This thesis explores the use of an ASIP for handling O-RAN control data. A model application was constructed, optimized and profiled on a simple RV32-IMC core. The compiled code was analyzed, and the instructions “byte swap”, “pack”, bitwise extract/deposit” and “bit field place” were implemented. Synthesis of the core, and profiling of the model application, was done with and without each added instruction. Byte swap had the largest impact on performance (14% improvement per section, and 100% per section extension), followed by bitwise extract/deposit (10% improvement per section but no impact on section extensions). Pack and bit field place had no impact on performance. All instructions had negligible impact on core size, except for bitwise extract/deposit, which increased size by 16%. Further studies, with respect to both overall architecture and further evaluation of instructions to implement, would be necessary to design an ideal ASIP for the application.

Cloud radio access network (C-RAN) is a promising architecture for the next-generation RAN to meet the diverse and stringent requirements envisioned by fifth generation mobile communication systems (5G) and future generation mobile networks. C-RAN offers several advantages, such as reduced capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX), increased spectral efficiency (SE), higher capacity and improved cell-edge performance, and efficient hardware utilization through resource sharing and network function virtualization (NFV). However, these centralization gains come with the need for a fronthaul, which is the transport link connecting remote radio units (RRUs) to the base band unit (BBU) pool. In conventional C-RAN, legacy common public radio interface (CPRI) protocol is used on the fronthaul network to transport the raw, unprocessed baseband in-phase/quadrature-phase (I/Q) samples between the BBU and the RRUs, and it demands a huge fronthaul bandwidth, a strict low-latency, in the order of a few hundred microseconds, and a very high reliability. Hence, in order to relax the excessive fronthaul bandwidth and stringent low-latency requirements, as well as to enhance the flexibility of the fronthaul, it is utmost important to redesign the fronthaul, while still profiting from the acclaimed centralization benefits. Therefore, a flexibly centralized C-RAN with different functional splits has been introduced. In addition, 5G mobile fronthaul (often also termed as an evolved fronthaul ) is envisioned to be packet-based, utilizing the Ethernet as a transport technology. In this thesis, to circumvent the fronthaul bandwidth constraint, a packetized fronthaul considering an appropriate functional split such that the fronthaul data rate is coupled with actual user data rate, unlike the classical C-RAN where fronthaul data rate is always static and independent of the traffic load, is justifiably chosen. We adapt queuing and spatial traffic models to derive the mathematical expressions for statistical multiplexing gains that can be obtained from the randomness in the user traffic. Through this, we show that the required fronthaul bandwidth can be reduced significantly, depending on the overall traffic demand, correlation distance and outage probability. Furthermore, an iterative optimization algorithm is developed, showing the impacts of number of pilots on a bandwidth-constrained fronthaul. This algorithm achieves additional reduction in the required fronthaul bandwidth. Next, knowing the multiplexing gains and possible fronthaul bandwidth reduction, it is beneficial for the mobile network operators (MNOs) to deploy the optical transceiver (TRX) modules in C-RAN cost efficiently. For this, using the same framework, a cost model for fronthaul TRX cost optimization is presented. This is essential in C-RAN, because in a wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (WDM-PON) system, TRXs are generally deployed to serve at a peak load. But, because of variations in the traffic demands, owing to tidal effect, the fronthaul can be dimensioned requiring a lower capacity allowing a reasonable outage, thus giving rise to cost saving by deploying fewer TRXs, and energy saving by putting the unused TRXs in sleep mode. The second focus of the thesis is the fronthaul latency analysis, which is a critical performance metric, especially for ultra-reliable and low latency communication (URLLC). An analytical framework to calculate the latency in the uplink (UL) of C-RAN massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system is presented. For this, a continuous-time queuing model for the Ethernet switch in the fronthaul network, which aggregates the UL traffic from several massive MIMO-aided RRUs, is considered. The closed-form solutions for the moment generating function (MGF) of sojourn time, waiting time and queue length distributions are derived using Pollaczek–Khinchine formula for our M/HE/1 queuing model, and evaluated via numerical solutions. In addition, the packet loss rate – due to the inability of the packets to reach the destination in a certain time – is derived. Due to the slotted nature of the UL transmissions, the model is extended to a discrete-time queuing model. The impact of the packet arrival rate, average packet size, SE of users, and fronthaul capacity on the sojourn time, waiting time and queue length distributions are analyzed. While offloading more signal processing functionalities to the RRU reduces the required fronthaul bandwidth considerably, this increases the complexity at the RRU. Hence, considering the 5G New Radio (NR) flexible numerology and XRAN functional split with a detailed radio frequency (RF) chain at the RRU, the total RRU complexity is computed first, and later, a tradeoff between the required fronthaul bandwidth and RRU complexity is analyzed. We conclude that despite the numerous C-RAN benefits, the stringent fronthaul bandwidth and latency constraints must be carefully evaluated, and an optimal functional split is essential to meet diverse set of requirements imposed by new radio access technologies (RATs). / Ein cloud-basiertes Mobilfunkzugangsnetz (cloud radio access network, C-RAN) stellt eine vielversprechende Architektur für das RAN der nächsten Generation dar, um die vielfältigen und strengen Anforderungen der fünften (5G) und zukünftigen Generationen von Mobilfunknetzen zu erfüllen. C-RAN bietet mehrere Vorteile, wie z.B. reduzierte Investitions- (CAPEX) und Betriebskosten (OPEX), erhöhte spektrale Effizienz (SE), höhere Kapazität und verbesserte Leistung am Zellrand sowie effiziente Hardwareauslastung durch Ressourcenteilung und Virtualisierung von Netzwerkfunktionen (network function virtualization, NFV). Diese Zentralisierungsvorteile erfordern jedoch eine Transportverbindung (Fronthaul), die die Antenneneinheiten (remote radio units, RRUs) mit dem Pool an Basisbandeinheiten (basisband unit, BBU) verbindet. Im konventionellen C-RAN wird das bestehende CPRI-Protokoll (common public radio interface) für das Fronthaul-Netzwerk verwendet, um die rohen, unverarbeitet n Abtastwerte der In-Phaseund Quadraturkomponente (I/Q) des Basisbands zwischen der BBU und den RRUs zu transportieren. Dies erfordert eine enorme Fronthaul-Bandbreite, eine strenge niedrige Latenz in der Größenordnung von einigen hundert Mikrosekunden und eine sehr hohe Zuverlässigkeit. Um die extrem große Fronthaul-Bandbreite und die strengen Anforderungen an die geringe Latenz zu lockern und die Flexibilität des Fronthauls zu erhöhen, ist es daher äußerst wichtig, das Fronthaul neu zu gestalten und dabei trotzdem von den erwarteten Vorteilen der Zentralisierung zu profitieren. Daher wurde ein flexibel zentralisiertes CRAN mit unterschiedlichen Funktionsaufteilungen eingeführt. Außerdem ist das mobile 5G-Fronthaul (oft auch als evolved Fronthaul bezeichnet) als paketbasiert konzipiert und nutzt Ethernet als Transporttechnologie. Um die Bandbreitenbeschränkung zu erfüllen, wird in dieser Arbeit ein paketbasiertes Fronthaul unter Berücksichtigung einer geeigneten funktionalen Aufteilung so gewählt, dass die Fronthaul-Datenrate mit der tatsächlichen Nutzdatenrate gekoppelt wird, im Gegensatz zum klassischen C-RAN, bei dem die Fronthaul-Datenrate immer statisch und unabhängig von der Verkehrsbelastung ist. Wir passen Warteschlangen- und räumliche Verkehrsmodelle an, um mathematische Ausdrücke für statistische Multiplexing- Gewinne herzuleiten, die aus der Zufälligkeit im Benutzerverkehr gewonnen werden können. Hierdurch zeigen wir, dass die erforderliche Fronthaul-Bandbreite abhängig von der Gesamtverkehrsnachfrage, der Korrelationsdistanz und der Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit deutlich reduziert werden kann. Darüber hinaus wird ein iterativer Optimierungsalgorithmus entwickelt, der die Auswirkungen der Anzahl der Piloten auf das bandbreitenbeschränkte Fronthaul zeigt. Dieser Algorithmus erreicht eine zusätzliche Reduktion der benötigte Fronthaul-Bandbreite. Mit dem Wissen über die Multiplexing-Gewinne und die mögliche Reduktion der Fronthaul-Bandbreite ist es für die Mobilfunkbetreiber (mobile network operators, MNOs) von Vorteil, die Module des optischen Sendeempfängers (transceiver, TRX) kostengünstig im C-RAN einzusetzen. Dazu wird unter Verwendung des gleichen Rahmenwerks ein Kostenmodell zur Fronthaul-TRX-Kostenoptimierung vorgestellt. Dies ist im C-RAN unerlässlich, da in einem WDM-PON-System (wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network) die TRX im Allgemeinen bei Spitzenlast eingesetzt werden. Aufgrund der Schwankungen in den Verkehrsanforderungen (Gezeiteneffekt) kann das Fronthaul jedoch mit einer geringeren Kapazität dimensioniert werden, die einen vertretbaren Ausfall in Kauf nimmt, was zu Kosteneinsparungen durch den Einsatz von weniger TRXn und Energieeinsparungen durch den Einsatz der ungenutzten TRX im Schlafmodus führt. Der zweite Schwerpunkt der Arbeit ist die Fronthaul-Latenzanalyse, die eine kritische Leistungskennzahl liefert, insbesondere für die hochzuverlässige und niedriglatente Kommunikation (ultra-reliable low latency communications, URLLC). Ein analytisches Modell zur Berechnung der Latenz im Uplink (UL) des C-RAN mit massivem MIMO (multiple input multiple output) wird vorgestellt. Dazu wird ein Warteschlangen-Modell mit kontinuierlicher Zeit für den Ethernet-Switch im Fronthaul-Netzwerk betrachtet, das den UL-Verkehr von mehreren RRUs mit massivem MIMO aggregiert. Die geschlossenen Lösungen für die momenterzeugende Funktion (moment generating function, MGF) von Verweildauer-, Wartezeit- und Warteschlangenlängenverteilungen werden mit Hilfe der Pollaczek-Khinchin-Formel für unser M/HE/1-Warteschlangenmodell hergeleitet und mittels numerischer Verfahren ausgewertet. Darüber hinaus wird die Paketverlustrate derjenigen Pakete, die das Ziel nicht in einer bestimmten Zeit erreichen, hergeleitet. Aufgrund der Organisation der UL-Übertragungen in Zeitschlitzen wird das Modell zu einem Warteschlangenmodell mit diskreter Zeit erweitert. Der Einfluss der Paketankunftsrate, der durchschnittlichen Paketgröße, der SE der Benutzer und der Fronthaul-Kapazität auf die Verweildauer-, dieWartezeit- und dieWarteschlangenlängenverteilung wird analysiert. Während das Verlagern weiterer Signalverarbeitungsfunktionalitäten an die RRU die erforderliche Fronthaul-Bandbreite erheblich reduziert, erhöht sich dadurch im Gegenzug die Komplexität der RRU. Daher wird unter Berücksichtigung der flexiblen Numerologie von 5G New Radio (NR) und der XRAN-Funktionenaufteilung mit einer detaillierten RF-Kette (radio frequency) am RRU zunächst die gesamte RRU-Komplexität berechnet und später ein Kompromiss zwischen der erforderlichen Fronthaul-Bandbreite und der RRU-Komplexität untersucht. Wir kommen zu dem Schluss, dass trotz der zahlreichen Vorteile von C-RAN die strengen Bandbreiten- und Latenzbedingungen an das Fronthaul sorgfältig geprüft werden müssen und eine optimale funktionale Aufteilung unerlässlich ist, um die vielfältigen Anforderungen der neuen Funkzugangstechnologien (radio access technologies, RATs) zu erfüllen.

Submitted by Carmen Torres (carmensct@globo.com) on 2018-02-09T18:29:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ImpactoNaouniformidadesCabos.pdf: 10291250 bytes, checksum: d2ccce859c4ba95025022cbb95da6d4f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2018-02-21T17:10:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ImpactoNaouniformidadesCabos.pdf: 10291250 bytes, checksum: d2ccce859c4ba95025022cbb95da6d4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-21T17:10:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ImpactoNaouniformidadesCabos.pdf: 10291250 bytes, checksum: d2ccce859c4ba95025022cbb95da6d4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-25 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Espera-se que o tráfego para sistemas de comunicação móveis aumente drasticamente nos próximos anos. A nova geração de comunicação denominada 5G está em processo de desenvolvimento com o intuito de dar suporte a tais demandas, permitindo uma gama de novas aplicações. Um ponto chave para o sucesso das futuras redes 5G é a adoção de soluções fronthaul. Em geral, enlaces ópticos e de micro-ondas são as alternativas mais adequadas para o fronthaul. Entretanto, o cobre ainda é uma alternativa viável em certas situações, principalmente devido ao custo reduzido e a aplicação de técnicas que aumentam o seu desempenho, como o modo fantasma. Tal técnica adiciona canais de comunicação extras aos enlaces físicos existentes, aumentando assim a taxa de dados agregada. Para tanto, os canais ditos “fantasmas” utilizam sinalização em modo comum sobre os canais ordinários (diferenciais). Idealmente, não existe acoplamento entre os canais diferenciais e o fantasma. Entretanto, cabos de cobre possuem não-uniformidades que são fonte de acoplamento de sinal entre os pares, especialmente em frequências da ordem de centenas de MHz. Não é completamente conhecido como as não-uniformidades nos cabos afetam o vazamento do modo de transmissão diferencial para o fantasma e vice-versa. Neste trabalho é estudado o efeito de não-uniformidades em cabos na atenuação dos canais fantasma e diferencial bem como no acoplamento de sinal (crosstalk) entre eles. Para viabilizar a transmissão em modo fantasma, foi adaptado um simulador desenvolvido na Universidade de Stanford. Foram simulados três tipos de não-uniformidades: variação na distância entre o centro dos pares, pigtail e trançado não-uniforme, para faixas de DC até 500 MHz, utilizando cabos com comprimentos de 10 a 100 m. Mostra-se que o canal fantasma agrega taxa com contribuição de 61,94% em cenários uniformes para 100 m. Além disso, para este mesmo comprimento, variações no centro do par teve impacto dominante para redução da taxa agregada com apenas 24,02% de contribuição do canal fantasma, enquanto que o trançado não-uniforme tem impacto desprezível na taxa de dados do canal, de maneira que a contribuição do canal fantasma foi de 61,93 %. Além disso, mostrou-se que o pigtail teve impacto somente para comprimentos pequenos. / In the next years, a dramatic increase in traffic demands for mobile – communication systems is expected. To support such demands, the new generation of communication, called 5G, is being developed to allow a wide range of new applications. The key point to the future success of 5G networks is the adopted fronthaul solution. In general, optical and microwave links are suitable alternatives for fronthaul. However, copper is still a viable option in some situations, mainly due to reduced cost and the application of techniques to boost the copper performance, such as the phantom mode. Such technique includes extra channels over the ordinary differential ones for the same copper system, increasing its aggregated data rate. For this purpose, the channels called “phantom” use signaling in common mode, over ordinary channels (differentials). Ideally, there is no leakage between differential channels to the phantom one. However, copper cables have non-uniformities that are the source of the signal leakage into the pairs, especially for frequencies of the order of hundreds of MHz. It is not fully understood how the cable non-uniformities affect the crosstalk from the differential to phantom mode transmission, and viceversa. In this work, effect of cable non-uniformities on the attenuation of differential and phantom channels, as well as on the crosstalk among them, is studied. To enable phantom transmission, a simulator developed by Stanford University was adapted. Three types of non-uniformities were simulated: variation in the distance between the center of pairs, pigtail and non-uniform twisted pairs, for frequencies range from DC to 500 MHz, using cable length from 10 to 100 m. The results showed: phantom mode aggregate data rate for uniform scenarios with 61.94% of contribution. Moreover, considering the same length cable, variation in the distance between the center of pairs had a big impact in the reduction of phantom channel contribution with just 24.02 %, more impact than others studied, whereas the non-uniform twists had negligible impact on channel aggregated data rate, with phantom contribution of 61.93 %. Besides that, it is shown that pigtail has impact just to short length cables.

Submitted by Kelren Mota (kelrenlima@ufpa.br) on 2018-06-18T17:11:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseTecnicoEconomica.pdf: 3130966 bytes, checksum: 3d1245c2d90292a4f648d162c3d95245 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Kelren Mota (kelrenlima@ufpa.br) on 2018-06-18T17:16:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseTecnicoEconomica.pdf: 3130966 bytes, checksum: 3d1245c2d90292a4f648d162c3d95245 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T17:16:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseTecnicoEconomica.pdf: 3130966 bytes, checksum: 3d1245c2d90292a4f648d162c3d95245 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-06 / Diante dos desafios propostos pela quinta geração de redes móveis, a arquitetura C-RAN (Centralized Radio Acess Network) vem ganhando espaço por oferecer suporte `a redes ultra-densas de alta capacidade de próxima geração e oferecer economias. Esta dissertação propõe uma metodologia de modelagem de TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) para C-RAN, CAPEX (Capital Expenditure), OPEX (Operational Expenditure), sendo estes, os critérios fundamentais no ramo de avaliação e projeção de investimentos. Logo é apresentado com um maior nível de detalhamento quanto aos aspectos de investimento, que são de grande relevância para o cenário de arquitetura de redes móveis de comunicação. Dessa forma, este trabalho ´e conduzido no sentido de avaliar o contexto econômico de implantação de uma arquitetura centralizada, baseando-se, principalmente, nos aspectos financeiros que operadoras de serviços necessitam planejar antes de implantar uma nova rede de acesso móvel. O modelo proposto é utilizado em um estudo de caso em que o custo total de implementação e operação das arquiteturas distribuídas e centralizadas são comparados levando em consideração diversos cenários específicos. Os resultados apontam uma economia nos cenários centralizados e destacam os aspectos econômicos mais relevantes no planejamento da C-RAN. / Upon the the challenges proposed by the fifth generation of mobile networks, the architecture of C-RAN (Centralized Radio Acess Network) has gained space by supporting high-capacity ultra-densas networks of next generation and offering economies. This dissertation proposes a TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) for C-RAN, CAPEX (Capital Expenditure), OPEX (Operational Expenditure) and these are the fundamental criteria in the field of investment assessment and projection. It is soon presented with a higher level of detailing as to the investment aspects, which are of great relevance to the architectural landscape of mobile communication networks. In this way, this work is conducted in order to evaluate the economic context of the implementation of a centralized architecture, based mainly on the financial aspects that service operators need to plan before deploying a new Mobile Access Network. The proposed model is used in a case study where the total cost of implementation and operation of the distributed and centralized architectures is compared taking into account several specific scenarios. The results point to an economy in the centralized scenarios and highlight the most relevant economic aspects in the planning of C-RAN.

Mobile data traffic is expected to increase substantially in the coming years, with data rates 1000 times higher by 2020, having media and content as the main drivers together with a plethora of new end-user services that will challenge existing networks. Concepts and visions associated with the ICT evolution like the network society, 50 billion connected devices, Industrial Internet, Tactile Internet, etc., exemplifies the range of new services that the networks will have to handle. These new services impose extreme requirement to the network like high capacity, low latency, reliability, security, seamless connectivity, etc. In order to face these challenges, the whole end-to-end network has to evolve and adapt, pushing for advances in different areas, such as transport, cloud, core, and radio access networks. This work investigates the impact of envisioned 2020 society scenarios on transport links for mobile backhaul, emphasizing the need for an integrated and flexible/adaptive network as the way to meet the 2020 networks demands. The evolution of heterogeneous networks and ultra-dense network deployments shall also comprise the introduction of adaptive network features, such as dynamic network resource allocation, automatic integration of access nodes, etc. In order to achieve such self-management features in mobile networks, new mechanisms have to be investigated for an integrated backhaul management. First, this thesis performs a feasibility study on the mobile backhaul dimensioning for 2020 5G wireless ultra-dense networks scenarios, aiming to analyze the gap in capacity demand between 4G and 5G networks. Secondly, the concept of an integrated backhaul management is analyzed as a combination of node attachment procedures, in the context of moving networks. In addition, the dynamic network resource allocation concept, based on DWDM-centric transport architecture, was explored for 5G scenarios assuming traffic variation both in time and between different geographical areas. Finally, a short view on techno-economics and network deployments in the 2020 time frame is provided.

The demand of smaller and portable electronic devices has contributed to the realisation of compact embedded systems using PCB miniaturization techniques. The commercial market is faced with competition of handheld users’ devices in medical, communication and automotive industries which are smaller and lighter electronic devices. The possibilities of higher degree of integration in planar technology using cost effective electronic components has lead to different art of design and fabrication of compact units. In this work, a central station and a base station front-end with small form factor have been realized using commercial components on PCBs. These electronic compacts units were integrated in the IF-over-Fiber system architecture. The IF-over-Fiber architecture comprised of miniaturized electronic components for quadrature modulation and upconversion. The central station supports multi-Gbps data rate modulation formats in order to increase the spectral efficiency of the transmitted information. Multilevel modulation formats are considered spectrally efficient and can double the transmission capacity by transmitting more information in the amplitude, phase, polarization or a combination of all. The BS front-end comprises of the 60 GHz upconverter and a 60 GHz planar 2×2 microstrip antenna. The 10 GHz IF carrier allows an optical transmission with higher spectral efficiency in optical domain, as well as it is less susceptible to dispersion induced power fading inherent in optical fiber. Characterization of the designed central station and base station front-end through measurements are presented and discussed. The IF-over-Fiber system analysis is made for the 2 Gbps QPSK transmission with respect to error vector magnitude (EVM), eye and constellation diagrams.

Abstract The rapid evolution of wireless networks to meet the requirements of explosive data traffic demand is escalating energy consumption beyond sustainable limits. Consequently, energy efficiency (EE) has emerged as a key performance indicator for future wireless networks to address the increasing concern over greenhouse gas emissions and sustainable economic growth. This thesis studies energy-efficient transmission strategies for multiantenna wireless systems. The aim is to develop linear beamforming techniques maximizing the bit-per-Joule EE metric, focusing on three appealing scenarios: a coordinated multicell system; a fronthaul-constrained cloud radio access network (C-RAN); and a multi-pair wireless-powered relaying system. The primary emphasis is on suboptimal but efficient optimization approaches which are attractive for practical implementation. The problem of achieving EE fairness in a multicell multiple-input single-output downlink system is studied first. Specifically, coordinated beamforming is designed to maximize the minimum EE among all base stations. Novel efficient iterative optimization methods solving the design problem in both centralized and decentralized fashions are proposed. In a downlink C-RAN with finite-capacity fronthaul links, the network-wide EE performance is explored via a joint design of beamforming and remote radio head-user association. A relatively realistic power consumption model including rate-dependent circuit power and nonlinear power amplifiers' (PA) efficiency is also considered. To gain an insight into the optimal performance of the design problem, an algorithm achieving globally optimal solutions is devised. Towards practical implementation, two efficient iterative suboptimal methods are proposed aiming at yielding near-optimal performance. Finally, a multi-pair amplify-forward relaying network is considered, in which energy-constrained relays adopting time-switching protocol harvest energy from the radio frequency signals transmitted by users. To maintain EE fairness among all user pairs, joint optimization of system parameters, such as users' transmit power, relay beamforming, and energy harvesting (EH) time, is studied. Impacts of rate-dependent circuit power, nonlinear PAs' efficiency and nonlinear EH circuits on the achievable performance are also addressed. / Tiivistelmä Langattomat verkot ovat kehittyneet nopeasti räjähdysmäisesti kasvavan dataliikenteen mahdollistamiseksi, minkä seurauksena energiankulutus on kasvanut kestävän kehityksen rajat ylittävällä tavalla. Siksi energiatehokkuudesta (EE, energy efficiency) on tullut uusien langattomien verkkojen keskeinen suunnittelukriteeri vastauksena kasvavaan huoleen kasvihuonepäästöistä ja kestävästä talouskasvusta. Väitöskirjassa tutkitaan moniantennisten langattomien järjestelmien energiatehokkaita tiedonsiirtostrategioita. Tavoitteena on kehittää lineaarisia keilanmuodostustekniikoita, jotka maksimoivat energiatehokkuuden mitattuna bitteinä joulea kohden, keskittymällä kolmeen kiinnostavaan vaihtoehtoon, joita ovat koordinoitu monisolujärjestelmän lähetys laskevalla siirtotiellä, pilvipohjainen radioliityntäverkko (C-RAN, cloud radio access network), jossa laskentayksikön ja varsinaisen radiolähettimen välinen yhteys (fronthaul) on rahoitettu, ja usean parin relejärjestelmiin, joissa releet toimivat paristoilla. Työn pääpaino on alioptimaalisissa, mutta käytännöllisesti tehokkaissa optimointimenetelmissä. Pääpaino on alioptimaalisissa mutta tehokkaissa optimointitavoissa, jotka ovat kiinnostavia käytännön toteutuksen näkökulmasta. Ensiksi tarkastellaan tasapuolisen energiatehokkuuden saavuttamista monisoluisessa laskevan siirtotien moni-tulo yksi-lähtö (MISO, multiple-input single-output) -järjestelmässä. Koordinoitu keilanmuodostus on suunniteltu erityisesti maksimoimaan energiatehokkuuden minimitaso kaikilla tukiasemilla. Tarkemmin sanottuna pyritään maksimoimaan huonoin energiatehokkuus solmujen välillä, kun käytetään yhteistoiminnallista keilanmuodostusta. Muodostetun ongelman ratkaisemiseksi ehdotetaan edistyksellisiä iteratiivisia menetelmiä käyttämällä sekä keskitettyjä että hajautettuja ratkaisuja. Laskevan siirtosuunnan fronthaul-rajoitetussa C-RAN-järjestelmässä selvitetään verkonlaajuista energiatehokkuutta keilanmuodostuksen ja palvelevan tukiaseman yhteisoptimoinnilla. Tässä käytetään verrattain realistista tehonkulutusmallia, joka sisältää datanopeudesta riippuvan prosessointitehon ja epälineaarisen tehovahvistimen (PA, power amplifier) hyötysuhteen. Jotta saadaan käsitys ongelman optimaalisesta suorituskyvystä, siihen kehitetään globaalisti optimaalinen menetelmä. Lisäksi ehdotetaan kaksi käytännöllisempää iteratiivista menetelmää, jotka saavuttavat lähes optimaalisen suorituskyvyn. Lopuksi keskitytään monen parin vahvista-ja-välitä eteenpäin (AF. amplify and forward) verkkoon, jossa aikajakokytkentää käyttävät energiarajoitetut toistimet keräävät energiaa käyttäjien lähettämistä radiosignaaleista. Jotta saavutetaan EE:n oikeudenmukaisuus kaikkien parien välillä, parametrit, kuten käyttäjien lähetysteho, toistimen keilanmuodostus, ja energiankeräysaika suunnitellaan yhdessä. Tässä tutkitaan nopeusriippuvaisen piirin tehon, epälineaarisen tehovahvistimen hyötysuhteen ja epälineaaristen energiankeräyspiirien tehon vaikutusta suorituskykyyn.

In the upcoming era of communication systems, there is an anticipated shift towards using lower-grade hardware components to optimize size, cost, and power consumption. This shift is particularly beneficial for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems and internet-of-things devices, which require numerous components and extended battery lifes. However, using lower-grade components introduces impairments, including various non-linear and time-varying distortions affecting communication signals. Traditionally, these distortions have been treated as additional noise due to the lack of a rigorous theory. This thesis explores new perspective on how distortion structure can be exploited to optimize communication performance. We investigate the problem of distortion-aware beamforming in various scenarios.  In the first part of this thesis, we focus on systems with limited fronthaul capacity. We propose an optimized linear precoding for advanced antenna systems (AAS) operating at a 5G base station (BS) within the constraints of a limited fronthaul capacity, modeled by a quantizer. The proposed novel precoding minimizes the mean-squared error (MSE) at the receiver side using a sphere decoding (SD) approach.  After analyzing MSE minimization, a new linear precoding design is proposed to maximize the sum rate of the same system in the second part of this thesis. The latter problem is solved by a novel iterative algorithm inspired by the classical weighted minimum mean square error (WMMSE) approach. Additionally, a heuristic quantization-aware precoding method with lower computational complexity is presented, showing that it outperforms the quantization-unaware baseline. This baseline is an optimized infinite-resolution precoding which is then quantized. This study reveals that it is possible to double the sum rate at high SNR by selecting weights and precoding matrices that are quantization-aware.  In the third part and final part of this thesis, we focus on the signaling problem in mobile millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication. The challenge of mmWave systems is the rapid fading variations and extensive pilot signaling. We explore the frequency of updating the combining matrix in a wideband mmWave point-to-point MIMO under user equipment (UE) mobility. The concept of beam coherence time is introduced to quantify the frequency at which the UE must update its downlink receive combining matrix. The study demonstrates that the beam coherence time can be even hundreds of times larger than the channel coherence time of small-scale fading. Simulations validate that the proposed lower bound on this defined concept guarantees no more than 50 \% loss of received signal gain (SG). / I den kommande eran av kommunikationssystem finns det en förväntad förändringmot att använda hårdvarukomponenter av lägre kvalitet för att optimera storlek, kostnad och strömförbrukning. Denna förändring är särskilt fördelaktig för MIMO-system(multiple-input multiple-output) och internet-of-things-enheter, som kräver många komponenter och förlängd batteritid. Användning av komponenter av lägre kvalitet medfördock försämringar, inklusive olika icke-linjära och tidsvarierande förvrängningar sompåverkar kommunikationssignaler. Traditionellt har dessa förvrängningar behandlatssom extra brus på grund av avsaknaden av en rigorös teori. Denna avhandling utforskarett nytt perspektiv på hur distorsionsstruktur kan utnyttjas för att optimera kommunikationsprestanda. Vi undersöker problemet med distorsionsmedveten strålformning iolika scenarier. I den första delen av detta examensarbete fokuserar vi på system med begränsadfronthaulkapacitet. Vi föreslår en optimerad linjär förkodning för avancerade antennsystem (AAS) som arbetar vid en 5G-basstation (BS) inom begränsningarna av en begränsad fronthaulkapacitet, modellerad av en kvantiserare. Den föreslagna nya förkodningen minimerar medelkvadratfelet (MSE) på mottagarsidan med användning av ensfäravkodningsmetod (SD). Efter att ha analyserat MSE-minimering, föreslås en ny linjär förkodningsdesignför att maximera summahastigheten för samma system i den andra delen av dennaavhandling. Det senare problemet löses av en ny iterativ algoritm inspirerad av denklassiska vägda minsta medelkvadratfel (WMMSE)-metoden. Dessutom presenterasen heuristisk kvantiseringsmedveten förkodningsmetod med lägre beräkningskomplexitet, som visar att den överträffar den kvantiseringsomedvetna baslinjen. Denna baslinje är en optimerad förkodning med oändlig upplösning som sedan kvantiseras. Dennastudie avslöjar att det är möjligt att fördubbla summahastigheten vid hög SNR genomatt välja vikter och förkodningsmatriser som är kvantiseringsmedvetna. I den tredje delen och sista delen av denna avhandling fokuserar vi på signaleringsproblemet i mobil millimetervågskommunikation (mmWave). Utmaningen medmmWave-system är de snabba blekningsvariationerna och omfattande pilotsignalering.Vi utforskar frekvensen av att uppdatera den kombinerande matrisen i en bredbandsmmWave punkt-till-punkt MIMO under användarutrustning (UE) mobilitet. Konceptet med strålkoherenstid introduceras för att kvantifiera frekvensen vid vilken UE:nmåste uppdatera sin nedlänksmottagningskombinationsmatris. Studien visar att strålkoherenstiden kan vara till och med hundratals gånger större än kanalkoherenstiden försmåskalig fädning. Simuleringar bekräftar att den föreslagna nedre gränsen för dettadefinierade koncept inte garanterar mer än 50 % förlust av mottagen signalförstärkning(SG) / <p>QC 20240219</p>

[pt] Para suportar os requisitos das redes móveis de 5a geração (5G), os sistemas de comunicação óptica serão usados nas redes de acesso. Isso ocorre porque a evolução das RAN (Radio Access Networks) incluem a centralização do equipamento mais crítico para implantar pontos de acesso móveis de baixa potência, como DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems) e Small Cells. Os serviços emergentes solicitam a implantação de tecnologias de rádio sobre fibra com ênfase na eficiência de largura de banda, eficiência energética e alta confiabilidade. Neste âmbito, um monitoramento eficiente da camada física é imperativo para a operação dessas redes. O sistema de monitoramento deve fornecer uma localização de falhas em serviço, econômico, centralizado e com impacto mínimo para a transmissão de dados. Esta tese propõe vários sistemas de monitoramento incorporado no transceptor utilizando reflectometria óptica no domínio do tempo. Os sistemas de monitoramento são testados em diferentes sistemas de transmissão de dados e arquiteturas de rede, onde é apresentada uma validação simulada e outras experimentais. / [en] In order to support the requirements for 5th generation mobile networks (5G), optical communication systems will be used in the access part of the network. This is because the evolution of radio access networks includes the centralization of the most critical equipment in order to deploy low power mobile access points, like distributed antenna systems and small cells. The emerging services call for the deployment of radio over fibre technologies with emphasis on bandwidth efficiency, energy efficiency and high reliability. Within this scope, an efficient monitoring of the physical layer would become essential for the operation of these networks. The monitoring system should provide in-service, cost efficient and centralized fault localization with minimum impact on data transmission. This thesis proposes several transceiver-embedded optical time domain reflectometry monitoring systems. The monitoring systems are tested over different data transmission systems and network architectures, where one architecture was simulated and several others experimentally validated.

Initialement poussées par le marché résidentiel, les évolutions du réseau d’accès optique sont aujourd’hui également stimulées par l’expansion du réseau mobile. Comme le montre le premier chapitre de ce document, l’introduction d’un multiplexage en longueur d’onde dense constitue l’une des solutions privilégiées pour permettre la montée en débit dans les réseaux d’accès optique. Dans cette thèse, l’impact de l’introduction du multiplexage en longueur d’onde dense est étudié sous trois axes :• Une prochaine étape de l’évolution des technologies pour les réseaux d’accès passerait par une hybridation entre d’une part, un multiplexage temporel (hérité des précédentes générations), et d’autre part, un multiplexage en longueur d’onde dense. Cette technologie, appelée NGPON2-TWDM, permet aujourd’hui d’envisager des débits de 40Gb/s à 80Gb/s grâce à 4 ou 8 canaux. Les difficultés liées à la stabilité de la longueur d’onde lors de l’émission de données en mode paquet dans le sens montant du lien, ainsi que les solutions associées, sont étudiées dans le second chapitre.• L’importance du marché que représente le réseau d’accès optique (aussi bien pour les clients résidentiels que pour les réseaux mobiles), induit la nécessité pour les différentes générations de technologies de coexister au sein d’une même infrastructure. Du fait des fortes puissances optiques en jeu et des plages spectrales allouées à chaque technologie, cette coexistence peut induire des interactions entre technologies par émission Raman stimulée, dont le principe et les impacts sont décrits dans le troisième chapitre.• Enfin, la quatrième partie de ce document est dédiée à l’étude des limites et potentialités de la technologie self-seeded pour le multiplexage en longueur d’onde dense en bande O, capable de stabiliser automatiquement et passivement la longueur d’onde d’émission de chacun des émetteurs du système. / Initially led by the residential market, today’s optical access network evolutions are stimulated by mobile network expansion. As shown in the first chapter of this document, dense wavelength division multiplexing is one of the favorite solutions in order to increase optical access networks throughput. In this thesis, we propose a study of dense wavelength division multiplexing introduction according to three main topics :• Service providers and equipment suppliers have decided that the next step in residential market evolution will consist in a hybridization between, on one hand, a legacy time division multiplexing, and on the other hand, a dense wavelength division multiplexing. Named NG-PON2, this technology allows today 40Gb/s to 80Gb/s thanks to 4 to 8 channel pairs. Wavelength stability of the upstream emitter under burst mode operation, and related solutions, are studied in the second chapter.• Market importance (for both residential market and mobile networks) requires the different technologies generations to coexist on the same infrastructure. Due to the high optical power and the wavelength spans allocated to each technology, this coexistence can lead to technologies interactions by stimulated Raman scattering, as described in the third chapter.• Finally, the fourth part of this document describes the limits and potentialities of the self-seeded emitter technology for O-band dense wavelength division multiplexing, able to automatically and passively self-stabilize the wavelength of each emitter.