The fuel system is a very important part of the vehicle and the engine. The main function is to deliver the fuel- air mixture into the engine cylinder. This thesis describes the design of the Formula student car fuel system. The first part is an introduction to Formula Student competitions. The next section describes the options of the fuel systems structure and options for individual components. Those rules limit the possibilities for us FSAE that in the next chapter. The following parts are major chapters dealing with the actual design of the fuel system and analysis of selected components. The last part are chapters that deal with the production possibilities of parts and subsequent incorporation into the fuel system of the car.

Les effets de la foudre sur les lignes d'assemblage des avions peuvent s'avérer catastrophiques. L'un des phénomènes redoutés est l'étincelage au niveau d'une fixation bien souvent associé à un défaut sur les résistances de contact. Au vu des contraintes normatives, du manque de connaissance de cette problématique multi-physiques et de l'incapacité structurelle à avoir une approche uniquement expérimentale, les avionneurs se sont notamment tournés vers la modélisation. Dans ce manuscrit, on s'intéresse particulièrement à la modélisation des lignes d'assemblage pour le dimensionnement de la contrainte locale sur celles-ci. La méthode des différences finies dans le domaine temporel (FDTD), couramment utilisée pour la problématique foudre en aéronautique, nous sert de méthode de résolution. De multiples modèles de fixations allant de modèles simplifiés, représentant par exemple la fixation par un fil résistif, à des modèles plus complexes, représentant l'ensemble des résistances de contact, sont développés et validés. Par ailleurs, pour répondre aux incertitudes associées aux résistances de contact des fixations, des modèles statistiques sont appliqués aux paramètres résistifs des modèles de fixation. Ces mêmes modèles statistiques découlent de l'étude d'une base de données issue d’une campagne de mesures menée par Dassault Aviation sur un ensemble d’éprouvettes tests. A l'aide de ces modèles, la contrainte sur les fixations d'un caisson représentant un réservoir de carburant d'un avion est étudiée de manière stochastique. / The lightning effects on the fastening assemblies of an airplane may be critical. One of the most critical phenomenon is the sparking effect around the fasteners. This effect is usually associated to the contact resistances. Due to the standards, the lack of knowledge about this multiphysics issue and the inability to follow only an experimental approach, the aircraft manufacturers have chosen a modelling way. In this manuscript, we model the fastening assemblies in order to understand the local constraint on these assemblies. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method mostly used for the lightning issue in the aircraft industry is chosen as the solving method. Several fastener models are developed and validated. We present simplified models, as the resistive wire model for instance, up to complex one with all the contact resistance of the fastener. Furthermore, due to the large uncertainties from one fastener to the other one in the same family, the fastener models are supplemented with statistical models. Thanks to a data base measurement created from several measurement campaigns made by Dassault Aviation, distribution laws are established to characterize the lightning injection effects or the state after lightning injection on the fasteners. Using this statistical models, a stochastic study is presented in order to evaluate the uncertainties in a fuel tank modelling.

Avec la nouvelle génération d'avions composites, une attention est portée sur les systèmes de carburant vis-à-vis de la prévention des décharges électrostatiques (ESD) durant les phases de remplissage des réservoirs. La plupart des travaux réalisés en aéronautique a été menée sur des réservoirs métalliques. Toutefois, l'introduction des matériaux composites a soulevé de nouvelles interrogations, puisque ces matériaux peuvent avoir un comportement différent des métaux vis-à-vis de l'électrisation par écoulement, qui justifient pleinement de nouvelles analyses. Afin de définir correctement les structures des réservoirs et leur protection contre les risques ESD, il est crucial de comprendre comment un empilement complexe de matériaux se comporte en termes de création de charge lorsque ces matières sont en contact avec un carburant d'avion. La structure de ces matériaux et leurs propriétés électriques contrôlent le potentiel électrique atteint dans le réservoir à travers un équilibre entre la production, l'accumulation et la fuite des charges électriques. Ce potentiel peut dépasser le point d'éclair du mélange air/vapeurs de carburant et provoquer une inflammation. Diverses mesures de protection peuvent être adoptées pour contrôler ce phénomène, comme utiliser des additifs antistatiques dans les carburants, des réservoirs métalliques à la masse ou encore des réservoirs faits de matériaux non métalliques mais ne favorisant pas l'accumulation de charges. C'est principalement en réponse à cette dernière solution que ce travail est orienté afin de guider vers le choix optimaux des matériaux et une meilleure définition des structures du réservoir. / With the new generation of composite aircrafts an attention is carried out on fuel systems with respect to prevention of electrostatic discharges (ESD) during the filling phases of the tanks. Most of the work realized in aeronautics (during the 60's) was conducted on metallic fuel tanks. However, the introduction of composite materials has raised new questions, since those materials can have a different behavior than metallic ones with respect to flow electrification, which fully justify new analyses. In order to properly define the tank structures and their protection against ESD hazards, it is crucial to understand how a complex stack of materials (conductive or not, multilayered or homogeneous, painted or not) constituting a fuel tank behaves with respect to the mechanisms of charge creation by flow electrification when these materials are in contact with aviation fuel. The structure of these materials and their electrical properties control the electric potential reached in the tank through a balance between the production, accumulation and leakage of the electrical charge. This potential may exceed the flash point of the fuel vapors/air mixture and induce ignition. Various protective measures can be adopted to control this phenomenon such as using antistatic additives in the fuels, lowering the rates ofthe fuel injection inside the tank, using only bonded metallic tanks or tanks made of non-metallic materials which do not favor charge accumulation or local charge trapping. It is majorly in response to the latter solution that this work is oriented in order to guide optimum choices of materials and a better definition of the tank structures.

This diploma thesis deals with modernization of the Z 242 L aircraft wing. The main emphasis is given to the connection of the wing and fuselage. The new concept of both main and rear wing spar is designed together with integral fuel tank. The strength of the structure is evaluated analytically and numerically by use of Finite element analysis. Wide range of milling operations is implemented into manufacturing process as well. This thesis shows how to innovate current aircraft with respect to feasibility of the design in case of future project realization.

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[pt] Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal estudar o comportamento das fundações de tanques de grande diâmetro durante o teste hidrostático, por meio da interpretação dos recalques medidos em campo (Caso - Fundação Superficial) e dos recalques perimetrais calculados em uma simulação numérica tridimensional pelo método dos elementos finitos (Caso – Radier Estaqueado), de acordo com as normativas nacionais e internacionais que regulamentam a avaliação dessas estruturas. A metodologia consistiu em interpretar os recalques, tanto medidos, quanto calculados, com base ao descrito na norma N-270 (2020) e complementado com a norma API-653 (2018). Os resultados das análises evidenciaram que, mediante um tratamento adequado dos recalques observados nos dos tanques, é possível não apenas verificar a conformidade dos recalques permitidos pela norma N-270 (2020), mas também compreender o comportamento mecânico dos materiais que constituem os tanques conforme a norma API-653 (2018) analisando, com os critérios de recalque consolidados na norma, os recalques fora do plano. Entre as conclusões deste estudo, destacam-se resultados significativos que ressaltam a necessidade crucial de considerar não apenas os recalques das fundações dos tanques, mas também a avaliação detalhada dos componentes que integram os tanques como parte fundamental da análise. / [en] The main objective of this research was to study the behavior of large-diameter tank foundations during hydrostatic testing, by interpreting the settlements measured in the field (Surface Foundation Case) and the perimeter settlements calculated in a three-dimensional numerical simulation using the finite element method (Piled Radier Case), in accordance with the national and international standards that regulate the evaluation of these structures. The methodology consisted of interpreting the settlements, both measured and calculated, based on what is described in standard N-270 (2020) and complemented with standard API-653 (2018). The results of the analysis showed that, by properly treating the settlements observed at the tank control points, it is possible not only to verify the compliance of the settlements allowed by the N-270 (2020) standard, but also to understand the mechanical behavior of the materials that make up the tanks in accordance with the API-653 (2018) standard by analyzing the out-of-plane settlements using the settlement criteria consolidated in the standard. Among the conclusions of this study are significant results that highlight the crucial need to consider not only the settlements of tank foundations, but also the detailed assessment of the components that make up the tanks as a fundamental part of the analysis.

Répondant à une forte demande de sécurité, d’économie de poids et d’optimisation du volume utile, les réservoirs pour carburants sont actuellement généralement constitués d’une paroi barrière polymère multicouche visant à limiter les émissions de vapeurs dans l’atmosphère. Etre capable de prédire les perméabilités est primordial pour l’optimisation de telles structures. Grâce à des automates conçus au laboratoire, les mesures de sorption et de perméabilité ont été réalisées pour trois polymères leaders du domaine (PEHD, Liant et EVOH) et des mélanges modèles de carburants composés d’éthanol, d’iso-octane et de toluène. Les propriétés de sorption ont été modélisées par UNIQUAC et un nouveau modèle inédit SORPFIT. Les paramètres des lois de diffusion, de type TSVF2 ou Long généralisé, ont aussi été optimisés pour chaque polymère malgré une difficulté particulière pour l’EVOH. Une méthodologie originale a été ensuite proposée pour la prédiction des flux partiels des multicouches à partir des paramètres caractéristiques des monocouches correspondantes. Selon la nature et la disposition de chaque couche, deux cas de figures ont été identifiés : la limitation cinétique et la limitation thermodynamique du transfert, cette dernière étant estimée à partir des modèles de sorption initialement optimisés. La confrontation des calculs avec les mesures expérimentales réalisées pour des films bicouches et tricouches d’Arkema montre des prédictions très satisfaisantes. Cette approche est finalement étendue à la simulation de la perméabilité de structures multicouches plus complexes et plus représentatives des réservoirs pour carburants industriels / Responding to a strong demand for security, weight reduction and volume optimization, the fuel tanks are currently usually made of polymer multi-layer barriers in order to limit vapour emissions into the atmosphere. The prediction of their permeability remains a world-wide critical challenge for the multi-layer optimization. Thanks to original semi-automated experimental set-ups, sorption and permeability measurements were carried out for three leading polymer materials (HDPE, EVOH and Binder) and model fuel mixtures of ethanol, iso-octane and toluene. The modelling of the sorption properties was successfully achieved by the UNIQUAC model and a new model called SORPFIT. The parameters of the diffusion laws according to the TSVF2 or the generalized Long models were also optimized for each polymer despite some difficulty with EVOH. An original methodology was then proposed for predicting the partial fluxes of polymer multi-layers from the characteristic parameters of the corresponding mono-layers. Depending on the nature and disposition of each layer, two scenarios were identified: the kinetics limitation and the thermodynamics limitation of mass transfer, the latter being estimated from the sorption models initially optimized. The comparison of the calculated fluxes with the experimental data obtained for bi-layer and tri-layer films provided by the world-wide industrial company Arkema showed that the predictions were very satisfying. This approach was then extended to the simulation of the permeability of more complex multi-layer structures which are more representative of commercial fuel tanks

Bränsle är en viktig substans för fordon och utan bränsle så är de flesta fordon inte funktionella. I de allra flesta instruktionsböcker för fordon så rekommenderas det att bränslet inte får nå en kritisk låg nivå av bränsle. Då man talar om den kritiska bränslenivån så handlar det om ¼ kvarliggande bränsle. Då bränslet når den kritiska nivån i bränsletanken så kan problem ske och dessa problem är direkt kopplade till bränsletanken och pumpen.     Syftet med denna kandidat examensarbete är att undersöka problemet och det befintliga bränslesystemets konstruktion för att sedan generera en eller fler lösningar till problemet. Då information för detta arbete är begränsad över nätverket så skedde en del intervjuer med verkstan och fordons företag och fabriker såsom Volvo och Scania för att få en bra mängd information som sedan användes som utgångspunkt till arbetet.   För att generera lösningar till problemet med informationen som erhållits av intervjuer och andra källor så användes vissa verktyg och metoder. Då arbetet var begränsad att utföra praktiskt så utfördes den teoretiskt med hjälp av kunskaper från materiallära, hållfasthetsberäkningar, simulations program såsom AutoCAD, NASTRAN, fysik och en mängd andra ingenjörs baserat litteratur för att åstadkomma goda resultat.   Resultat blev en enkel konstruktion som är anpassat för tillverkningen av bränsletankar och som både funkar för cylindriska och rektangulära bränsletankar.   I denna rapport så presenteras resultatet i form av några förslags modeller av ett koncept som anses vara en lämplig lösning för problemet och resultat utfört med konceptet som då visar att konceptet uppfyller en fungerande lösning för det presenterade problemet. Storlek för konstruktionen presenteras i en form av enkla beräknings steg där man utgår ifrån bränsletanks modellen man vill tillämpa konceptet i. / The fuel is an important substance for vehicles and without fuel the most vehicles are not functional. In other words, they cannot move. In all instruction manuals, it is recommended that the fuel should not attain a low level in the fuel tank itself because it could lead to many consequences and these consequences are directly linked to the fuel pump and the engine itself.   The purpose of this bachelor's thesis is to investigate the issues and the existing fuel system design, then generate concepts to solve the problem. The information about the problem is limited on the world wide web, therefore we have been in contact with various truck workshops, vehicle companies and been visiting some of them. Volvo and Scania were at the top of the list. The reason was to get good and reliable information about the fuel tanks and then use it as a starting point.   Using information from interviews and sources helped very much to generate different concepts and solutions to the problem. Also, some tools and methods were very useful to build, chose and evolve the concepts. Note that some work was not performed practically because of limitations, therefore it was theoretically done with help of knowledge from different courses like materials theory, strength of materials calculations, physics, simulation programs like AutoCAD, NASTRAN and other engineering literature to achieve good results.   The result was a simple design adapted for the production of fuel tanks for the manufacture of fuel tanks, which works for both cylindrical and rectangular fuel tanks. In this report, the results are presented in the form of some proposal models and results performed with the concept, which then shows that the concept satisfies a solution to the presented problem. / <p><strong>Presentationerna genomfördes på distans med zoom</strong></p>

This work inkluse measurement principles for measuring liquid level in tanks with a focus on fuel. Are described most frequently used types of liquid level sensors, focusing on fuel. The work inkluse design chosen technical solutions fuel level sensor and its technical implementation, including the technical implementation and verification of its functionality and calibration.