Synthetic approaches towards linear fused carbon rings have been developed over the last decades due to their high interest as compounds with potential antibiotic activity and as organic electronics. The application of a novel iterative route towards linear fused carbon ring systems could provide a versatile new mode of access to complex substituted ring systems. Studies have previously demonstrated the use of an allylation-double Claisen-RCM sequence to build fused carbon rings (C). In this thesis we described our work to expand the use of this methodology by developing milder reaction conditions that could be applied to a wider range of compounds. This novel methodology was applied towards the synthesis of benzodifuran compounds (D). Our work was extended by developing, for the first time, a mixed Fries-Claisen rearrangement strategy which furnishes template (F), a key intermediate in the synthesis of pyranonaphthoquinones (G). Our work culminated in a new approach to the pyranonaphthoquinone natural products eleutherin (H) and isoeleutherin (I). [Figures missing from abstract].

A fotodegradação de pesticidas, como os derivados de carbamatos orgânicos, possui um papel importante do ponto de vista ambiental, pois estes são extensivamente utilizados e comumente encontrados como contaminantes da água e do solo. O Rearranjo Foto-Fries (PFR) - a conversão fotoquímica de aril ésteres para orto- e para-hidroxifenonas - desempenha um importante papel na fotodegradação de drogas e pesticidas carbamatos, além de ser um passo chave para a síntese de um grande número de compostos e polímeros funcionais. Embora exista um grande número de estudos experimentais a respeito desse rearranjo, alguns pontos dessa reação ainda estão sob debate. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o processo de fotodissociação em carbamatos aromáticos e derivados e, particularmente, fornecer uma visão geral do mecanismo do Rearranjo Foto-Fries, utilizando metodologias computacionais. Entre essas metodologias estão TDDFT, cálculos multiconfiguracionais e Surface Hopping. A superfície de energia potencial para o PFR foi estudada no vácuo gasosa e utilizando solvatação implícita e explícita. Nessa última, a distribuição do solvente foi obtida por simulações de Monte Carlo. Um modelo envolvendo três estados é proposto para o PFR, baseado em cálculos CASSCF(14,12)/CASPT2(14,12). Este modelo fornece uma visão global de todos os passos envolvidos na reação, da fotodissociação até a tautomerização final. O papel do solvente ainda não foi esclarecido, pois a sua adição (implícita ou explícita) não alterou significativamente o comportamento do caminho dissociativo. / The photodegradation of pesticides, such as carbamate derivatives, has an environmentally important role, since they are extensively used and commonly found as contaminants in water and soils. The Photo-Fries rearrangement (PFR) - a photochemical conversion of aryl esters to ortho- and para-hydroxyphenones - plays an important role in the photodegradation of drugs and carbamate pesticides, besides being a key step in the synthesis of a large number of compounds and functional polymers. Although there is a large number of experimental studies about the mechanism of PFR, some points of this reaction are still under debate. The goal of this work is to study the photodissociation process in aromatic carbamates and derivatives and, particularly, is to provide a comprehensive picture of PFR, based on computational methods. Several methodologies were used, such as TDDFT, multiconfigurational methods and Trajectory Surface Hopping simulations. Comprehensive explorations of the potential energy surfaces were done in the gas phase and with implicit and explicit solvent, whose distribution was obtained from sequential Monte Carlo sampling. A three-state model for the Photo-Fries Rearrangement is proposed based on CASSCF(14,12)/CASPT2(14,12) calculations. It provides a comprehensive mechanistic picture of all steps of the reaction, from the photoabsorption to the final tautomerization. The role of the solvent is still not understood since the addition of solvent (implicit or explicit) do not change the dissociative pathway significantly.

