La membrane échangeuse de protons est un élément essentiel des piles à combustible. Elle permet le transfert des protons d’une électrode à l’autre pour produire de l’électricité. La conduction protonique des membranes actuelles est optimale vers 80°C et très sensible à l’eau. La conception de nouvelles membranes permettant le fonctionnement des piles à combustible à température ambiante et moins sensibles à l’eau est nécessaire. La solution proposée pendant ma thèse est de concevoir des microémulsions solidifiées conductrices de protons. Les microémulsions sont des mélanges liquides nanostructurés d’eau, d’huile et de tensioactifs à l’équilibre thermodynamique. Des microémulsions bicontinues, constituée de canaux d’eau et d’huile séparés par une monocouche de tensioactifs, formulées avec des tensioactifs conducteurs protoniques devraient avoir des propriétés intéressantes de conduction protonique. Il est ensuite nécessaire de solidifier les microémulsions obtenues pour pouvoir les utiliser comme membrane échangeuse de protons. Dans ce travail, la voie explorée consiste à utiliser une huile solide à température ambiante pour résoudre ce problème. Deux systèmes, contenant une huile solide à température ambiante et des tensioactifs conducteurs protoniques, ont été étudiés. Des microémulsions bicontinues sont ainsi préparées au-dessus du point de fusion de l’huile. Il s’agit ensuite de maîtriser comment un simple refroidissement permet d’obtenir des microémulsions solidifiées, matériaux solides avec la même structure que le liquide de départ. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence l’influence de la cristallisation sur la structure du matériau obtenu. / Proton-exchange membrane is an important part of fuel cells. It allows protons to move from one electrode to the other while producing energy. Proton conduction in current membranes is optimum at 80°C and very sensitive to water. It is therefore necessary to build new proton-exchange membranes to design fuel cells that are effective at ambient temperature and less water-sensitive.During my PhD, we intend to prepare solidified microemulsions as proton-exchange membranes. Microemulsions are nanostructured liquids composed of water, oil and surfactants at thermodynamic equilibrium. Bicontinuous microemulsions, made of water and oil channels separated by surfactants, obtained using proton conducting surfactants should have interesting proton conductivity. It is then necessary to solidify the obtained liquid to be able to use them as proton-exchange membrane. In this study, we use oil that is solid at room temperature to overcome this trouble. Two systems, with an oil solid at room temperature and proton-conducting surfactants, were studied. Bicontinuous microemulsions are prepared above the melting point of the oil. The point is then to understand how cooling down the liquid microemulsion allow to prepare a solidified microemulsion which is a solid with the same nanostructure as the initial liquid. This study highlights the influence of crystallization on nanostructure during cooling.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is carried out in the cathode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and it is known for its sluggish kinetics and the existence of two-pathway mechanism, related with the production of water and hydrogen peroxide. Nowadays, the design of novel cathode catalysts that are able to generate both high oxygen reduction currents and water as main product is a challenge since it causes an enhancement in the performance of PEMFC. Generally, these catalysts are composed of platinum nanoparticles, bearing in mind its high activity towards the ORR. However, the use of platinum means an increase in the total cost of PEMFCs due to its scarcity and high cost. This topic has been the motivation for a wide research in the field of PEMFCs during the last several years, being the main goal to design efficient and low cost catalysts for the cathode of PEMFCs. In this Master thesis project, platinum-palladium (Pt-Pd) catalysts supported on carbon black (CB), carbon nanofibers (CNF) and carbon xerogels (CX) were synthesised using methanol (MeOH), formaldehyde (FMY), n-propanol (nPrOH), ethanol (EtOH) and ascorbic acid (AA). The as-prepared materials were physically characterised by energy dispersive X-ray (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), in order to determine its composition and morphological characteristics. The catalytic activity towards ORR was assessed by means of electrochemical techniques as rotating disc electrode (RDE) and cyclic voltammetry (CV).

Thesis advisor: Chia-Kuang F. Tsung / Thesis advisor: Dunwei Wang / In order to understand the lattice strain effect and its relationship to size, shape, composition, and catalytic performance, novel well-defined nanocrystal archetypes were designed and synthesized by taking advantage of wet chemical, seed-mediated (mild) reduction routes developed by our lab. First, the current synthesis challenges are addressed in creating smaller monometallic shape-controlled metal nanocrystals, and novel cuboctopods via a hybrid nanoparticle stabilizer. A look at the relationship between lattice strain and morphology is then shown in a single-component system, where still new features have been observed for the first time by the traditional technique of powder x-ray diffraction. Synthesis methods for differently strained Pd surfaces are described and catalysis by these surfaces is discussed. Finally, studies of the synthesis, characterization, electrocatalytic activity, and restructuring of novel and more sophisticated strained architectures are presented: core-island-shell nanocrystals, phase-segregated nanoboxes, island nanoframeworks, and core-sandwich-shell nanoparticles. Lattice strain and composition effects were studied in carbon monoxide, small alcohol, and formic acid electrocatalytic oxidations as well as in oxygen reduction, the latter of which, governs the commercial viability of automotive fuel cells, a sustainable energy and zero-emission technology. Here it is demonstrated how a tunable thickness of Ni sandwich layers can be used to improve catalytic performance by increasing lattice strain on the Pt surface. The sandwich archetype offers a new platform for the investigation of lattice strain and could be a promising, industrially relevant, catalyst design concept, to help address the need for a more sustainable energy future. The results help paint a new picture of catalysis by metal nanocrystals; one which brings lattice strain to the forefront of the discussion, as an important parameter for further study and for use in developing higher-performing catalysts. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Trace amounts of carbon monoxide, typically as low as 10 ppm CO, have a deleterious effect on the activation overpotential losses in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. This is because CO preferentially adsorbs on the Pt electrocatalyst at the anode at typical PEM fuel cell operating temperatures, thereby preventing the absorption and ionisation of hydrogen. The inability of current preferential oxidation steps to completely remove CO from hydrogen-rich gas streams has stimulated research into CO tolerant anodes. As opposed to other CO oxidation catalysts, metal oxide supported gold catalysts have been shown to be active for the afore mentioned reaction at low temperatures, making it ideal for the 80°C operating temperatures of PEM fuel cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the viability of incorporating titanium dioxide supported gold (Au/TiO2) catalysts inside a PEM fuel cell system to remove CO to levels low enough to prevent poisoning of the Pt-containing anode. Two distinct methods were investigated. In the first method, the incorporation of the said Au/TiO2 catalyst inside the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of a PEM fuel cell for the selective/preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide in hydrogen-rich gas fuels, facilitated by the injection of an air bleed stream, was investigated. It was important for this study to simulate typical fuel cell operating conditions in an external CO oxidation test rig. Factors such as gold loading, oxygen concentration, temperature, pressure, membrane electrode assembly constituents, water formation, and selectivity in hydrogen-rich gas streams, were investigated. The Au/TiO2 catalysts were prepared via deposition-precipitation, a preparation procedure proven to yield nano-sized gold particles, suggested in literature as being crucial for activity on the metal oxide support. The most active catalysts were incorporated into the MEA and its performance tested in a single cell PEM fuel cell. The catalysts proved to yield exceptional activity for all test conditions inside the CO oxidation test rig. However, no significant improvement in CO tolerance was observed when these catalysts were incorporated into the MEA. It was concluded that the thin bilayer configuration resulted in mass transfer and contact time limitations between the catalysts and the simulated reformate gas mixture. Other factors highlighted as possible causes of deactivation included the deleterious effect of the acidic environment in the fuel cell, the formation of liquid water on the catalyst’s surface, and the adverse effect of the organic MEA constituents during the MEA production procedure. The second method investigated was the incorporation of the Au/TiO2 catalyst in an isolated catalyst chamber in the hydrogen feed line to the fuel cell, between the CO contaminated hydrogen gas cylinder and the anode humidifier. Test work in a CO oxidation test rig indicated that with this configuration, the Au/TiO2 catalysts were able to remove CO from concentrations of 2000 ppm to less that 1.3 ppm at a space velocity (SV) of 850 000 ml.gcat -1.h-1 while introducing a 2 per cent air bleed stream. Incorporation of this Au/TiO2 preferential oxidation system into a Johnson Matthey single cell PEM fuel cell test station prevented any measurable CO poisoning when 100 and/or 1000 ppm CO, 2 per cent air in hydrogen was introduced to a 0.39 mg Pt.cm-2 Pt/C anode. These results were superior compared to other state of the art CO tolerance technologies. An economic viability study indicated that the former can be achieved at a cost of gold equal to 0.8 per cent of the USDoE target cost of $45/kW. This concept might allow fuel cells to operate on less pure hydrogen-rich gas, e.g. from H2 that would be stored in a fuel tank/cylinder but that would have some CO contamination and would essentially be dry. The use of less pure H2 should allow a cost incentive to the end user in that less pure H2 can be produced at a significantly lower cost.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering. Johannesburg, 2017 / Among of the components of the fuel cell, the polymer electrolyte membrane is critical to the performance and life time of the cell. Over the years the mechanical properties of the membrane, water management have tended to limit its wide spread commercialization as an alternative source of the renewable energy for portable power units. Fuel cell continues to attract extensive research interest as potential source of renewable energy. This work focuses on the production of ionexchange membrane (IEM) for hydrogen fuel cell, using cheap and locally available starting materials. The polystyrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) of different styrene and butadiene compositions, have been explored for functionality in fuel cell application. The production process was conducted in three stages: the first stage involved hydrogenation process followed by sulfonation process. The second stage entailed the production of carbon nano-spheres for the blending in the hydrogenated sulfonated polystyrene-butadiene rubber. The blending was also done between hybrid nanoparticles and hydrogenated sulfonated polystyrenebutadiene rubber. The third stage was the casting in thin film of blended solutions employing the evaporative method and the use of casting tape machine technique. The thin film was later on characterized and tested in a single fuel cell stack. Controlled hydrogenation of SBR employing catalytic method was achieved with maximum degree of hydrogenation in the range of:  90 – 92% for SBR with 23.5% styrene content and for SBR 25% styrene content  76 – 80% for SBR with 40% styrene content and  82 – 92% for SBR with 52% styrene content. The optimum conditions of this process were obtained using the Design of Experiments. SBR was also hydrogenated using a photocatalytic method and the percentage of hydrogenation for all SBR compositions used was found in the range between 60 and 74%. The hydrogenation results using the catalyst were higher compared to those obtained with the photocatalytic method. Therefore they were used to develop the kinetic model for prediction of hydrogenation process. Langmuir – Hinshelwood models were reviewed in this project as they explain these heterogeneous catalytic processes. Data from the kinetic tests were fitted to Langmuir – Hinshelwood models and reaction constants were found in the range between 0.445 h-1 and 0.610 h-1 for the reaction temperature between 20 and 30°C. The hydrogenated SBR of different compositions were effectively sulfonated with chlorosulphonic acid employed as first sulfonating agent of concentrations 0.15, 0.175 and 0.25M for SBR 23.5 and 25% styrene content, for SBR 40% styrene content and for SBR 52% styrene content, respectively. The degree of sulfonation was found in the range between 56 and 72% depending on the rubber composition. Trimethylsilyl chlorosulfonate used as the second sulfonating agent was like wise attached to the same polymer back bone and the degree of sulfonation was between 59 and 74% depending on the rubber’s styrene content. Non-conductive carbon nanospheres (CNS) of uniform size of about 46 nm were produced employing the non-catalytic chemical vapour deposition method at 1000°C. Acetylene and argon were respectively used as carbon source and carrier gas, in a reactor of 16 mm in diameter. Successful blending of 4 wt% nanoparticles and hydrogenated sulfonated styrene butadiene solution was accomplished by magnetic stirring technique combined with ultrasonication at 60% amplitude. The blended solution was casted to produce a thin film membrane of 156 μm thickness. Further the tensile strength test of the membranes has shown an increase in Young’s Modulus by 72-120% for all the rubbers. This test was done using TA.XTplus, Texture Analyser machine. The water uptake increment was in the range of 20-27% and thermal stability in the range of 2-20% depending on the rubber composition. Purchased electrodes from FuelCellsEtc (USA), were pasted on both sides of the membranes by the means of hot press at 125oC for about 5 minutes at a pressure of 40 kPa. The Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEAs) fabricated were tested in the fuel cell stack. The highest power density of approximately 85mW/cm2 was obtained for 52% styrene nanocomposite membrane with 4% hybrid nanoparticles at the current density of 212.41mA/cm2 and the efficiency was between 41 and 43%. MEA fabricated with Nafion112 membrane was tested and yielded the open cell voltage of 0.79V, power density of about 77.34mW/cm2 and efficiency of 45%. Results obtained disclose that the MEA with nanocomposites based SBR 52% styrene composition yielded higher power density and higher voltage than the one with Nafion 112 which is one of the fuel cell membranes available on the market. The results obtained revealed that the nanocomposite membranes with 4% hybrid nanoparticles (CNS + SiO2) had higher voltage than the one with 4% CNS. These optimum conditions obtained in this work may be adopted for a typical continuous production of the membrane for hydrogen fuel cell. / MT2018

As Células a combustível são conversores de energia química em energia elétrica. As Células do tipo PEM que funcionam com metanol como combustível tem uma ampla variedade de aplicações. Os materiais utilizados como eletrocatalisadores nas células são responsáveis por uma grande parte do custo das mesmas. Outros problemas, que provocam diminuição da eficiência da célula, são a cinética lenta da reação de redução de oxigênio (RRO) e o potencialmisto gerado devido ao cruzamento de metanol através da membrana. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um estudo de catalisadores do tipo M-MxSy (M = Pt, Rh) para a RRO em meio ácido, com diferentes relações M:MxSy. Os materiais preparados a partir da modificação do método do ácido fórmico (MAF) com tiouréia (TU) foram caracterizados mediante XRD, XPS e XAS. Foi determinado mediante estas técnicas que os catalisadores consistem numa mistura de fases: Pt ou PtRh, PtS, RhxSy e PtS2. O efeito de um tratamento térmico em H2/Ar foi reduzir completamente o PtS2 e parcialmente o PtS. A fase de RhxSy mostrou ser mais estável nas condições do tratamento. Todos os materiais mostraram ter atividade para a RRO e alta seletividade na presença de metanol. Foi determinado que para que a RRO ocorra via 4 elétrons, deve haver sítios metálicos na superfície das nanopartículas. Determinou-se que os materiais contendo maior quantidade de fase MxSy podem ser ativados mediante tratamento térmico ou eletroquímico, melhorando a atividade catalítica frente a RRO e conservando a seletividade na presença de metanol. / Fuel cells are dispositives that convert chemical energy into electricity. The PEM fuel cell types that function with methanol as fuel have a wide variety of applications. The materials used as electrocatalysts in the cells are responsible for the major part of their cost. Other problems, that cause decrease in efficiency of the cell, are the slow kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the mixed potential generated due to methanol crossover through the membrane. This thesis presents a study of M-MxSy-type catalysts (M = Pt, Rh) for the ORR in acid medium, with different M:MxSy ratios. The materials prepared from the modification of the formic acid method (FAM) with thiourea (TU) were characterized by XRD, XPS and XAS. It was determined by these techniques that the catalysts consist of a mixture of phases: Pt or PtRh, PtS, RhxSy and PtS2. The effect of heat treatment in H2/Ar atmosphere was to reduce PtS2 completely and PtS partially. The RhxSy phase proved to be more stable under the treatment conditions. All materials showed to have activity for the ORR and high selectivity in the presence of methanol. It was determined that for the ORR to occur via four electrons, there must be metallic sites at the surface of the nanoparticles. It was determined that the materials containing higher amount of MxSy phase can be activated by thermal or electrochemical treatment, improving the ORR catalytic activity and retaining the selectivity in the presence of methanol.

A sociedade moderna depende integralmente da produção e consumo de energia em seu dia a dia desde cozinhar, ter energia elétrica, transporte, e para processos industriais. O aumento da demanda de energia elevou também os níveis de poluição, o que produz efeitos diretos na saúde do homem. Desta forma, o homem tem que pesquisar novas formas de energia, que em condições ideais, deve ser gerada de forma limpa. Uma alternativa para que se possa enfrentar este problema é a conversão eletroquímica de energia, a qual pode ser realizada de forma eficiente e limpa através das células a combustível. Existe um interesse muito grande em células que oxidam metanol como combustível, para a aplicação em veículos e equipamentos portáteis. No entanto, para se implementar estas células, é necessário um grande progresso na caracterização dos fenômenos eletródicos associados a esta reação, tanto em nível fundamental quanto tecnológico. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos catalisadores de PtW, PtOs, PtRuW, PtWOs, suportados em carbono de alta área superficial, para a oxidação de metanol. Os catalisadores foram preparados através da redução por ácido fórmico e através do método de Bonnëmann. As composições dos materiais foram determinadas por EDX. O tamanho médio das partículas foi obtido por TEM, e foi comparado ao tamanho médio dos cristalitos à partir dos difratogramas de raios X. Os estudos eletroquímicos foram realizados através de voltametrias cíclicas e curvas corrente potencial de estado estacionário utilizando-se a técnica do eletrodo de camada fina porosa. Foram feitas também medidas de EXAFS nos catalisadores mais promissores. Os catalisadores possuem atividade na faixa de potencial de interesse, e foram feitos alguns testes em células a combustível. / Modern society integrally depends on the production and consumption of energy for its activities like cooking, lighting and transportation and also for industrial processes. The increase in the demand for energy increases the levels of pollution, which has a direct negative effect in human health. Thus, it is imperative to search for new power sources which, under ideal conditions, do not pollute the environment. One of the alternatives to attack this problem is the electrochemical energy conversion of chemical energy into electricity which can be carried out in an efficient and clean way with fuel cells. Presently, there is a great interest in fuel cells that oxidize methanol directly, for application in vehicles, portable devices and distributed generation. To make these cells a reality it is still necessary much progress in the understanding of the electrodic phenomena associated to the oxidation of methanol, and in the development of suitable electrocatalysts, at both the fundamental and the technological levels. In this work, PtW; PtOs, PtRuW and PtWOs eletrocatalysts, supported on high surface area carbon, for the direct oxidation of methanol were developed. The catalysts were prepared by reduction with formic acid of the corresponding precursors and by Bonnëmann´s method. Their composition was determined by XRD. The average particle size was determined from TEM, and the results compared to crystallite sizes determined from x-ray diffractograms. The electrochemical studies were carried out with cyclic voltammetry and steady state polarization curves using the thin porous coating electrode technique. Some catalysts were also studied by the EXAFS technique. The catalysts prepared show activity in the potential region of interest, and some of then were tested in single fuel cells.

A platina é um material caro e devido às suas várias aplicações tende a se tornar cada vez mais raro. Levando-se em consideração que as propriedades físicoquímicas das partículas mudam de acordo com o tamanho e formato das mesmas, este trabalho visou estudar a produção de nanopartículas de platina para aplicação em células a combustível, de modo que a quantidade do metal utilizado fosse menor quando comparada com as células comerciais sem que a mesma perdesse eficiência de energia. Para verificação da eficiência dessas nanopartículas foi utilizada membrana polimérica, onde foram depositados primeiramente partículas de carbono em camadas, sendo o tempo de cada deposição de 5 minutos e em seguida foram depositadas as nanopartículas de platina por um tempo de 30 segundos. Essas deposições foram realizadas nos dois lados da membrana, formando então o catodo e o anodo. Para alcançar tal objetivo, foi utilizada técnica assistida a plasma a baixa pressão, onde foi possível obter controles de todos os parâmetros de processo, fator primordial para homogeneização dos tamanhos e formatos das nanopartículas. A utilização dos tempos curtos de processo evitou danos a membrana polimérica devido aos efeitos gerados pelos processos assistidos a plasma, principalmente a temperatura de processo. Após os processos as membranas foram ativadas e em seguida foram montadas nas células e realizados os ensaios. Os resultados alcançados através desses processos foram de 20 mA com tensão de 920 mV, para processos com mais de uma camada de carbono. A comparação da eficiência total entre a célula de combustível comercial e de célula de combustível produzido por técnica assistida a plasma foi de 45%, mostrando aumento de 15% para as células de combustível por meio da técnica assistida a plasma com 70% menos de platina aplicada. / Platinum is an expensive material and due to its various applications tends to become increasingly rare. Taking into consideration that the physico-chemical properties of the particles change according to the size and shape of them, this work was to study the production of platinum nanoparticles for in fuel cells use, so that the amount of metal used was lower when compared to commercial fuel cells, but without energy efficiency lost. To evaluate the efficiency of these nanoparticles, polymeric membrane was used, in which were deposited carbon particles in layers. Each carbon layer deposition time was made in 5 minutes and then was deposited platinum nanoparticles for a time of 30 seconds. These depositions were performed on both sides of the membrane, thus forming the cathode and anode. To achieve this goal, were used technique of low pressure plasma, where it was possible to get control of all process parameters, a key factor for homogenization of sizes and shapes of nanoparticles. The use of short process times prevented damage to the polymeric membrane due to the effect generated by the plasma, mainly the process temperature. After the processes, the membranes were activated and then the cells were assembled and the tests. The results achieved by these processes were 20 mA of current and 920 mV of voltage, applying processes with more than one layer of carbon. The comparison of total efficiency between commercial fuel cell and fuel cell produced by plasma technique was 45 % showing increase of 15 % for fuel cell by plasma technique with 70 % less platinum applied.

Os eletrocatalisadores Pt/C, PtBi/C, PtRu/C e PtRuBi/C foram preparados a partir do método de redução via borohidreto de sódio e testados na oxidação eletroquímica de etanol. No método de redução via borohidreto, adiciona-se uma solução contendo hidróxido de sódio e borohidreto de sódio a uma mistura contendo água/2-propanol, precursores metálicos e o suporte de carbono Vulcan XC72. Neste trabalho também foi estudada a forma de adição da solução de borohidreto (adição gota a gota ou adição rápida). Os eletrocatalisadores obtidos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios X (EDX), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e voltametria cíclica. A eletro-oxidação do etanol foi estudada por voltametria cíclica e cronoamperometria utilizando a técnica do eletrodo de camada fina porosa. Os eletrocatalisadores obtidos foram avaliados em condições reais de operação em célula por meio de testes em células unitárias alimentadas diretamente por etanol. A dissolução de bismuto no eletrocatalisador PtRuBi/C foi avaliada pelas técnicas de voltametria cíclica, cronoamperometria e do eletrodo disco-anel. O eletrocatalisador PtRuBi/C aparentemente mostrou um bom desempenho para a eletro-oxidação do etanol, porém as evidencias experimentais indicam a dissolução do bismuto em meio ácido. / Pt/C, PtBi/C, PtRu/C and PtRuBi/C electrocatalysts were prepared by a borohydride reduction methodology and tested for ethanol oxidation. This methodology consists in mix a solution with sodium hydroxide and sodium borohydride to a mixture containing water/isopropyl alcohol, metallic precursors and the Vulcan XC 72 carbon support. It was studied the addition method of borohydride (drop by drop addition or rapid addition). The obtained electrocatalysts were characterized by energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and cyclic voltammetry. The ethanol electro-oxidation was studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry using the thin porous coating technique. The electrocatalysts were tested in real conditions of operation by unit cell tests. The stability of PtRuBi/C electrocatalysts was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry using the ultra-thin porous coating technique and ring-disk electrode. The PtRuBi/C electrocatalyst apparently presented a good performance for ethanol electro-oxidation but experimental evidences showed accentuated bismuth dissolution.

Neste trabalho descreve-se o estudo das reações de oxidação eletroquímica de metanol e etanol em catalisadores contendo platina (Pt) e Nióbio (Nb) suportados em carbono de alta área superficial. Os materiais estudados foram PtNb/C, Pt-Nb2O5(amorfo)/C e Pt-Nb2O5(cristalino) /C, utilizando-se como padrão para comparação o catalisador comercial Pt/C E-TEK 20 %. A caracterização física foi realizada com o auxílio das técnicas de Difração de Raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersiva de Raios X (EDX) e Espectroscopia de Absorção de Raios X (XAS). A partir dos picos de difração foi possível calcular o tamanho médio de cristalito e o parâmetro de rede das amostras estudadas. Os espectros de XAS na região de XANES sugerem que a Pt suportada sobre os óxidos de nióbio tem uma menor tendência a sofrer perda de densidade eletrônica na banda 5d. O comportamento eletroquímico dos catalisadores frente às reações de eletro-oxidação dos alcoóis foi avaliado através de voltametrias de varredura linear, voltametrias cíclicas e cronoamperometrias com o eletrodo de trabalho preparado com uma configuração de camada ultrafina. Os dois catalisadores contendo Pt suportada sobre os óxidos de nióbio apresentaram os melhores desempenhos na oxidação eletroquímica dos alcoóis, no entanto os três materiais estudados deslocaram o pico de oxidação de CO (ads) para menores valores de potencial em relação à Pt/C E-TEK 20 %. Experimentos de Espectroscopia de absorção na região do Infravermelho in situ com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) foram realizados com o intuito de se identificar os adsorbatos formados durante a eletro-oxidação de etanol. A presença dos óxidos de nióbio não favorece significativamente à conversão de etanol a CO2, sendo os principais produtos da oxidação o acetaldeído e o ácido acético. Por fim foram realizados testes na célula a combustível unitária seguindo-se a mesma abordagem que nos estudos de camada ultrafina. / In this work, the methanol and ethanol electrochemical oxidation reactions are studied on platinum (Pt) and niobium (Nb) catalysts supported on high surface area carbon. The selected materials were PtNb/C, Pt-Nb2O5(amorphous) /C e Pt-Nb2O5(crystalline) /C, using as reference for comparison purposes the commercial catalyst 20% Pt-C E-TEK. The catalysts were physically characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). The average crystal size and lattice parameters of the studied materials were assessed from the diffraction peaks. XAS spectra in the XANES region indicated that the supported platinum on the niobium oxide possesses a lower tendency to lose electronic density from the 5d band. The electrochemical performance of the different catalysts was evaluated by linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, using an ultra-thin layer electrode. The two catalysts containing platinum supported on the niobium oxide showed the best performances for the electrochemical oxidation of the alcohols, though the three studied materials displaced the CO (ads) oxidation peak for lower potential values compared to 20% E-TEK Pt/C. In situ Fourier Transform Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (FTIR) experiments were carried out in order to identify the formed adsorbates during the ethanol electroxidation. The presence of the niobium oxides does not significantly favour the conversion of ethanol to CO2, being the main products of the oxidation acetaldehyde and acetic acid. Finally, fuel cell tests were carried out following the same procedure as in the case of the ultra-thin layer.