillary depression and the dynamics of a bubble on a wire.Millimetric sutructures allow an efficient redirection of the air cushion between a levitating object and its substrate. Because the flux is controlled, a specific direction can appear, and the object is efficiently propelled. Depending on the textures location, viscous entrainement or rocket effect can be the propulsive mechanism.Hydrophobic nanotextures are used to generate non-wetting situation of water. A tiny angle of tilt of the surface is enough to see a drop mouving; its velocity is high because of the low friction. Macrotextures, as millimetric crennels slow down very efficiently the drop: the study optimized the control of the drop (possibly viscous) motion.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20924号 / 理博第4376号 / 新制||理||1628(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 田上 高広, 教授 山路 敦, 教授 平原 和朗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Quantitative understanding of frictional phenomena between the tool and the workpiece is essential for accurate modeling of the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process. Two methods of measuring the tool-workpiece interface are proposed that allow frictional measurements to be made under extreme conditions. The first method uses a cylindrically curved surface in contact with a flat plate. The ranges of temperature, velocity, and normal force used in this method are 100–600°C, 0.38–2.0 m/s (75–400) surface feet per minute (SFM)), and 450–2700 N (100–600 lbf), respectively. Data are gathered at different parameter level combinations to provide enough data to create an empirical model representing the data. Two friction modes with distinct characteristics are observed. One mode, Coulomb-Amonton's friction, has frictional force proportional to normal force, while the other mode, plastic shear deformation friction, has frictional force independent of normal force. A linear statistical model has been developed to characterize each of the frictional modes for the polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tool and 1018 steel work piece interface as functions of temperature, velocity, and normal force. Two linear models were chosen. A statistical method called membership function regression was used to determine the coefficients of these two models. The resulting model has a correlation of (Predicted Force) = 1.0445(Measured Force) with an R^2 value of 0.83. The second method was an attempt to measure friction with a measurable contact area at a range of temperatures, velocities, and normal pressures. This method rubs the end of a cylindrical rod with a concentric cylindrical pocket against a flat plate. This method caused precessions of the tool on the workpiece. As a result of this precession, plastic shear deformation friction measurements are invalid. However, Coulomb-Amonton's friction is still valid. The experiments of the PCBN-stainless steel interface found that Coulomb-Amonton's friction did not depend on temperature and velocity. In addition, no plastic shear deformation friction was identified using this method and this interface combination.

The purpose of this study is to develop a series of response surfaces that define critical outcomes for welding in Al 7075 based on the tool geometry of a convex scrolled shoulder step spiral (CS4) friction stir processing tool. These response surfaces will be used to find critical minimums in forces which will decrease the required power input for the process. A comprehensive parameterization of the tool geometry is defined in this paper. A pilot study was performed to determine the feasibility of varying certain geometric features. Then a screening experiment eliminated those geometric features that were not as significant in determining the response surfaces. A central composite design with the five most important geometric features was used in order to develop response surfaces for nine different response variables. The nine response variables are the longitudinal, lateral and axial forces; the tool temperature, the spindle torque, the amount of flash, the presence of defects, the surface roughness and the ledge size. By using standard regression techniques, response surface equations were developed that will allow the user to optimize tool geometries based on the desired response variables. The five geometric features, the process parameters and several of their interactions were found to be highly significant in the response surfaces.

Yes / The performance of the modified friction stir clinched and friction stir spot welded joints of AA5754-O and AA2024-T3 Al alloy was improved by investigating the impact of material flow influencing parameters such as material positioning and tool rotational speed on the microstructure, mechanical and fracture behaviors of the joints. The results reveal that the positioning of a harder material (AA2024-T3) as the upper plate induces higher peak temperatures in the friction stir clinched (500 °C) and friction stir spot welded (475 °C) joints. This positioning favors inter-material mingling, grain coarsening with inherent higher dislocation density and tangles, and improved tensile failure loads in the AA2024-T3/AA5754-O joint than the AA5754-O/AA2024-T3 joint. The formation of partial weld-center defect declines in the AA2024-T3/AA5754-O at low tool rotational speed due to the better local heat build-up and geometric-differential flow effect in comparison with the AA5754-O/AA2024-T3 counterparts. The positioning of harder Al alloy on the top of a soft Al alloy is thus recommended for the improvement of modified friction stir clinched joints.

Modeling of friction stir welding (FSW) is challenging, as there are large gradients in both strain rate and temperature that must be accounted for in the constitutive law of the material being joined. Constitutive laws are most often calibrated using flow stresses from hot compression or hot torsion testing, where strain rates are much lower than those of the FSW process. As such, the current work employed a recently developed method to measure flow stresses in AA 2219-T67 at the high strain rates typical of FSW. These data were used in the development of a finite element simulation of FSW to study the effect of the new flow stress data on temperature, torque, and load predictions, compared to standard material models calibrated with hot compression or hot torsion data. It was found that load predictions were significantly better with the new material law, reducing the error with respect to experimental measurements by approximately 79%. Because heat generation during FSW is primarily a function of friction between the rapidly spinning tool and the workpiece, the choice of friction law, and associated parameters, were also studied with respect to FE model predictions. It was found that the Norton (viscoplastic) friction law was the most appropriate for modeling FSW, because its predictions were more accurate for both the transient and steady-state phases of the FSW plunge experiment. The postulated reason for the superior performance of the Norton law was its ability to account for temperature and rate sensitivity of the workpiece material sheared by the tool, while the Tresca limited Coulomb law favored contact pressure, with essentially no temperature or rate dependence of local material properties. The combination of the new flow stress data and the optimized Norton friction law resulted in a 63% overall reduction in model error, compared to the use of a standard material law and boilerplate friction parameters. The overall error was calculated as an equally weighted comparison of temperatures, torques, and forces with experimentally measured values.

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