A fotodegradação de pesticidas, como os derivados de carbamatos orgânicos, possui um papel importante do ponto de vista ambiental, pois estes são extensivamente utilizados e comumente encontrados como contaminantes da água e do solo. O Rearranjo Foto-Fries (PFR) - a conversão fotoquímica de aril ésteres para orto- e para-hidroxifenonas - desempenha um importante papel na fotodegradação de drogas e pesticidas carbamatos, além de ser um passo chave para a síntese de um grande número de compostos e polímeros funcionais. Embora exista um grande número de estudos experimentais a respeito desse rearranjo, alguns pontos dessa reação ainda estão sob debate. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o processo de fotodissociação em carbamatos aromáticos e derivados e, particularmente, fornecer uma visão geral do mecanismo do Rearranjo Foto-Fries, utilizando metodologias computacionais. Entre essas metodologias estão TDDFT, cálculos multiconfiguracionais e Surface Hopping. A superfície de energia potencial para o PFR foi estudada no vácuo gasosa e utilizando solvatação implícita e explícita. Nessa última, a distribuição do solvente foi obtida por simulações de Monte Carlo. Um modelo envolvendo três estados é proposto para o PFR, baseado em cálculos CASSCF(14,12)/CASPT2(14,12). Este modelo fornece uma visão global de todos os passos envolvidos na reação, da fotodissociação até a tautomerização final. O papel do solvente ainda não foi esclarecido, pois a sua adição (implícita ou explícita) não alterou significativamente o comportamento do caminho dissociativo. / The photodegradation of pesticides, such as carbamate derivatives, has an environmentally important role, since they are extensively used and commonly found as contaminants in water and soils. The Photo-Fries rearrangement (PFR) - a photochemical conversion of aryl esters to ortho- and para-hydroxyphenones - plays an important role in the photodegradation of drugs and carbamate pesticides, besides being a key step in the synthesis of a large number of compounds and functional polymers. Although there is a large number of experimental studies about the mechanism of PFR, some points of this reaction are still under debate. The goal of this work is to study the photodissociation process in aromatic carbamates and derivatives and, particularly, is to provide a comprehensive picture of PFR, based on computational methods. Several methodologies were used, such as TDDFT, multiconfigurational methods and Trajectory Surface Hopping simulations. Comprehensive explorations of the potential energy surfaces were done in the gas phase and with implicit and explicit solvent, whose distribution was obtained from sequential Monte Carlo sampling. A three-state model for the Photo-Fries Rearrangement is proposed based on CASSCF(14,12)/CASPT2(14,12) calculations. It provides a comprehensive mechanistic picture of all steps of the reaction, from the photoabsorption to the final tautomerization. The role of the solvent is still not understood since the addition of solvent (implicit or explicit) do not change the dissociative pathway significantly.

A fotodegradação de pesticidas, como os derivados de carbamatos orgânicos, possui um papel importante do ponto de vista ambiental, pois estes são extensivamente utilizados e comumente encontrados como contaminantes da água e do solo. O Rearranjo Foto-Fries (PFR) - a conversão fotoquímica de aril ésteres para orto- e para-hidroxifenonas - desempenha um importante papel na fotodegradação de drogas e pesticidas carbamatos, além de ser um passo chave para a síntese de um grande número de compostos e polímeros funcionais. Embora exista um grande número de estudos experimentais a respeito desse rearranjo, alguns pontos dessa reação ainda estão sob debate. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o processo de fotodissociação em carbamatos aromáticos e derivados e, particularmente, fornecer uma visão geral do mecanismo do Rearranjo Foto-Fries, utilizando metodologias computacionais. Entre essas metodologias estão TDDFT, cálculos multiconfiguracionais e Surface Hopping. A superfície de energia potencial para o PFR foi estudada no vácuo gasosa e utilizando solvatação implícita e explícita. Nessa última, a distribuição do solvente foi obtida por simulações de Monte Carlo. Um modelo envolvendo três estados é proposto para o PFR, baseado em cálculos CASSCF(14,12)/CASPT2(14,12). Este modelo fornece uma visão global de todos os passos envolvidos na reação, da fotodissociação até a tautomerização final. O papel do solvente ainda não foi esclarecido, pois a sua adição (implícita ou explícita) não alterou significativamente o comportamento do caminho dissociativo. / The photodegradation of pesticides, such as carbamate derivatives, has an environmentally important role, since they are extensively used and commonly found as contaminants in water and soils. The Photo-Fries rearrangement (PFR) - a photochemical conversion of aryl esters to ortho- and para-hydroxyphenones - plays an important role in the photodegradation of drugs and carbamate pesticides, besides being a key step in the synthesis of a large number of compounds and functional polymers. Although there is a large number of experimental studies about the mechanism of PFR, some points of this reaction are still under debate. The goal of this work is to study the photodissociation process in aromatic carbamates and derivatives and, particularly, is to provide a comprehensive picture of PFR, based on computational methods. Several methodologies were used, such as TDDFT, multiconfigurational methods and Trajectory Surface Hopping simulations. Comprehensive explorations of the potential energy surfaces were done in the gas phase and with implicit and explicit solvent, whose distribution was obtained from sequential Monte Carlo sampling. A three-state model for the Photo-Fries Rearrangement is proposed based on CASSCF(14,12)/CASPT2(14,12) calculations. It provides a comprehensive mechanistic picture of all steps of the reaction, from the photoabsorption to the final tautomerization. The role of the solvent is still not understood since the addition of solvent (implicit or explicit) do not change the dissociative pathway significantly.

La fotoquímica supramolecular es una herramienta muy utilizada para controlar la selectividad, la reactividad y el avance de las reacciones químicas. Con ella se aprovecha la estructura tridimensional del anfitrión para canalizar la conformación de los estados excitados de los sustratos que intervienen en la reacción. En la literatura se encuentran numerosos casos de fotorreacciones catalizadas por supramoléculas abióticas, pero los ejemplos con biomoléculas son escasos. En este contexto, el objetivo de la presente tesis ha sido estudiar reacciones fotoquímicas clásicas en el seno de biomoléculas ya que éstas pueden presentar ventajas respecto a las supramoléculas abióticas. Se han escogido las albúminas séricas como anfitriones bióticos, en base a dos propiedades claves: (i) son proteínas transportadoras que actúan como vehículo de una amplia variedad de sustancias; (ii) poseen dos sitios de unión diferenciados: el sitio I y el sitio II. La reorganización de foto-Fries fue la primera reacción abordada. Para ello se diseñaron varios sustratos que interaccionaban en los sitios de unión I y II de distintas albúminas. Distintos estudios cinéticos demostraron que los rendimientos de formación de los fotoproductos dependían del sitio de interacción y de la clase de albúmina utilizada. Se seleccionaron también derivados de avobenzona (AB) sustituídos en la posición ? de los carbonilos. Se demostró que éstos sólo existen bajo su forma ?-dicetónica, la cual puede desencadenar procesos de fototoxicidad. Se estudió mediante fotólisis de destello láser el efecto de la interacción de los tres derivados con HSA y los resultados mostraron el efecto protector de ésta frente al ataque por oxígeno y la auto-desactivación y reflejaron el entorno confinado proporcionado por la albúmina. Además, se investigó la fragmentación de Norrish tipo II de uno de los derivados, que resultó ser más lenta en presencia de albúmina. Por último, se consideró la fotoelectrociclación [6?] de la N- / Marín Melchor, M. (2013). Proteïnes com a microreactors en fotoquímica supramolecular [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/27204

La présence accrue de la chimie en flux continu dans les publications des dernières années a mené à un développement rapide de cette nouvelle technologie. La transposition de méthodes du ballon réactionnel au réacteur de chimie en flux continu permet au chimiste d’ajouter un outil à son répertoire, afin d’améliorer la productivité et le rendement dans la synthèse de composés d’intérêt. Bien que les réactions de Friedel-Crafts aient été déjà réalisées en chimie en flux continu, aucune méthode homogène robuste n’a été développée pour des composés dérivés du phénol. Les premières parties de ce mémoire portent sur le développement et l’optimisation des conditions réactionnelles de l’acylation de Friedel-Crafts en chimie en flux continu. Tout d’abord, une première méthode a été développée, en utilisant le chlorure d’aluminium et l’anisole. Cependant cette méthode est incompatible avec le phénol. Une deuxième méthode a été développée en utilisant l’acide méthanesulfonique comme acide de Brønsted et solvant réactionnel. Cette méthode est efficace et surtout compatible avec le phénol. Les dernières parties portent sur l’étendue de cette deuxième méthode. La méthode a été employée sur des dérivés du phénol, tels que les di- et tri-hydroxyphénols et des hydroxybicycles. D’autres cycles aromatiques, aussi bien activés que désactivés, contenant une fonction phénol ont aussi été testés. Par la suite, la méthode a été essayée avec des agents acylants différents, afin d’évaluer l’étendue de la réaction. / The increased presence of continuous flow chemistry in recent publications has led to rapid development of the technology. The transposition of methods from round-bottom flask to flow enables chemists to add a tool to their repertoire to improve productivity and yield in the synthesis of compounds of interest. Although Friedel-Crafts reactions have been explored in continuous flow, no robust homogenous method has been developed for phenol derivatives. The initial sections of the work focus on the development and optimization of reaction conditions for continuous flow Friedel-Crafts acylation. First, a method has been developed using aluminum chloride as a catalyst, and anisole for optimization purposes. This method is robust, but proved incompatible with phenols. A second method was then developed using methanesulfonic acid as both catalyst and reaction solvent. The method is effective and, more importantly, compatible with phenols. The final sections address the scope of this second method. The method was applied to various phenol derivates, such as di- and tri-hydroxyphenols and hydroxybicycles. Other aromatic rings, both activated and deactivated, containing a phenol function were also tested. The method was evaluated with different acylating agents, demonstrating the wide range of possibilities it offers.

The present PhD thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of novel planarchiral 1,2-P,O-ferrocenes and their application in the Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. It was especially focused on the development of a new synthetic pathway to this type of substitution pattern by applying the anionic phospho-Fries rearrangement in ferrocene chemistry. Starting from hydroxy ferrocene, a high diversity of Fc–O–P- type (Fc = (n5-C5H5)(n5-C5H4)) compounds were synthesized, whereby the electronic properties of the phosphorus fragments were varied. The anionic phospho-Fries rearrangement successfully occurred subsequent to an ortho-lithiation with a non-nucleophilic base giving the 1,2-P,O-ferrocenes in up to quantitative yields. The usage of chiral pool-based alcohols for the synthesis of chiral ferrocenyl phosphates allowed a diastereoselective proceeding, giving single isomers in up to 95% de. Temperature-dependent investigations of mixed ferrocenyl-, phenyl- and Nheterocyclicphosphates revealed a limitation of ferrocenyl-based rearrangements per reaction step, contrary to phenyls. 1,2-P,O-ferrocenyl phosphonates could successfully be converted into phosphines by applying Stelzer P,C cross-coupling reactions on ferrocenes for the first time. Their usage as ligands for C,C cross-coupling reactions was confirmed by the synthesis of sterically hindered biaryls in high yields at 70°C with a low catalyst loading of 1 mol-% Pd. Functionalization of the 1,2-P,O -structural motif could be achieved by applying nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions (SNAr) as an alternative pathway for the synthesis of ferrocenyl aryl ethers. Subsequent to a Fries rearrangement sterically-demanding 1,3-di-orthosubstituted aryloxy ferrocenes could be obtained. Multi SNAr reactions of hydroxyferrocenes at polyfluorinated arenes gave up to pentaferrocenyl-functionalized aryl ethers, whose electrochemical properties were investigated. The reaction of CH2-enlarged ferrocenylmethanols gave α-ferrocenylcarbenium ions instead of phosphates, while treating them with chlorophosphates. Enantiopure 2-P(S)Ph2-substituted derivatives of these ions underwent a subsequent intermolecular “S2−“ migration, resulting in thioethers, for example (Sp,Sp)-(2-(P(S)Ph2)FcCH2)2S, in a unique mechanism. Instead, the presence of electronrich arenes gave electrophilic aromatic substituted benzenes bearing chiral ferrocenylmethyl backbones. These type of ligands gave biaryls with up to 26 % ee. / Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und Charakterisierung von neuartigen planar-chiralen 1,2-P,O-ferrocenen sowie deren Anwendung in der Pd-katalysierten Suzuki-Miyaura Reaktion. Dabei lag der Focus in der Anwendung anionischer phospho-Fries Verschiebungen auf Ferrocene um dieses spezielle Substitutionsmuster erhalten zu können. Ausgehend von Hydroxyferrocenen wurde so eine Vielzahl neuer Verbindungen des Typs Fc–O–P (Fc = (n5-C5H5)(n5-C5H4)) synthetisiert, wobei die elektronischen Eigenschaften des Phosphor-tragenden Fragmentes variiert wurden. Die anionische phospho-Fries Verschiebung erfolgte im Anschluss einer ortho-Lithiierung mit einer nicht-nucleophilen Base, was 1,2-P,O-Ferrocene nahezu quantitative ergab. Durch die Verwendung von chiral-pool basierten Alkoholen für die Synthese chiraler Ferrocenylphosphate konnte eine diastereoselective 1,3-O->C Umlagerung mit Isomerenreinheiten von bis zu 95 % erreicht werden. Untersuchungen von gemischten Ferrocenyl-, Phenyl- und N-heterocyclischen Phosphaten bei verschiedenen Temperaturen zeigte eine Limitierung Ferrocenyl-basierter Umlagerungen pro Reaktionsschritt im Gegensatz zu denen von Phenylen. Die erhaltenen 1,2-P,O-Ferrocenylphosphate wurden erstmals mittels Stelzer P,C Kreuz-Kupplungsreaktionen erfolgreich in Phosphane umgesetzt. Deren Verwendung als Ligand in C,C Kreuz-Kupplungsreaktionen wurde am Beispiel der Synthese räumlich anspruchsvoller Biaryle in hohen Ausbeuten bei nur 70°C und niedrigen Katalysatorbeladungen von 1 mol-% Pd demonstriert. Die Funktionalisierung des 1,2-P,O-Strukturmotifes konnte durch die Anwendung von nucleophilen aromatischen Substitutionsreaktionen erreicht werden, die einen alternativen Zugang zu Ferrocenylarylethern bietet. Im Anschluss an eine Fries Umlagerung konnten so sterisch anspruchsvolle 1,3-di-ortho-substituierte Ferrocenylarylether erhalten werden. Durch mehrfache SNAr Reaktionen von Hydroxyferrocenen an polyfluorierten Aromaten wurden bis zu fünf-fach substituierte Ether erhalten, deren elektrochemischen Eigenschaften untersucht wurden. Die um eine CH2-Einheit verlängerten Ferrocenylmethanole gaben bei Reaktion mit Chlorophosphaten alpha Ferrocenylcarbeniumionen anstelle der gewünschten Phosphate. Enantiomerenreine 2-P(S)Ph2-substituierte Derivate dieser Ionen durchliefen anschließend einen intermolekularen ”S2–“ Transfer in einem einzigartigen Mechanismus, was bspw. in Thioethern des Typs (Sp,Sp)-(2-(P(S)Ph2)FcCH2)2S resultierte. In Anwesenheit elektronenreicher Aromaten wurden elektrophile aromatischen Substitutuionen und die Bildung chiraler ferrocenylmethyl-substitutuierter Benzene beobachtet. Deren Einsatz als Ligand ergab Biaryle mit bis zu 26 % ee.

The present PhD thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of novel planarchiral 1,2-P,O-ferrocenes and their application in the Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. It was especially focused on the development of a new synthetic pathway to this type of substitution pattern by applying the anionic phospho-Fries rearrangement in ferrocene chemistry. Starting from hydroxy ferrocene, a high diversity of Fc–O–P- type (Fc = (n5-C5H5)(n5-C5H4)) compounds were synthesized, whereby the electronic properties of the phosphorus fragments were varied. The anionic phospho-Fries rearrangement successfully occurred subsequent to an ortho-lithiation with a non-nucleophilic base giving the 1,2-P,O-ferrocenes in up to quantitative yields. The usage of chiral pool-based alcohols for the synthesis of chiral ferrocenyl phosphates allowed a diastereoselective proceeding, giving single isomers in up to 95% de. Temperature-dependent investigations of mixed ferrocenyl-, phenyl- and Nheterocyclicphosphates revealed a limitation of ferrocenyl-based rearrangements per reaction step, contrary to phenyls. 1,2-P,O-ferrocenyl phosphonates could successfully be converted into phosphines by applying Stelzer P,C cross-coupling reactions on ferrocenes for the first time. Their usage as ligands for C,C cross-coupling reactions was confirmed by the synthesis of sterically hindered biaryls in high yields at 70°C with a low catalyst loading of 1 mol-% Pd. Functionalization of the 1,2-P,O -structural motif could be achieved by applying nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions (SNAr) as an alternative pathway for the synthesis of ferrocenyl aryl ethers. Subsequent to a Fries rearrangement sterically-demanding 1,3-di-orthosubstituted aryloxy ferrocenes could be obtained. Multi SNAr reactions of hydroxyferrocenes at polyfluorinated arenes gave up to pentaferrocenyl-functionalized aryl ethers, whose electrochemical properties were investigated. The reaction of CH2-enlarged ferrocenylmethanols gave α-ferrocenylcarbenium ions instead of phosphates, while treating them with chlorophosphates. Enantiopure 2-P(S)Ph2-substituted derivatives of these ions underwent a subsequent intermolecular “S2−“ migration, resulting in thioethers, for example (Sp,Sp)-(2-(P(S)Ph2)FcCH2)2S, in a unique mechanism. Instead, the presence of electronrich arenes gave electrophilic aromatic substituted benzenes bearing chiral ferrocenylmethyl backbones. These type of ligands gave biaryls with up to 26 % ee. / Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und Charakterisierung von neuartigen planar-chiralen 1,2-P,O-ferrocenen sowie deren Anwendung in der Pd-katalysierten Suzuki-Miyaura Reaktion. Dabei lag der Focus in der Anwendung anionischer phospho-Fries Verschiebungen auf Ferrocene um dieses spezielle Substitutionsmuster erhalten zu können. Ausgehend von Hydroxyferrocenen wurde so eine Vielzahl neuer Verbindungen des Typs Fc–O–P (Fc = (n5-C5H5)(n5-C5H4)) synthetisiert, wobei die elektronischen Eigenschaften des Phosphor-tragenden Fragmentes variiert wurden. Die anionische phospho-Fries Verschiebung erfolgte im Anschluss einer ortho-Lithiierung mit einer nicht-nucleophilen Base, was 1,2-P,O-Ferrocene nahezu quantitative ergab. Durch die Verwendung von chiral-pool basierten Alkoholen für die Synthese chiraler Ferrocenylphosphate konnte eine diastereoselective 1,3-O->C Umlagerung mit Isomerenreinheiten von bis zu 95 % erreicht werden. Untersuchungen von gemischten Ferrocenyl-, Phenyl- und N-heterocyclischen Phosphaten bei verschiedenen Temperaturen zeigte eine Limitierung Ferrocenyl-basierter Umlagerungen pro Reaktionsschritt im Gegensatz zu denen von Phenylen. Die erhaltenen 1,2-P,O-Ferrocenylphosphate wurden erstmals mittels Stelzer P,C Kreuz-Kupplungsreaktionen erfolgreich in Phosphane umgesetzt. Deren Verwendung als Ligand in C,C Kreuz-Kupplungsreaktionen wurde am Beispiel der Synthese räumlich anspruchsvoller Biaryle in hohen Ausbeuten bei nur 70°C und niedrigen Katalysatorbeladungen von 1 mol-% Pd demonstriert. Die Funktionalisierung des 1,2-P,O-Strukturmotifes konnte durch die Anwendung von nucleophilen aromatischen Substitutionsreaktionen erreicht werden, die einen alternativen Zugang zu Ferrocenylarylethern bietet. Im Anschluss an eine Fries Umlagerung konnten so sterisch anspruchsvolle 1,3-di-ortho-substituierte Ferrocenylarylether erhalten werden. Durch mehrfache SNAr Reaktionen von Hydroxyferrocenen an polyfluorierten Aromaten wurden bis zu fünf-fach substituierte Ether erhalten, deren elektrochemischen Eigenschaften untersucht wurden. Die um eine CH2-Einheit verlängerten Ferrocenylmethanole gaben bei Reaktion mit Chlorophosphaten alpha Ferrocenylcarbeniumionen anstelle der gewünschten Phosphate. Enantiomerenreine 2-P(S)Ph2-substituierte Derivate dieser Ionen durchliefen anschließend einen intermolekularen ”S2–“ Transfer in einem einzigartigen Mechanismus, was bspw. in Thioethern des Typs (Sp,Sp)-(2-(P(S)Ph2)FcCH2)2S resultierte. In Anwesenheit elektronenreicher Aromaten wurden elektrophile aromatischen Substitutuionen und die Bildung chiraler ferrocenylmethyl-substitutuierter Benzene beobachtet. Deren Einsatz als Ligand ergab Biaryle mit bis zu 26 % ee.