Parkid higlohosa, an important indigenous fruit tree of West Affican Sudanian woodland, was studied with respect to natural population distribution and structure, regeneration, reproductive biology and phytosociology in Nigeria. As relevant background, a comprehensive range-wide monographic account of the species was assembled. An ecological survey covering the range of Parkia in Nigeria was undertaken between 1994-1995. The survey involved four ecological zones ranging from derived to Sudan/Sahel zone transition. In each ecological zone there were two sample sites within each of which there were two land use types. The survey showed that nearest mature con-specific neighbour distance and corresponding stocking for all individuals ý: 10 cm dbh ranged from 25.5 m and 15 tree ha-I in the north down to 91.5 m and I tree ha-I in the south. A gradual increase in stocking from the lowland forest zone boundary to the Sudan savanna was observed. Parkia populations are significantly more concentrated in cultivated fields than in less intensively used areas of the bush fallow. Natural regeneration in Parkia in Nigeria was sparse overall - 9.80 individuals ha-I and coppice shoot regeneration was the main form. Bush fallow conditions favour more regeneration than intense cultivation, and to the south there is more regeneration than in the north. Tree morphological appraisal showed that there tended to be taller trees in the south of the Nigerian range (with a moister climate) but with smaller diameter than in the north. A broader crown diameter typified populations in the northern part of Nigeria range compared with the south. Branching height ranged from 1.7 m in the north to 3.9 m in the south. The tree rarely branched below Im anywhere. Two was the most frequent number of primary branches. Individuals with more than two primary branches per tree occur more frequently in the north of the range. For all morphological parameters except the number of primary branches a significant land use effect was detected. In the survey 136 associated woody species were recorded. More woody tree species were associated with Parkia biglobosa in the south than in the north of its range in Nigeria. A reproductive cycle of 135 days was observed at Saki, Nigeria. Capitulum abortion rate was more than 30% and not related to the tree diameter or crown position. Capitulum, podding efficiency was about 67%. Open pollinated capitula had the highest number of pods per treatment. Parkid displays some degree of self-compatibility. Capitula located >5 m above the ground are more likely to be pollinated than those below.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agric. (Horticulture)) --University of Limpopo, 2008 / The mineral nutrition of indigenous crop species is not well documented like other known crop species, thus making it difficult for one to know how to plant and maintain the crops. Mmupudu (Mimusops zeyheri), which, happens to be a wild crop, is one of the indigenous trees of interest to the Discipline of Plant Production, University of Limpopo. The current study gives baseline information that will be important in various environmental physiology studies of this plant. Physiological studies will be necessary to assess the importance of “limiting” mineral nutrients in the accumulation of certain mineral nutrients in Mmupudu in relation to its productivity. The experiment was arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial in RCBD, with the first and second factors being time of sampling and location, respectively. The three locations where data were collected were Chuenespoort, Bochum and Sekgosese. In each location, the experiment was replicated 10 times. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated using the least significant difference test. The two-factor interaction was nonsignificant (P ≥ 0.10) for both pH and electrical conductivity. Soil pH was not affected by time in all three locations suggesting that abscised flowers and fruitlets have no effect on pH. Leaf K experienced an increase of 65% at Chuenespoort and a decrease of soil K after fruiting by 44%. Leaf and soil P decreased after fruiting in all locations as was the case with Cu. Chuenespoort and Sekgosese experienced a decrease in leaf Mn after fruiting while soil Mn decreased in all whereas leaf Mg decreased in all locations. / the National Research Foundation and the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

Thesis (M. Sc. (Agricultural Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2001 / Refer to document

Given the critical role of food justice organizations in providing for the 49 million Americans who live in food insecure households, one of the most important questions that can be answered today is what determines the success of such an organization. This paper analyzes case studies from Sitka, AK and Portland, OR, aiming to communicate a better understanding of which factors result in an organization’s success and which factors lead it to failure. That information is used to establish guidelines that other organizations seeking to be relevant contributors to the food justice movement can follow. Ultimately, my research discovers that in order for a food justice-oriented program to maximize its success it should educate the people it serves, have ample financial support, and fit soundly with its host community’s strengths, resources, and values.

MATOS, Eugênio Pacelli Nunes Brasil de. Parâmetros microbiológicos e enzimáticos do solo sob diferentes culturas perenes e uma mata nativa no semi-arido do Ceará. 2010. 90 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em ecologia e recursos naturais)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-05-19T20:08:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_epnbmatos.pdf: 568281 bytes, checksum: f06a85086975f7dbacc0d36726a70e78 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-27T20:13:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_epnbmatos.pdf: 568281 bytes, checksum: f06a85086975f7dbacc0d36726a70e78 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-27T20:13:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_epnbmatos.pdf: 568281 bytes, checksum: f06a85086975f7dbacc0d36726a70e78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Microorganisms are key pieces in transformation of organic matter, interacting well with all living organisms, responding quickly to changes in environment, and therefore, being considered in many assessments of environmental conditions, including soil. As hypothesis microbiota is seasonally affected, and the microorganisms are good indicators of seasonable changes as well as for the management adopted in different crop systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and enzymatic parameters of soil under different crops and native vegetation in a semi-arid area of Trairi, state of Ceará (Brazil). The populations of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes, the content organic carbon, the microbial biomass, the basal respiration, the metabolic quotient, microbial quotient and the activity of enzymes dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and urease were monitored. Composite soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-10 cm in two periods: rainy season (April 2009) and dry season (October 2009) in different crop systems: young cashew crop (area A) and old cashew crop (area B), soursop trees and an area of native forest. It turned out that the organic carbon content of soil was similar in all areas in both periods, nevertheless the microbial biomass showed significant differences between cultivated areas. The basal soil respiration showed a pattern similar to temporal variation between the areas assessed at the same period, but differed between periods for all areas, confirming the influence of season. The qCO2 did not show significant variations between crops and between the periods studied. Higher values of qMIC were found in the forested area in both periods and in the area with old cashew trees in the rainy season, while a smaller qMIC was observed in areas with other crops in both periods. Population densities of microorganisms were similar in the soil under cultivation of fruit trees and in forest area, and between periods, where areas had higher amounts of microorganisms in relation to the forest. A dehydrogenase enzyme with acid phosphatase and urease differ between the areas and periods, reinforcing the idea that season changes the microbiological and enzymatic conditions of the soil. The activities of the enzymes acid phosphatase and urease were similar, detecting increased activity in cultivated areas and lower activity of enzymes in the native vegetation area. In turn, the dehydrogenase showed an opposite trend, with higher value in the forest. For the similarity analysis of the microflora and enzyme activity was observed that the forest has diverged from other areas, being closest to the area with young cashew trees. The results obtained allowed to conclude: a) the season influenced the enzymatic activity and microbiological parameters assessed; b) the management adopted in the cropped areas affected the activity of soil microbes; c) the microbial and metabolic quotients were important to check that relations what can not be detected on individual evaluations; d) the individual evaluations did not give a good indicator of soil quality; e) populations of soil microorganisms reflected on the microbiological conditions in respect of the diversity and abundance; f) and activities of enzymes were considered good indicators of the metabolic conditions of the soil, being specific. / Os microrganismos são peças chave nos processos de transformação da matéria e interagem com todos os organismos vivos, respondem rapidamente as mudanças no ambiente e por isso são considerados em avaliações das condições do meio, inclusive do solo. Tem-se por hipótese que a microbiota é afetada pela sazonalidade, e que os microrganismos são bons indicadores das mudanças provocadas não só pela sazonalidade, mas pelo manejo adotado em diferentes culturas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros microbiológicos e enzimáticos do solo sob diferentes culturas perenes e uma mata nativa no semi-árido de Trairi, estado de Ceará (Brasil). Foram monitoradas as populações de fungos, bactérias e actinomicetos, o teor de carbono orgânico, a biomassa microbiana, a respiração basal, os quocientes metabólico e microbiano e a atividade das enzimas desidrogenase, fosfatase ácida e urease do solo. Amostras compostas do solo foram coletadas na profundidade de 0–10 cm em dois períodos: chuvoso (abril 2009) e seco (outubro 2009) em diferentes cultivos: cajueiros jovens (área A) e velhos (área B), coqueiros e gravioleiras, as quais foram comparadas com uma área de mata nativa. Verificou-se que o teor de carbono orgânico foi similar entre todas as áreas nos dois períodos, enquanto a biomassa microbiana apresentou algumas diferenças entre as áreas cultivadas. A respiração basal teve padrão de variação temporal semelhante entre as áreas avaliadas para um mesmo período, mas diferiu entre períodos para todas as áreas, confirmando a influência da sazonalidade. O qCO2 não apresentou variações significativas entre as áreas cultivadas e entre os períodos estudados. Maiores valores de qMIC foram constatados na área de mata, em ambos os períodos, e na área com cajueiros velhos no período chuvoso, enquanto que um menor qMIC foi verificado para as áreas ocupadas pelas demais culturas em ambos os períodos. As densidades populacionais de microrganismos foram similares nas áreas ocupadas pelas fruteiras e na mata, bem como entre os períodos, onde as áreas apresentaram maiores quantidades de microrganismos com relação à mata. A enzima desidrogenase juntamente com a fosfatase ácida e urease diferiram entre as áreas e os períodos avaliados, reforçando a hipótese de que a sazonalidade altera as condições microbiológicas e enzimáticas do solo. As atividades das enzimas fosfatase ácida e urease foram similares, detectando-se maior valor nas áreas cultivadas e menor atividade na mata. Por sua vez, a desidrogenase indicou comportamento inverso, apresentando maior atividade na mata. Pela análise de similaridade da microbiota e da atividade de enzimas observou-se que a mata divergiu das demais áreas, sendo mais próxima da área com cajueiros jovens. Com base nos resultados deste estudo conclui-se: a) a sazonalidade influenciou os parâmetros microbiológicos e enzimáticos avaliados; b) o manejo adotado nas áreas sob cultivo alterou a atividade da microbiota do solo; c) os quocientes metabólico e microbiano foram importantes para conferir relações que não podiam ser detectadas com análises isoladas; d) as análises isoladas não conferiram bom indicador de qualidade do solo; e) o cultivo de microrganismos do solo refletiu as condições microbiológicas no que diz respeito à diversidade e abundância e f) as atividades das enzimas foram boas indicadoras das condições metabólicas do solo, sendo específicas.

nÃo hà / Os Fungos MicorrÃzicos Arbusculares - FMA sÃo microrganismos chave tanto em agroecossistemas como em ecossistemas naturais. SÃo responsÃveis por uma simbiose que ocorre com a maioria das plantas vasculares. Atuam em mutualismo com as plantas, auxiliando-as na absorÃÃo de nutrientes pouco mÃveis no solo, alÃm de aumentar a absorÃÃo de Ãgua e protegÃ-las contra patÃgenos, sendo fortemente influenciados por prÃticas agrÃcolas e variaÃÃes ambientais. Neste trabalho avaliaram-se as influÃncias de parÃmetros quÃmicos do solo, perÃodos do ano e quatro diferentes agroecossistemas com fruteiras tropicais (cajueiros - Anacardium occidentale (2 pomares), coqueiros - Cocos nucifera, e gravioleiras - Annona muricata), na diversidade de FMA em comparaÃÃo com uma Ãrea de mata nativa adjacente aos plantios, partindo da hipÃtese de que estes fatores alteram a composiÃÃo da comunidade desses fungos. Foram coletadas amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-20 cm, no perÃodo chuvoso (abril/2009) e seco (outubro/2009), e utilizados Ãndices ecolÃgicos como forma de avaliar as alteraÃÃes entre os sistemas e os perÃodos. No total foram identificados 35 diferentes morfotipos de esporos de FMA. Entre os parÃmetros quÃmicos do solo, o pH mostrou-se negativamente correlacionado com a densidade mÃdia de esporos, o Mg com a riqueza de espÃcies e o Zn com ambos. A densidade mÃdia de esporos foi influenciada negativamente pelos agroecossistemas, pois os maiores valores foram encontrados na Ãrea de mata em ambos os perÃodos, e exceto pela cultura do coqueiro, todas as outras tiveram aumento significativo no perÃodo seco. A riqueza de espÃcies de FMA mostrou-se estÃvel, sendo que apenas a gravioleira apresentou diferenÃa em relaÃÃo aos outros sistemas no perÃodo chuvoso. Jà no perÃodo seco nÃo houve diferenÃa na riqueza entre os sistemas, sendo detectado um aumento na riqueza de espÃcies, comparado ao perÃodo chuvoso. A abundÃncia relativa indicou uma maior dominÃncia nas comunidades no perÃodo chuvoso, e a freqÃÃncia relativa demonstra a prevalÃncia de espÃcies do gÃnero Glomus em todos os sistemas. A maior diversidade de FMA foi constatada no solo cultivado com coqueiro. Houve um aumento generalizado da diversidade no perÃodo chuvoso comparada com o perÃodo seco. A dominÃncia avaliada pelo Ãndice de Simpsom corrobora os resultados obtidos pela abundÃncia relativa, demonstrando que no perÃodo chuvoso a concentraÃÃo de dominÃncia foi maior em todos os sistemas A anÃlise de similaridade, utilizando o Ãndice de Bray-Curtis, demonstra que o perÃodo seco tornou os sistemas mais similares, uma vez que apresentaram maiores valores nesse perÃodo. A anÃlise de agrupamento baseada no Ãndice de similaridade demonstra que, apesar das variaÃÃes de riqueza de abundÃncia, os sistemas foram agrupados igualmente em ambos os perÃodos. A gravioleira formou um grupo isolado, enquanto a Ãrea de mata mostrou-se mais similar a cultura do cajueiro velho. O outro agrupamento foi formado pelo coqueiral e a plantaÃÃo de cajueiro novo. Os resultados deste estudo permitem concluir: as atividades agrÃcolas alteraram a composiÃÃo da comunidade de FMA em relaÃÃo à mata nativa; o agroecossistema cultivado com coqueiro apresentou a maior biodiversidade de FMA dentre os sistemas avaliados; as espÃcies do gÃnero Glomus foram mais abundantes tanto nos agroecossistemas como no ecossistema natural; houve diferenÃa na composiÃÃo e na diversidade da comunidade de fungos entre o perÃodo chuvoso e seco; e a diversidade de esporos de FMA no solo, nÃo se relacionou com a capacidade infectiva nas fruteiras / Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi - AMF are key organisms in natural ecosystems and agroecosystems, as being responsible for a symbiosis that occurs in more than 80% of terrestrial vascular plants. Work in mutualism with plants, helping them with less mobile nutrient uptake, increase the absorption of water, protect them against diseases and are strongly influenced by agricultural practices and environmental changes. This study evaluated the influence of chemical parameters of soil, climate variation in two seasons and four different agroecosystems of tropical fruit trees (cashew- Anacardium occidentale, coconut - Cocos nucifera and soursop - Annona muricata), with the diversity of AMF compared with an area of native forest adjacent to plantations, considering the hypothesis that these factors change the community composition of these fungi. Samples were collected at depth of 0-20 cm in the rainy (April/2009) and dry season (October/2009) and used ecological indexes as a way of evaluating changes in the systems and periods. In total were identified 35 different morphotypes of spores and chemical parameters of the soil indicated that pH was negatively correlated with the average density of spores, Mg with the species richness and Zn with both. The average density of spores was negatively influenced by agroecosystems, because the highest values were found in the forested area in both periods, and except for the coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) crop, all the others had a significant increase in between the periods. Species richness was found to be stable, with only the soursop culture (Annona Muricata) different compared to other systems in the rainy season. During the dry season no differences being detected in richness. The relative abundance indicates greater dominance in the communities during the rainy season and relative frequency shows the prevalence of species of the genus Glomus on all systems. The highest diversity, as measured by the Shannon- Wiener index, indicated that the soil under coconut had the highest values in both periods. There was a general increase in diversity comparing the rainy with the dry season. The dominance assessed by the Simpson index corroborates the results obtained by relative abundance, demonstrating that in the rainy season the concentration of dominance was higher in all systems. The similarity analysis using the Bray-Curtis index shows that the dry season has made the systems more similar, since they showed higher values in this period. Cluster analysis based on similarity index shows that despite the richness of abundance variations, the systems were also grouped in both periods. The soursop formed an isolated group, the area of forest was more similar to the old cashew culture. The other cluster was formed by the coconut culture and the new cashew plantation. Results of the study allowed concluding: agricultural activities have changed the community composition of AMF in relation to the native forest; the coconut agroecosystem had the highest biodiversity of AMF among all the systems evaluated; the species of the genus Glomus were the most abundant in agroecosystems and natural ecosystem; there were differences in community composition and diversity of fungi in between the rainy and dry season; and the diversity of AMF spores in soil did not correlate with the tropical fruit treeâs infective capacity.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Os microrganismos sÃo peÃas chave nos processos de transformaÃÃo da matÃria e interagem com todos os organismos vivos, respondem rapidamente as mudanÃas no ambiente e por isso sÃo considerados em avaliaÃÃes das condiÃÃes do meio, inclusive do solo. Tem-se por hipÃtese que a microbiota à afetada pela sazonalidade, e que os microrganismos sÃo bons indicadores das mudanÃas provocadas nÃo sà pela sazonalidade, mas pelo manejo adotado em diferentes culturas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parÃmetros microbiolÃgicos e enzimÃticos do solo sob diferentes culturas perenes e uma mata nativa no semi-Ãrido de Trairi, estado de Cearà (Brasil). Foram monitoradas as populaÃÃes de fungos, bactÃrias e actinomicetos, o teor de carbono orgÃnico, a biomassa microbiana, a respiraÃÃo basal, os quocientes metabÃlico e microbiano e a atividade das enzimas desidrogenase, fosfatase Ãcida e urease do solo. Amostras compostas do solo foram coletadas na profundidade de 0â10 cm em dois perÃodos: chuvoso (abril 2009) e seco (outubro 2009) em diferentes cultivos: cajueiros jovens (Ãrea A) e velhos (Ãrea B), coqueiros e gravioleiras, as quais foram comparadas com uma Ãrea de mata nativa. Verificou-se que o teor de carbono orgÃnico foi similar entre todas as Ãreas nos dois perÃodos, enquanto a biomassa microbiana apresentou algumas diferenÃas entre as Ãreas cultivadas. A respiraÃÃo basal teve padrÃo de variaÃÃo temporal semelhante entre as Ãreas avaliadas para um mesmo perÃodo, mas diferiu entre perÃodos para todas as Ãreas, confirmando a influÃncia da sazonalidade. O qCO2 nÃo apresentou variaÃÃes significativas entre as Ãreas cultivadas e entre os perÃodos estudados. Maiores valores de qMIC foram constatados na Ãrea de mata, em ambos os perÃodos, e na Ãrea com cajueiros velhos no perÃodo chuvoso, enquanto que um menor qMIC foi verificado para as Ãreas ocupadas pelas demais culturas em ambos os perÃodos. As densidades populacionais de microrganismos foram similares nas Ãreas ocupadas pelas fruteiras e na mata, bem como entre os perÃodos, onde as Ãreas apresentaram maiores quantidades de microrganismos com relaÃÃo à mata. A enzima desidrogenase juntamente com a fosfatase Ãcida e urease diferiram entre as Ãreas e os perÃodos avaliados, reforÃando a hipÃtese de que a sazonalidade altera as condiÃÃes microbiolÃgicas e enzimÃticas do solo. As atividades das enzimas fosfatase Ãcida e urease foram similares, detectando-se maior valor nas Ãreas cultivadas e menor atividade na mata. Por sua vez, a desidrogenase indicou comportamento inverso, apresentando maior atividade na mata. Pela anÃlise de similaridade da microbiota e da atividade de enzimas observou-se que a mata divergiu das demais Ãreas, sendo mais prÃxima da Ãrea com cajueiros jovens. Com base nos resultados deste estudo conclui-se: a) a sazonalidade influenciou os parÃmetros microbiolÃgicos e enzimÃticos avaliados; b) o manejo adotado nas Ãreas sob cultivo alterou a atividade da microbiota do solo; c) os quocientes metabÃlico e microbiano foram importantes para conferir relaÃÃes que nÃo podiam ser detectadas com anÃlises isoladas; d) as anÃlises isoladas nÃo conferiram bom indicador de qualidade do solo; e) o cultivo de microrganismos do solo refletiu as condiÃÃes microbiolÃgicas no que diz respeito à diversidade e abundÃncia e f) as atividades das enzimas foram boas indicadoras das condiÃÃes metabÃlicas do solo, sendo especÃficas / Microorganisms are key pieces in transformation of organic matter, interacting well with all living organisms, responding quickly to changes in environment, and therefore, being considered in many assessments of environmental conditions, including soil. As hypothesis microbiota is seasonally affected, and the microorganisms are good indicators of seasonable changes as well as for the management adopted in different crop systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and enzymatic parameters of soil under different crops and native vegetation in a semi-arid area of Trairi, state of Cearà (Brazil). The populations of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes, the content organic carbon, the microbial biomass, the basal respiration, the metabolic quotient, microbial quotient and the activity of enzymes dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and urease were monitored. Composite soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-10 cm in two periods: rainy season (April 2009) and dry season (October 2009) in different crop systems: young cashew crop (area A) and old cashew crop (area B), soursop trees and an area of native forest. It turned out that the organic carbon content of soil was similar in all areas in both periods, nevertheless the microbial biomass showed significant differences between cultivated areas. The basal soil respiration showed a pattern similar to temporal variation between the areas assessed at the same period, but differed between periods for all areas, confirming the influence of season. The qCO2 did not show significant variations between crops and between the periods studied. Higher values of qMIC were found in the forested area in both periods and in the area with old cashew trees in the rainy season, while a smaller qMIC was observed in areas with other crops in both periods. Population densities of microorganisms were similar in the soil under cultivation of fruit trees and in forest area, and between periods, where areas had higher amounts of microorganisms in relation to the forest. A dehydrogenase enzyme with acid phosphatase and urease differ between the areas and periods, reinforcing the idea that season changes the microbiological and enzymatic conditions of the soil. The activities of the enzymes acid phosphatase and urease were similar, detecting increased activity in cultivated areas and lower activity of enzymes in the native vegetation area. In turn, the dehydrogenase showed an opposite trend, with higher value in the forest. For the similarity analysis of the microflora and enzyme activity was observed that the forest has diverged from other areas, being closest to the area with young cashew trees. The results obtained allowed to conclude: a) the season influenced the enzymatic activity and microbiological parameters assessed; b) the management adopted in the cropped areas affected the activity of soil microbes; c) the microbial and metabolic quotients were important to check that relations what can not be detected on individual evaluations; d) the individual evaluations did not give a good indicator of soil quality; e) populations of soil microorganisms reflected on the microbiological conditions in respect of the diversity and abundance; f) and activities of enzymes were considered good indicators of the metabolic conditions of the soil, being specific

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O camu-camu contém um elevado teor de ácido ascórbico e atualmente tem despertado o interesse de diversos setores industriais como fármaco, cosmético e alimentício. Torna-se necessário o avanço nas técnicas de propagação dessa espécie para que a mesma possa ser domesticada e se converta numa atividade agrícola de importância econômica. A propagação vegetativa por estaquia proporciona a formação de mudas de qualidade, fixando características agronômicas desejáveis de forma eficiente. O sucesso na propagação vegetativa por estaquia depende de fatores ambientais e endógenos. Neste contexto, objetivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar a produção de mudas de camu-camu através da propagação por estacas herbáceas em câmara de subirrigação. Para tal, foram conduzidos três experimentos, sendo o primeiro testando o efeito de diferentes concentrações (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 e 1000 mgL-1) de AIB e tempos de imersão (5 segundos, 10, 20 e 30 minutos). No segundo, utilizaram-se os mesmos fatores e níveis do primeiro experimento, porém com o uso de ANA. No terceiro, avaliou-se o enraizamento de diferentes populações nativas de camu-camu. O delineamento experimental dos dois primeiros experimentos foram inteiramente casualizados, em esquema fatorial 6x4, com três repetições e dez estacas por repetição. O terceiro experimento foi inteiramente casualizado com 12 tratamentos e quatro repetições, e dez estacas por repetição, sendo os tratamentos constituídos pelas populações BRB MU, BRB EV, RB BQ, RB LM, RJA, IAB, RQ, RJI, BRB ON, BRB AT, IPI, BRB AB. A câmara de subirrigação mostrou-se um ambiente adequado para a propagação vegetativa via enraizamento de estacas herbáceas de camu-camu como forma de multiplicação clonal de genótipos superiores. Maior sucesso na propagação vegetativa de camu-camu via enraizamento de estacas herbáceas é obtida com o uso de 324,2 mg.L-1de AIB e 10 minutos de imersão. Maior sucesso na propagação vegetativa de camu-camu via enraizamento de estacas herbáceas é obtida na ausência de ANA. Existe variabilidade populacional na capacidade rizogênica de estacas herbáceas de camu-camu. As populações IAB (100%), RJI (95%), IPI e RB BQ (92%), seguidas das populações RB LM (87,50%) e RJA (85%), são as que apresentam maior capacidade rizogênica. / The camu-camu has a high content of ascorbic acid and currently is awakening interest of several industrial sectors such as drug, cosmetic and alimentary. It is necessary to advance in the techniques of propagation of this species so it can become domesticated and become an important agricultural activity. The vegetative propagation by cuttings provides the formation of quality seedlings, securing desirable agronomic characteristics efficiently. Success in vegetative propagation by cuttings depends on environmental and endogenous factors. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production of camu-camu seedlings by softwood cuttings in subirrigation chamber. For this, three experiments were conducted, the first testing the effect of different concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 e 1000 mg L-1) and immersion times (5 seconds, 10, 20 e 30 minutes), using IBA. The second used the same factors and levels but with the use of NAA. In the third evaluated the rooting of different native populations of camu-camu. The experimental design of the first two experiments was completely randomized, factorial 6x4, with three replications and ten in each replication. The third experiment was completely randomized with 12 treatments and the treatments consisted of the populations BRB MU, BRB EV, RB BQ, RB LM, RJA, IAB, RQ, RJI, BRB ON, BRB AT, IPI, BRB AB. The subirrigation chamber proved be a suitable environment for vegetative propagation by rooting softwood cuttings of camu-camu as a form of clonal multiplication of superior genotypes. Greater success in vegetative propagation of camu-camu by rooting softwood cuttings obtained using 324,2 mg.L-1of IBA and 10 minutes of immersion. Greater success in vegetative propagation of camu-camu by rooting softwood cuttings obtained in the absence of NAA. Population variability exists in the capacity for rooting softwood cuttings of camu-camu. The populations IAB (100%), RJI (95%), IPI and RB BQ (92%), followed by populations RB LM (87,50%) and RJA (85%), were those with greater capacity for rooting.

Orientador: Silmara Marques Allegretti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T06:36:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bastos_LeticiaAparecidaDuart_M.pdf: 1855069 bytes, checksum: a36510be45c9c921b9c19702e64e2a22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O Strongyloides stercoralis é uma das principais espécies de nematódeos com alta prevalência entre os humanos, com uma estimativa de 100 milhões de pessoas infectadas em todo mundo. Atualmente os fármacos de escolha para o tratamento desta doença são o tiabendazol, albendazol e ivermectina, porém comumente associados a casos de recidivas, baixa eficácia e a ocorrência de resistência e tolerância a fármacos. Diante da necessidade de medicamentos mais eficazes, menos tóxicos, as plantas medicinais são uma alternativa. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o efeito anti-helmíntico dos extratos etanólicos das folhas de 25 espécies de árvores frutíferas sobre fêmeas adultas parasitas de Strongyloides venezuelensis in vitro. As observações foram feitas em 3 concentrações diferentes por um período de 72 horas. A atividade anti-helmíntica foi observada em 68% dos extratos testados em pelo menos uma das concentrações testadas durante o período de observação, com exceção dos extratos etanólicos de Litchi chinensis, Aceima smeithii, Eugenia involucrata e Butia capitata, a fração orgânica de Pouteria caimito que não apresentaram atividade contra o parasita. Os extratos etanólicos que apresentaram maior eficácia foram Spondias lutea (Cajá) e Pouteria caimito (Caimito), com 100% de mortalidade em todas as concentrações testadas apresentando DL50 < 0,05 mg/mL. Estes extratos sofreram um processo de partição com 2 frações, aquosa e orgânica. O Spondias lutea mostrou eficiência anti-helmíntica nas 2 frações testadas enquanto que o Pouteria caimito apresentou atividade apenas com a fração aquosa. Para todos os extratos testados, foi considerado significativo (p < 0,0001) o efeito do tempo em relação à motilidade dos vermes, e o efeito do extrato e da concentração em relação ao tempo, assim como o efeito do extrato e da concentração na motilidade dos vermes / Abstract: Strongyloides stercoralis is one of the main nematode specie with high prevalence among humans, with a rating of 100 million infected people in the role world. Nowadays the chosen drugs for the treatment of this disease are the thiabendazole, albendazole and ivermectin, but generally associated with recurrence cases, low efficiency, resistance occurrence and drugs tolerance. Given the need for more efficient drugs, with less toxicity, the medicinal plants are the alternative. The present work were evaluated the antihelminthic effect from the ethanolic extracts from the leaves of 25 fruit trees species over adult parasite females of Strogyloides venezuelensis in vitro. Observations were made in 3 different concentrations during 72 hours. 68% from the tested extracts presented antihelminthic activity in at least one tested concentration during the observation period, with an exception of the ethanolic extracts of Litchi chinensis, Aceima smeithii, Eugenia involucrata, Butia capitata and an organic fraction of Pouteria caimito that did not showed any activity against the parasite. The ethanolic extracts which presented major efficiency were Spondias lutea (Cajá) and Pouteria caimito (Caimito), with a mortality of 100% in all tested doses and with DL50 < 0,05 mg/mL. These extracts suffered a partition process, obtaining 2 fractions, aqueous and organic. The Spondias lutea showed antihelminthic efficiency in two tested fractions while Pouteria caimito showed activity only with the aqueous fraction. For all the tested extracts, were considered significative (p < 0,0001) the effect from the time in relation to the worms motility, and the extract effect and dose in relation to the time, as well as the extract effect and the dose related to the worms motility / Mestrado / Parasitologia / Mestre em Parasitologia

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19324号 / 農博第2145号 / 新制||農||1036(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N4952(農学部図書室) / 32326 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 縄田 栄治, 教授 北山 兼弘, 教授 北島 宣 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM