M.S.

Crispness is one of the most important and desirable textural characteristics that signify freshness and high quality in breaded fried foods. Though many approaches to instrumental measurement of crispness have been made, the best measurements are still inconclusive. There is no reliable method available that can accurately measure and quantify crispness in breaded fried foods. In this study, the mechanical and ultrasonic techniques were used to determine crispness in breaded fried chicken nuggets under different storage conditions. The mechanical measurements have been made, using an Instron universal testing machine. An ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation system was used to measure ultrasonic properties of breaded friend chicken nuggets. A pair of dry-coupling 250-kHz ultrasonic transducers was used to perform the ultrasonic transmission through the breaded fried chicken nugget. The equipment set up was in the through-transmission mode because breaded fried chicken nugget is highly attenuative material. A sensory panel of eight members was trained to evaluate crispness in breaded fried foods. Panelists rated crispness on a nine-point category scale (1 = not crisp/soggy, 9 = very crisp). Sensory crispness values for breaded fried foods under different storage conditions were obtained. Ultrasonic velocity, transmission loss, peak frequencies and its energies, peak force and total energy were determined for each tested product. Correlation between sensory crispness and instrumental parameters suggests that the ultrasonic method can be used to evaluate crispness. The ultrasonic velocity had high correlation with sensory crispness (R2 = 0.83). This indicates that sensory crispness could be reasonably well predicted by the ultrasonic velocity. / Master of Science

No description available.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 M375 / Master of Science

A mandioca (Manihot sculenta Crantz) é originária do Brasil e é também cultivada em outros países de clima tropical, tendo grande importância como fonte de carboidratos e de subsistência para quase um bilhão de pessoas. As suas raízes são altamente perecíveis, pois após três dias da colheita inicia-se o processo de deterioração fisiológica. Métodos e produtos que possam aumentar a vida de prateleira da mandioca ou a disponibilidade de produtos à base de mandioca são de grande interesse para produtores e industriais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um novo produto moldado na forma de chips e frito, elaborado a partir de mandioca crua e cozida em pó, com uso mínimo de ingredientes, isento de glúten, gordura trans e ingredientes de origem animal, numa tentativa de fornecer ao mercado um produto com maior valor agregado e que possa ser produzido por pequenas e micro empresas. O estudo foi conduzido em duas etapas, na primeira obteve-se a mandioca cozida em pó e foram realizados os pré-testes de formulação e processamento dos chips e na segunda etapa foi realizado o aprimoramento da formulação e estudo de vida de prateleira da mandioca chips. Na primeira etapa a análise sensorial preliminar apontou a aparência gordurosa e a falta de gosto de sal como pontos a serem melhorados na formulação, porém foi possível produzir mandioca chips com o uso de mandioca cozida em pó a partir da variedade IAC 576-70 e Manteiga. Na segunda etapa o óleo de soja foi substituído por gordura de palma, o teor de sal foi aumentado e para o aprimoramento da formulação e processo foram testadas as condições de tempo e temperatura de fritura, e a adição de mandioca crua em pó, a partir de um planejamento experimental fatorial completo 23 com 6 pontos axiais e 3 repetições do ponto central, totalizando 17 ensaios (T1 a T17) com as variáveis independentes: mandioca crua em pó, mandioca cozida em pó e tempo de fritura. As variáveis dependentes foram: absorção de lipídeos; umidade; atividade de água; textura; cor e volume específico. A adição de mandioca crua em pó altera as propriedades reológicas, sensoriais e tecnológicas dos chips. Há uma forte correlação negativa entre a porcentagem de lipídeos e de umidade. A textura dos chips foi influenciada pelo tempo de fritura e quantidade de mandioca cozida em pó. Três testes foram selecionados para análise sensorial de aceitação sendo escolhido o teste T5, que foi submetido ao estudo de vida de prateleira. Durante este estudo não houve alteração na umidade, atividade de água e textura instrumental da mandioca chips indicando que a embalagem utilizada (sacos de PEAD/Al/PPMO) foi eficiente. No estudo de estabilidade oxidativa durante o armazenamento, em relação ao índice de acidez, este aumentou nos primeiros 29 dias de estocagem e depois se manteve constante. O índice de peróxidos atingiu seus maiores valores após 56 dias de armazenamento diminuindo ao final nos 133 dias de armazenamento. Não houve alteração nos valores de TBARS (substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico), dienos e trienos conjugados durante o estudo de vida de prateleira. A análise sensorial realizada para determinar a vida de prateleira da mandioca chips considerando o método de aceitação da Aceitabilidade Mínima Tolerável e o método de comparação das amostras com o padrão (0 dia de armazenamento) apontaram 56 dias como o tempo, a partir do qual, são percebidas as alterações nos atributos avaliados. / Cassava (Manihot sculenta Crantz) is native to Brazil and is also cultivated in other tropical countries, having great importance as a source of carbohydrates and as a subsistence crop for nearly a billion people. Its roots are highly perishable, since after three days from the harvest it begins the process of physiological deterioration. Methods and products that may increase the shelf life of cassava or the availability of cassava-based products are of great interest to producers and industries. This study aimed to develop a new product in the form of chips molded and fried chips, made from raw and cooked cassava powder, with minimum use of ingredients, free of gluten, Trans fat and animal ingredients in an attempt to provide to the market a product with higher added value and that can be produced by small and micro enterprises. The study was conducted in two steps, in the first one, it was obtained the powder of cooked cassava and a pre-formulation and processing of the chips was carried out and a second step was carried out in order to improve the formulation and study the shelf life of cassava chips. In the first step preliminary sensory analysis pointed the greasy appearance and lack of salty taste as aspects to be improved in further formulation, but it was possible to produce cassava chips with the use of cooked cassava powder from the variety IAC 576-70 and the variety \"Butter\". In the second stage soybean oil was replaced with palm oil, and the salt content was increased and to improve the formulation and process conditions, frying time and temperature, and the addition of raw cassava powder were tested, from a experimental design 23 full factorial with six axial points and three repetitions of the central point, resulting in 17 trials (T1 to T17) with the independent variables: raw cassava powder, cooked cassava powder and frying time. The dependent variables were: absorption of fat, moisture, water activity, texture, color and specific volume. The addition of raw cassava powder changes the rheological, sensory and technological properties of the chips. There is a strong negative correlation between the percentage of lipids and moisture. The texture of the chips was influenced by the frying time and the amount of cooked cassava powder. Three tests were selected for sensory analysis of acceptance test, among them T5 was chosen, which was submitted to the shelf life study. During this study there was no change in moisture, water activity and instrumental texture of cassava chips indicating that the packaging used (plastic bags, HDPE / Al / MEPP) was efficient. In the study of oxidative stability during storage, compared with the acidity index, this increased in the first 29 days of storage and then remained constant. The peroxide value reached its highest values after 56 days of storage and decreased at the end of 133 days of storage. There was no change in the values of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), conjugated diene and triene during the shelf life study. The sensory analysis carried out to determine the shelf life of cassava chips considering the method of acceptance of Minimum Tolerable Acceptability and the method of comparing with standard samples (0 day of storage) pointed out 56 days as the time from which changes in its attributes are perceived.

A mandioca (Manihot sculenta Crantz) é originária do Brasil e é também cultivada em outros países de clima tropical, tendo grande importância como fonte de carboidratos e de subsistência para quase um bilhão de pessoas. As suas raízes são altamente perecíveis, pois após três dias da colheita inicia-se o processo de deterioração fisiológica. Métodos e produtos que possam aumentar a vida de prateleira da mandioca ou a disponibilidade de produtos à base de mandioca são de grande interesse para produtores e industriais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um novo produto moldado na forma de chips e frito, elaborado a partir de mandioca crua e cozida em pó, com uso mínimo de ingredientes, isento de glúten, gordura trans e ingredientes de origem animal, numa tentativa de fornecer ao mercado um produto com maior valor agregado e que possa ser produzido por pequenas e micro empresas. O estudo foi conduzido em duas etapas, na primeira obteve-se a mandioca cozida em pó e foram realizados os pré-testes de formulação e processamento dos chips e na segunda etapa foi realizado o aprimoramento da formulação e estudo de vida de prateleira da mandioca chips. Na primeira etapa a análise sensorial preliminar apontou a aparência gordurosa e a falta de gosto de sal como pontos a serem melhorados na formulação, porém foi possível produzir mandioca chips com o uso de mandioca cozida em pó a partir da variedade IAC 576-70 e Manteiga. Na segunda etapa o óleo de soja foi substituído por gordura de palma, o teor de sal foi aumentado e para o aprimoramento da formulação e processo foram testadas as condições de tempo e temperatura de fritura, e a adição de mandioca crua em pó, a partir de um planejamento experimental fatorial completo 23 com 6 pontos axiais e 3 repetições do ponto central, totalizando 17 ensaios (T1 a T17) com as variáveis independentes: mandioca crua em pó, mandioca cozida em pó e tempo de fritura. As variáveis dependentes foram: absorção de lipídeos; umidade; atividade de água; textura; cor e volume específico. A adição de mandioca crua em pó altera as propriedades reológicas, sensoriais e tecnológicas dos chips. Há uma forte correlação negativa entre a porcentagem de lipídeos e de umidade. A textura dos chips foi influenciada pelo tempo de fritura e quantidade de mandioca cozida em pó. Três testes foram selecionados para análise sensorial de aceitação sendo escolhido o teste T5, que foi submetido ao estudo de vida de prateleira. Durante este estudo não houve alteração na umidade, atividade de água e textura instrumental da mandioca chips indicando que a embalagem utilizada (sacos de PEAD/Al/PPMO) foi eficiente. No estudo de estabilidade oxidativa durante o armazenamento, em relação ao índice de acidez, este aumentou nos primeiros 29 dias de estocagem e depois se manteve constante. O índice de peróxidos atingiu seus maiores valores após 56 dias de armazenamento diminuindo ao final nos 133 dias de armazenamento. Não houve alteração nos valores de TBARS (substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico), dienos e trienos conjugados durante o estudo de vida de prateleira. A análise sensorial realizada para determinar a vida de prateleira da mandioca chips considerando o método de aceitação da Aceitabilidade Mínima Tolerável e o método de comparação das amostras com o padrão (0 dia de armazenamento) apontaram 56 dias como o tempo, a partir do qual, são percebidas as alterações nos atributos avaliados. / Cassava (Manihot sculenta Crantz) is native to Brazil and is also cultivated in other tropical countries, having great importance as a source of carbohydrates and as a subsistence crop for nearly a billion people. Its roots are highly perishable, since after three days from the harvest it begins the process of physiological deterioration. Methods and products that may increase the shelf life of cassava or the availability of cassava-based products are of great interest to producers and industries. This study aimed to develop a new product in the form of chips molded and fried chips, made from raw and cooked cassava powder, with minimum use of ingredients, free of gluten, Trans fat and animal ingredients in an attempt to provide to the market a product with higher added value and that can be produced by small and micro enterprises. The study was conducted in two steps, in the first one, it was obtained the powder of cooked cassava and a pre-formulation and processing of the chips was carried out and a second step was carried out in order to improve the formulation and study the shelf life of cassava chips. In the first step preliminary sensory analysis pointed the greasy appearance and lack of salty taste as aspects to be improved in further formulation, but it was possible to produce cassava chips with the use of cooked cassava powder from the variety IAC 576-70 and the variety \"Butter\". In the second stage soybean oil was replaced with palm oil, and the salt content was increased and to improve the formulation and process conditions, frying time and temperature, and the addition of raw cassava powder were tested, from a experimental design 23 full factorial with six axial points and three repetitions of the central point, resulting in 17 trials (T1 to T17) with the independent variables: raw cassava powder, cooked cassava powder and frying time. The dependent variables were: absorption of fat, moisture, water activity, texture, color and specific volume. The addition of raw cassava powder changes the rheological, sensory and technological properties of the chips. There is a strong negative correlation between the percentage of lipids and moisture. The texture of the chips was influenced by the frying time and the amount of cooked cassava powder. Three tests were selected for sensory analysis of acceptance test, among them T5 was chosen, which was submitted to the shelf life study. During this study there was no change in moisture, water activity and instrumental texture of cassava chips indicating that the packaging used (plastic bags, HDPE / Al / MEPP) was efficient. In the study of oxidative stability during storage, compared with the acidity index, this increased in the first 29 days of storage and then remained constant. The peroxide value reached its highest values after 56 days of storage and decreased at the end of 133 days of storage. There was no change in the values of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), conjugated diene and triene during the shelf life study. The sensory analysis carried out to determine the shelf life of cassava chips considering the method of acceptance of Minimum Tolerable Acceptability and the method of comparing with standard samples (0 day of storage) pointed out 56 days as the time from which changes in its attributes are perceived.

In modern separation design, an important part of many phase-equilibrium calculations is the mathematical representation of pure-component and mixture enthalpies. Mixture enthalpy data are important not only for determination of heat loads, but also for the design of distillation units. Further, mixture enthalpy data, when available, are useful for extending vapor-liquid equilibria to higher (or lower) temperatures, through the use of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. In this connection excess molar enthalpies for several binary and ternary mixtures involving ethers and hydrocarbons have been measured at the temperature 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure, over the whole mole fraction range. Values of the excess molar enthalpies were measured by means of a modified flow microcalorimeter (LKB 10700-1) and the systems show endothermic behavior. The Redlich-Kister equation has been used to correlate experimental excess molar enthalpy data of binary mixtures. Smooth representations of the excess molar enthalpy values of ternary mixtures are accomplished by means of the Tsao-Smith equation with an added ternary contribution term and are used to construct excess enthalpy contours on Roozeboom diagrams. The values of the standard deviations indicate good agreement between experimental results and those calculated from the smoothing equations. The experimental excess enthalpy data are also correlated and predicted by means of solution theories (Flory theory and Liebermann-Fried model) for binary and ternary mixtures, respectively. These solution theories correlate the binary heats of mixing data with reasonable accuracy. The prediction of ternary excess molar enthalpy by means of the solution theories are also presented on Roozeboom diagrams. The predictions of ternary excess enthalpy data by means of these theories are reasonably reliable.

In modern separation design, an important part of many phase-equilibrium calculations is the mathematical representation of pure-component and mixture enthalpies. Mixture enthalpy data are important not only for determination of heat loads, but also for the design of distillation units. Further, mixture enthalpy data, when available, are useful for extending vapor-liquid equilibria to higher (or lower) temperatures, through the use of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. In this connection excess molar enthalpies for several binary and ternary mixtures involving ethers and hydrocarbons have been measured at the temperature 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure, over the whole mole fraction range. Values of the excess molar enthalpies were measured by means of a modified flow microcalorimeter (LKB 10700-1) and the systems show endothermic behavior. The Redlich-Kister equation has been used to correlate experimental excess molar enthalpy data of binary mixtures. Smooth representations of the excess molar enthalpy values of ternary mixtures are accomplished by means of the Tsao-Smith equation with an added ternary contribution term and are used to construct excess enthalpy contours on Roozeboom diagrams. The values of the standard deviations indicate good agreement between experimental results and those calculated from the smoothing equations. The experimental excess enthalpy data are also correlated and predicted by means of solution theories (Flory theory and Liebermann-Fried model) for binary and ternary mixtures, respectively. These solution theories correlate the binary heats of mixing data with reasonable accuracy. The prediction of ternary excess molar enthalpy by means of the solution theories are also presented on Roozeboom diagrams. The predictions of ternary excess enthalpy data by means of these theories are reasonably reliable.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Fakultät für Philologie--Bochum--Ruhr-Universität, 1989. / Bibliogr. p. 263-333. Discogr. p.333. Index.

Treatise (D.M.A.) Florida State University, 2006. / Advisor: Timothy Hoekman, Florida State University, College of Music. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed 7-17-07). Document formatted into pages; contains 81 pages. Includes biographical sketch. Includes bibliographical references.