Today’s modern, Canadian, business corporations are hugely influential in determining public policy and many aspects of people’s lives. Because this influence permeates so much of our social construct, we expect corporations to act in an ethical manner. Yet, at the very baseline of legal incorporation, there is not a requirement for corporations, per se, to be ethical or to act in an ethical manner. This situation has set up a form of ethical dualism, with individual citizens being required to act in certain prescribed manners, while corporations, which in most cases comprise individual citizens, are allowed to ignore or even to flaunt similar ethical rules and standards. In this investigative paper on corporate applied ethics, I will examine arguments for and against the notion of including ethical responsibility statements within the concept of incorporation. This paper will provide a historical framework in which to view some of the complexities involved, and examine certain influential assertions made by Milton Friedman. The paper will begin with a look at what is meant by corporation in this context. This will be followed by an analysis of the arguments put forward by Milton Friedman in his famous essay “The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits” and other related arguments. These other arguments, as objections to the inclusion of ethics within the notion of corporation, fall into three main types: objections to concept; to ability; and to process. I will review each in turn, with the hope that, by dispelling the Friedmanian arguments against corporate ethical inclusion, a new baseline for incorporation might be established. The second part of the paper will examine what kind of ethics might best suit the corporation. It will also consider ethical growth with respect to business. The paper will conclude with a suggestion as to how the inclusion of ethics within the notion of incorporation might be accomplished.

Open site measurement on the electromagnetic interference is the most direct and universally accepted standard approach for measuring radiated emissions from an equipment or the radiation susceptibility of a component or equipment. A site is qualified for testing EMI or not is decided by the antenna measurements. In this work, we use data from setups with di erent factors to find relations of measurement and the situation of antenna. A one change point model has been used to fit observed measurements and compare the di erences with two kinds of antenna (broadband antenna and dipole antenna). However, with only one change point model it may not give a suitable fit for all data sets in this work. Therefore, we have tried other models and applied them to the data. Furthermore, we try to set up another standard more strict than ¡Ó4dB based on statistical inference results in deciding whether a site is a better one with more precision in measuring EMI values. Finally, a program by Matlab with a complete analysis based on the procedure performed here is provided, so that it may be used as a standard tool for evaluating whether a site is with good measurement quality in practice.

Thesis (M.A.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Abstract. Also available via the Internet.

We are comparing the economic models of state social support which utilize the concept of the negative income tax. The comparison builds upon the overview of the main theoretical articles. We have analysed the proposals of various political parties regarding the negative income tax; in case of a Czech party's proposal of replacing a set of subsidies with the negative income tax, we have calculated the overall expected savings. For the purpose of the overall comparison, we selected the models of Friedman, Tobin, Sulik and the Earned Income tax Credit model. We benchmarked them in various theoretical and practical criteria. We conclude that they do not differ substantially except for their philosophical interpretation.

La teoría de la supremacía de los accionistas o teoría de Friedman, afirma que la única responsabilidad de una empresa es aumentar sus beneficios. Esta teoría, formulada por el premio Nobel de economía Milton Friedman en su libro publicado en 1962, Capitalismo y libertad, argumenta que una empresa no debe tener responsabilidad social para el público o la sociedad, porque su única preocupación es aumentar las ganancias para sí y para sus accionistas. Por su parte, R. Edward Freeman, en el libro Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach (1984), la teoría de los interesados (stakeholder) identifica y modela los grupos de personas que representan a los interesados de una corporación. Con el paso de los años, cada teoría ha sido analizada por varios autores, con el objetivo de identificar cuál sería recomendable para implementar dentro de una organización y determinar cuánto valor se puede generar. En esta investigación se analiza el concepto de valor o a qué le llaman propiamente “valor” en ambas teorías, encontrándose interesantes diferencias. Adicionalmente, se analiza el rol del gerente en la generación de valor, de acuerdo a la teoría por la cual se decide gestionar una organización, ya que los gerentes son entes fundamentales en la toma de decisiones, en la administración y en el actuar de una empresa. Finalmente, con este trabajo se pretende discutir en un panorama global, cuál de las dos teorías genera mayor valor para las empresas y si actualmente se puede ponderar o medir el valor generado, así como el papel de los gerentes en la toma de decisiones. / The theory of shareholder supremacy or Friedman's theory, says that the only responsibility of a company is to increase its profits. This theory, formulated by Nobel laureate economist Milton Friedman in his book published in 1962, Capitalism and Freedom, argues that a company should not have social responsibility for the public or society, because its only concern is to increase profits for itself and for its shareholders. For his part, R. Edward Freeman, in the book Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach (1984), the stakeholder theory identifies and models the groups of people that represent the stakeholders of a corporation. Over the years, several authors, with the aim of identifying which would be advisable to implement within an organization and determine how much value can be generated, have analyzed each theory. In this research, the concept of value is analyzed or what is called "value" in both theories, finding interesting differences. Additionally, the role of the manager in the generation of value is analyzed, according to the theory by which it is decided to manage an organization, since the managers are fundamental entities in the decision-making, in the administration and in the acting of a company. Finally, with this work we intend to discuss in a global panorama, which of the two theories generates greater value for companies and if we can now weight or measure the value generated, as well as the role of managers in decision-making. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

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[pt] Nesse trabalho foi realizado um estudo cinético do revenido de reações do aço de baixa liga (AISI 1050) usando a dilatometria não isotérmica. Os parâmetros cinéticos do primeiro e terceiro estado do revenido (aqui foram nomeados como processos I e II ) foram calculados assumindo que as reações obedecem ao modelo cinético de Johnson--Mehl--Avrami--Kolmogorov (JMAK) . Os formalismos mediante os quais os parâmetros cinéticos (E, n, Ko) são calculados é apresentado. Foram usados cinco formalismos para realizar o estudo . Três destes formalismos estão embasados em diferentes aproximações da integral da temperatura, um na regra de adição e um destes não usa nenhuma aproximação para o calculo. Os intervalos de confiança dos parâmetros também foram calculados. O resultado mostra que os valores calculados coincidem independentemente do método usado. Além disso, não dependem da temperatura ou da fração transformada. Conclui-se que neste caso ocorreu um processo com saturação de sítios. / [en] In this paper we present a kinetic study of the reactions of tempering in low-alloy steel (AISI 1050), using the non-isothermal dilatometry. The kinetic parameters of the first and third state of the tempering (here were named as processes I and II) were calculated assuming that the reactions follow the kinetic model of Johnson - Mehl - Avrami - Kolmogorov (JMAK). The calculation of the parameters was not done by setting any model. The formality by which the kinetic parameters (E, n, Ko) are calculated was presented. Five formalisms have been used mainly for the study. Three of them are based on different approximations of the integral of temperature. Another method were based on addition rule .Finally the last method does not use any other approach to the calculation. The result shows that the calculated values are very similar and these values are independent of the method used. Also, do not depend on temperature or transformed fraction .In this study it was concluded that this case happened a process with saturation of sites. During the study the confidence intervals of the parameters were calculated.

This paper focuses on the consumer expenditure habits in the years following the 2008 recession as compared to Milton Freidman’s Permanent Income Hypothesis. Panel data collected at the household level from the Consumer Expenditure Survey was used to analyze the change in consumption based on the change in income for the years 2009, 2010 and 2011. To achieve a greater understanding of expenditure patterns, this essay also analyzes the income elasticity of demand for elastic goods including expenditure on apparel, food eaten at restaurants, entertainment and transportation. With the use of panel and time series regressions we find that the Permanent Income Hypothesis holds true and consumers only marginally responded to a change in income in their consumption patterns. We hypothesize that the large spike in savings that was seen in May of 2008 resulted because of low consumer confidence, which in turn lead to a change in transitory consumption. Furthermore, we find that older adults spent more money on elastic goods than younger adults. This may be because older adults tend to have other assets that can financially support them in the case of a drastic change in income.

The prevalence of corporate social responsibility has been continually increasing over recent years. The debate of whether a business should act in a manner that furthers societal needs or if they should simply focus their efforts on maximizing shareholder value is of popular interest since it affects the fundamental structures of how a business will operate. One of the major influencing theories in favor of social responsibility is the stakeholder theory. The opposing viewpoint is the shareholder theory, which highlights that the sole responsibility for a corporation is to act in a way that maximizes profits. This thesis will outline the stakeholder and shareholder theories to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the debate and then offer a critical and philosophical analysis of shareholder theory to ultimately argue why the moral significance of a promise better promotes maximizing shareholder value.

Orientador: Rogério Pereira de Andrade / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T08:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_PedroHenrique_M.pdf: 1343329 bytes, checksum: cacd0c4e0f520e75d5c910358ba0be42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho examina os principais pontos de divergência entre os economistas Milton Friedman e Paul Davidson no que se refere ao papel da moeda, assim como a condução de suas políticas monetárias. O ponto de partida para essa análise é o fascinante debate de ideias entre os autores ocorrido no início da década de 1970 sobre o arcabouço teórico desenvolvido por Friedman, o qual prometia sepultar de uma vez por todas qualquer conflito entre economistas clássicos e "keynesianos". Embora o objetivo do monetarista tenha sido eliminar essas divergências, estas ficaram ainda mais evidentes a partir do debate direto entre os autores, deixando claro que o consenso entre eles nos moldes apresentados pelo debate não seria possível. Nesse sentido, o trabalho propõe um método alternativo para solucionar essa "disputa", ao apresentar o argumento de Sheila Dow, o qual sugere que as diferenças entre os economistas são resultado de suas também distintas posições metodológicas, as quais trazem implícitas as diferentes "visões de mundo" dos autores. Essas diferenças metodológicas são, portanto, a chave para compreender como Friedman e Davidson puderam atingir resultados tão contrastantes sobre dinheiro e política monetária / Abstract: This paper examines the main points of divergence between the economists Milton Friedman and Paul Davidson regarding the role of the money, as well as the conduct of their monetary policies. The starting point for this analysis is the fascinating debate of ideas among authors occurred at the beginning of the 1970s on the theoretical framework developed by Friedman, which promised bury once and for all any conflict between economists and classic "Keynesian". Although the objective of monetary policy has been to eliminate these differences, these were even more evident from the direct discussion between the authors, making it clear that the consensus between them in the manner presented by debate would not be possible. In this sense, the paper proposes an alternative method to resolve this "dispute", presenting the argument of Sheila Dow, which suggests that the differences between the economists are the result of their also distinct methodological positions, which brings the implied different "world views" of authors. These methodological differences are, therefore, the key to understanding how Friedman and Davidson could achieve results so contrasting on money and monetary policy / Mestrado / Teoria Economica / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas