This research examined a single bulb-bearing edible plant species, yellow glacier lily (Erythronium grandiflorum ). Three main approaches to the research were taken: 1) an ecological study, to determine the general habitat requirements of the species in western Canada, and to investigate the nature of vegetative reproduction in the species; 2) an ethnobotanical study, consisting of an extensive literature search for all recorded First Nations' uses of the species (in Canada and elsewhere), in addition to interviews with contemporary Interior Salish elders; 3) a nutritional study, examining in detail the nutritional characteristics of the bulbs, and particularly changes in the carbohydrate content over the course of the growing season and with different types of treatments. The ecological data indicate that E. grandiflorum is more abundant in meadow environments or sites with deciduous cover than in sites with coniferous forest cover. Flowering plants tended to be more abundant and robust at low elevation meadows, while seedlings and juveniles were disproportionately represented at high elevation meadows. Decreased juvenile success in the low-elevation meadows may be related to relatively high litter from shrubs and grasses. Experimental data indicate that appendages on the bulbs, which persist as remnants of previous years' bulbs, can act as vegetative propagules if mechanically separated. In addition, both bulbs and appendages were successfully transplanted over a two-year period from a subalpine meadow to a very different habitat type, 1500 m lower in elevation. The ethnobotanical review confirms that the species was traditionally a highly significant root resource for northern plateau peoples, particularly the Secwepemc and Nlaka'pamux peoples, for probably thou.sands of years. These peoples collected, stored, and traded large quantities of the bulbs, and the traditional processing strategies generally included drying and pit-cooking. People developed a detailed ecological understanding of the species, and practiced active resource management strategies. Nutritional results indicated a carbohydrate-rich food resource, with the main storage carbohydrate consisting of starch (not inulin or other fructan) through most of the growing season. There are significant quantities of sugars (including fructo-oligosaccharides) present at the beginning of the growing season, but starch increases rapidly and peaks (along with overall food value) in the early (green) fruit stage of growth. For bulbs at the fruiting stage, drying markedly increases sugars in the bulbs relative to starch, while pit-cooking the dried bulbs does not have significant effects on relative amounts of carbohydrates. However, pit-cooking has important qualitative effects on the appearance, taste, and possibly storage properties of the bulbs, as well as representing an efficient processing strategy. I argue that traditional harvesting and management strategies practiced by First Nations people (including tilling, thinning, replanting of appendages, and landscape burning) mean that the ecology and ethnobotany of the species cannot be considered in isolation. Based on previous ecological and ethnoecological work on this and similar species, it seems likely that yellow glacier lily is adapted to a periodic, moderate disturbance regime, which traditional practices may have mimicked or enhanced. / Graduate

Submitted by Natalie Mendes (nataliermendes@gmail.com) on 2015-07-29T00:33:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Mestrado em Biotecnologia-PPGBIOTEC UEFS- Geise Camila.pdf: 2048024 bytes, checksum: e92340d2b71036b615c4cb83414b0373 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-29T00:33:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Mestrado em Biotecnologia-PPGBIOTEC UEFS- Geise Camila.pdf: 2048024 bytes, checksum: e92340d2b71036b615c4cb83414b0373 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The exploration of the microorganisms species semiarid region has become a viable alternative for the industry, especially producing yeast inulinases which can be applied in the production of fructo-oligosaccharides and fructose from the hydrolysis of inulin. This work had as its theme the study of the immobilization inulinases enzymes produced by yeasts of the semiarid region of Bahia, with the overall objective of the work is to study the application of inulinases immobilized in the production of concentrated fructose and fructo-oligosaccharides. The strains of yeast Pseudozyma sp. (CCMB 306) and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (CCMB 604) were obtained from the Culture Collection of Microorganisms of Bahia (CCMB), Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS). Immobilization was performed using as support eggshell, celite, Immobeads?, Sepabeads? and silica, and the results analyzed using the Origin version 8.5.1 program. Immobilization in solid supports inulinase shown to be a viable technique, since the non-inactivated enzyme, showing increased activity in the inulinase CCMB 306 samples immobilized on celite in organic medium. Optimization of fructo-oligosaccharides production was achieved the highest concentration of product in samples with inulin concentration of 25% and time of reaction 16 h. In conclusion, the application of inulinases enzymes produced by micro-organisms of the semiarid in the hydrolysis of inulin is of significant importance for biotechnology development in the region. / A explora??o de esp?cies de micro-organismos da regi?o semi?rida tem se tornado uma alternativa vi?vel para a ind?stria, destacando-se leveduras produtoras de inulinases, que podem ser aplicadas na produ??o de frutose e fruto-oligossacar?deos, a partir da hidr?lise da inulina. O presente trabalho teve como tema o estudo da imobiliza??o de enzimas inulinases produzidas por leveduras do semi?rido baiano, sendo o objetivo geral estudar a aplica??o de inulinases imobilizadas na produ??o de concentrados de frutose e fruto-oligossacar?deos. As linhagens de leveduras Pseudozyma sp. (CCMB 306) e Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (CCMB 604) foram obtidas da Cole??o de Cultura de Micro-organismos da Bahia (CCMB) da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS). A imobiliza??o foi realizada utilizando-se como suporte casca de ovo, celite, Immobeads?, Sepabeads? e s?lica, sendo os resultados analisados com aux?lio do programa Origin vers?o 8.5.1. A imobiliza??o de inulinase nos suportes s?lidos demonstrou ser uma t?cnica vi?vel, uma vez que n?o inativou a enzima, apresentando a maior atividade nas amostras de inulinase de CCMB 306 imobilizada em celite em meio org?nico. Na otimiza??o da produ??o de fruto-oligossacar?deos obteve-se a maior concentra??o de produto nas amostras com concentra??o de inulina de 25% e tempo de rea??o de 16 h. Em conclus?o, a aplica??o de enzimas inulinases obtidas atrav?s de micro-organismos presentes no semi?rido na hidr?lise da inulina ? de significativa import?ncia para o desenvolvimento biotecnol?gico da regi?o, sendo interessante a otimiza??o dos m?todos de imobiliza??o e sele??o adequada dos suportes a serem utilizados para obten??o de melhores resultados.

La résistance aux antibiotiques a pris une ampleur considérable du fait de l’utilisation des antibiotiques dans de nombreux domaines. Pour respecter l’approche « OneHealth », il est essentiel d’avoir une image spécifique de chaque situation, afin d’orienter les recommandations et de limiter la dissémination des gènes, des plasmides et des clones. Nos objectifs étaient adaptés à nos populations d’étude (chevaux et porcs) afin d’ajuster les résultats aux besoins des filières. Dans la filière équine, nous avons quantifié les résistances phénotypiques et identifié les gènes de β-lactamases à spectre étendu (BLSE/AmpC) présents dans le microbiome des chevaux sains, et nous avons identifié les facteurs de risque associés à leur portage en France et au Québec. En France, nous avons également caractérisé les mécanismes de dissémination des gènes de BLSE/AmpC. Nous avons mis en évidence qu’en France et au Québec, les E. coli commensaux provenant de fèces de chevaux sains étaient majoritairement non susceptibles à l’ampicilline, l’amoxicilline/acide clavulanique et la streptomycine et que des E. coli multirésistants et porteurs de gènes codant pour des BLSE/AmpC étaient détectés dans respectivement environ 45% et 8% des chevaux. Le blaCTX-M-1 était majoritairement détecté bien qu’en France d’autres BLSE aient été identifiés (blaCTX-M-2 et blaCTX-M-14) ainsi que le gène AmpC blaCMY-2. L’administration d’un traitement médical, le nombre de personnes s’occupant des chevaux, le type d’activité et le fait de participer à un évènement équestre dans les trois derniers mois ont été identifiés comme des facteurs de risque du portage des E. coli multirésistants ou producteurs de gènes BLSE/AmpC, soit en France soit au Québec. En France, le plasmide IncHI1-ST9 était majoritairement associé aux gènes blaCTX-M-1/2 et à l’opéron fos. Pour la filière porcine, nos objectifs étaient de colliger les données de la base de données du laboratoire EcL entre 2008 et 2016, d’évaluer la présence d’un agrégat spatio-temporel pour les isolats ETEC:F4 non susceptibles à l’enrofloxacine et de caractériser ces isolats et les éléments génétiques mobiles qu’ils transportent. En effet, l’enrofloxacine est un antibiotique de haute importance en santé humaine, et doit donc faire l’objet d’une surveillance accrue. Nous avons trouvé que plus de 90% des isolats d’E. coli entérotoxinogènes détectés chez des cas de porcs malades soumis au laboratoire EcL de 2008 à 2016 au Québec, étaient multirésistants. Le virotype LT:STb:F4 prédominait jusqu’en 2014, puis a été dépassé par le virotype LT:STb:STa:F4. Un agrégat spatio-temporel d’isolats LT:STb:STa:F4 non susceptibles à l’enrofloxacine a été détecté entre 04/2015 et 09/2016 au centre de la Montérégie. Nous avons démontré la présence d’un clone ETEC:F4 non susceptible à l’enrofloxacine, à haut risque, qui se dissémine en Amérique du Nord depuis 2013. Les isolats appartenant à ce clone sont ST100, O149:H10. Ils sont multirésistants, et associés à une pathogénicité et une virulence augmentée par rapport aux isolats détectés avant 2000. Ils portent le réplicon IncFII. Les résistances et leur mécanisme de dissémination sont différents selon l’espèce animale. Ces divergences sont fonction de l’usage des antibiotiques, et des échanges possibles avec les différents protagonistes en contact avec les animaux. / Antimicrobial resistance has become an essential issue in the last decades because of the extensive use of antimicrobials in numerous sectors. In order to follow the OneHealth approach, it is critical to have a precise picture of each situation, to adjust recommendations and prevent resistance gene dissemination as well as plasmid and clone spread. Our objectives were adapted to the animal populations under study. Therefore, our results were compatible with each sector. In the equine sector, we quantified phenotypic resistance and identified β-lactamase (ESBL/AmpC) genes present in the intestinal microbiome of healthy horses and we identified risk factors associated with their carriage both in France and in Quebec. Then, in France we characterized ESBL/AmpC gene spread mechanisms. We demonstrated that commensal E. coli originating from the feces of healthy horses were mostly non-susceptible to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and streptomycin. The presence of multidrug resistant E. coli and of E. coli carrying ESBL/AmpC genes was found in around 45% and 8% of horses respectively. The most frequently detected gene was blaCTX-M-1, although blaCTX-M-2 and blaCTX-M-14 were also identified in France. The AmpC gene blaCMY-2 was identified in both localities. Medical treatment, staff number, activity, and participation in an equestrian event within the last three months were identified as risk factors for MDR or ESBL/AmpC E. coli. In France, commensal E. coli from healthy horses most commonly possessed the IncHI1-ST9 plasmid. This plasmid carries blaCTX-M-1/2 genes and the fos operon. For the swine sector in Quebec, our objectives were to gather data provided by the Animal pathogenic and zoonotic E. coli (APZEC) database between 2008 and 2017, to assess the presence of a spatio-temporal cluster for enrofloxacin non-susceptible ETEC:F4 and to characterize these isolates and the mobile genetic elements they carry. Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic classified as highly important in human medicine and as such needs to come under higher scrutiny. For this sector, we demonstrated that more than 90% of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) isolates from diseased swine submitted to the EcL between 2008 and 2016, were multidrug resistant. The main virotype in 2014 was LT:STb:F4. It was subsequently replaced by the LT:STb:STa:F4 virotype. A spatio-temporal cluster of LT:STb:STa:F4 isolates non-susceptible to enrofloxacin was detected between 04/2015 and 09/2016 in the centre of the Monteregie region. These isolates constituted an ETEC:F4 high risk enrofloxacin non-susceptible clone, which has been spreading in North America since 2013. Isolates belonging to this clone are ST100, O149H10, phylogroup A, and fimH gene negative. These isolates are multidrug resistant and associated with a higher pathogenicity and virulence than isolates detected before 2000. They all carry the incFII replicon. Resistance and mechanisms of dissemination are different according to the animal species being studied. This is likely due to different patterns of antimicrobial use in each industry and possible interactions with different protagonists in contact with the animals. It is essential to understand the situation for each animal species in order to adapt recommendations for efficiently limiting the spread of resistance genes, plasmids and clones.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:50:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rayana Pinheiro Viana.pdf: 1511945 bytes, checksum: 9929e64da8465eb2d080c71e13b5d83c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O yacon é uma raiz tuberosa ainda pouco consumida no Brasil, sendo ultimamente muito estudada na saúde humana devido à presença dos fruto-oligossacarídeos (FOS). No presente estudo foi produzida a farinha de yacon e avaliou-se a influência de sua ingestão por mulheres portadoras de diabetes tipo 2 durante 60 dias (T0: início; T30: após 30 dias; T60: após 60 dias). As participantes foram divididas em grupo controle (GC: n = 29) e grupo yacon (GY: n = 23), que consumiu 11 g de FOS presentes na farinha de yacon. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de glicose em jejum, perfil lipídico, composição corporal e consumo alimentar, adotando um nível de 5% de significância nos testes estatísticos. A farinha de yacon apresentou 6,50% de rendimento, 1,15% de umidade, 4,52% de proteína total, 0,33% de gordura, 2,94% de cinzas, 10,23% de fibra bruta, 91,0% de carboidratos totais e 35,06% de FOS. No GY foi encontrado aumento significativo do HDL entre os três tempos do estudo (p < 0,0001) e também de colesterol total de T0 para T60 (p = 0,03) e redução significativa do percentual de gordura corporal de T0 para T60 (p = 0,03). No GC, um aumento significativo foi encontrado no HDL de T0 e T30 para T60 (p < 0,0001) e de triacilgliceróis de T0 para T30 (p = 0,01). Em relação ao consumo alimentar, houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação às fibras em T30 e T60 (p = 0,01/p = 0,009). O GY apresentou uma redução significativa de calorias (p = 0,02) e ácidos graxos saturados (p = 0,02) de T0 para T60, enquanto o GC apresentou redução significativa da ingestão de carboidratos de T0 para T30 (p = 0,03). A diminuição do percentual de gordura corporal e da ingestão energética do GY sugere um possível efeito benéfico dos FOS / The yacon is a tuberous root poorly consumed in Brazil lately been much studied on human health due to the presence of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). In the present study was produced flour from the yacon pulp and evaluated the influence of its intake of women with type 2 diabetes, during a period of 60 days (T0: in the beginning of the study; T30: after 30 days; T60: after 60 days). The participants were divided in a control group (CG: n = 29) and yacon group (YG: n = 23) who consumed 11 g of FOS present in yacon flour. The parameters evaluated were fasting glucose, lipid profile, body composition and the evaluation of food intake, adopting a 5% level of significance in statistical tests Yacon flour presented 6.50% of yield, 1.15% of moisture, 4.52% of total protein, 0.33 % of fat, 2.94% of ash, 10.23% of crude fiber, 91.0% of total carbohydrate and 35.06 % of FOS. In YG was observed a significant increase of HDL for the three study period (p < 0.0001), but there was also an increase of total cholesterol of T0 to T60 (p = 0.03) and significant reduction in percentage of body fat for T0 to T60 (p = 0.03). In the CG a significant increase was found for the HDL from T0 and T30 to T60 (p < 0.0001) parameters and triglycerides from T0 to T30 (p = 0.01). In the relation to the food intake, there was a significant difference between the groups in relation to the fiber in T30 and T60 (p = 0.01/p = 0.009). YG presented a significant reduction of calories (p = 0.02) and saturated fatty acids (p = 0.02) of T0 to T60 and CG a significant reduction of carbohydrate intake of T0 to T30 (p = 0.03). The decrease in the percentage of body fat and energy intake of the GY suggests a possible beneficial effect of FOS

<p>The most common food and supplement prebiotic fiber is inulin – most commonly extracted from chicory root. Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) is a smaller version of inulin, both containing mainly fructose units with β-1,2 linkages. FOS/inulin has been used, and studied, as a prebiotic for decades. The potential of alternative prebiotics intrinsic in whole foods, such as in tubers, grains, vegetables, and pulses – the world’s most common staple crops – are not as commonly recognized as prebiotics, though have this potential if fermentable in the gut. If such alternative sources of prebiotic ingredients could be established it would allow for cheaper, possibly more effective, and more diverse food product development options beyond FOS/inulin. </p> <p>This study demonstrates the potential of tubers, grains, and pulses as prebiotics in relation to their <i>in vitro</i> human fecal fermentation rate, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and microbiota indicators of alpha diversity and impact on key bacterial genera. Fecal samples were obtained from three diverse healthy human donors and used as the initial bacterial inoculum to simulate conditions in the human gut (colon). Substrates (n=35), after undergoing an upper gastrointestinal tract simulated digestion, were fermented by each individual donors’ inoculum separately, and measurements after 6, 12, and 24 h of fermentation were made on gas production, SCFA metabolite production, and microbiome composition. </p> <p>The results of this study establish high fermentability and potential prebiotic effects of dietary fibers from tubers, grains, and pulses. Whole foods, ground and cooked the same way, produced dietary fibers that were largely insoluble, but surprisingly fermentable with high SCFA levels, mostly slow fermentation profiles indicating high tolerability, and mostly promoting diverse microbiota responses compared to FOS. Generally, whole food fibers had higher fermentability than similar isolated fibers. Overall, the processing steps, such as atmospheric or pressure cooking, tested in some pulses did not detract, or add to, the prebiotic abilities of the substrates. Each food fiber substrate had unique effects on the gut microbiota parameters tested. Gut microbiome compositional responses to the same substrate varied significantly among the three donors, but notably SCFA metabolite responses were similar among donors. </p>