Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 164-168).

La verticilliose (Verticillium dahliae) du fraisier est une maladie importante pour laquelle la fumigation constitue le principal moyen de lutte, bien que son efficacité soit variable. Cette étude montre que la fumigation au Telone® C-17, au Vapam® ou à la chloropicrine ne permet pas de réduire l'incidence de la verticilliose du fraisier bien que la fumigation au Telone® C-17 ait réduit le nombre de microsclérotes du pathogène dans le sol. L'incorporation du compost bio ou marin n'a pas résulté non plus en une réduction de l'incidence de la maladie. Appliqués en zone fumigée, ces composts ont toutefois permis en général d'augmenter les rendements en fruits. Des essais en serre ont par ailleurs montré que les composts bio et marin favorisent le développement de la biomasse aérienne des fraisiers. Finalement, plusieurs bactéries antagonistes à V. dahliae des genres Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Paenibacillus et Arthrobacter ont été retrouvées dans ces composts.

Cette étude a permis d'évaluer, au moyen d'essais in vitro, en serre et en champ, l'effet de la fumigation et de l'application de différents composts sur le rendement des fraisiers et sur le développement de V. dahliae et de la verticilliose du fraisier. Les essais in vitro ont démontré que les extraits de composts permettent de diminuer la croissance mycélienne de V. dahliae. Au champ, la fumigation a entraîné une diminution des rendements en fruits et n'a eu aucune influence sur l'incidence de la verticilliose, alors que l'application de compost marin a permis de réduire l'incidence de la maladie. En serre, la croissance des fraisiers a généralement été stimulée par l'amendement en composts bio et marin, alors que le développement de la verticilliose semble avoir été favorisé par les amendements. À la lumière des résultats obtenus, ces travaux pourraient trouver des applications dans l'élaboration d'un programme de lutte intégrée contre la verticilliose du fraisier.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-04-02T14:29:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcus Vinícius Forzani Araújo - 2017.pdf: 1549598 bytes, checksum: 0807ed298bd63e9574018c8c399c3ca5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-02T14:41:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcus Vinícius Forzani Araújo - 2017.pdf: 1549598 bytes, checksum: 0807ed298bd63e9574018c8c399c3ca5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T14:41:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcus Vinícius Forzani Araújo - 2017.pdf: 1549598 bytes, checksum: 0807ed298bd63e9574018c8c399c3ca5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Characterized as extremely important, the soil is a complex environment and it shelters a great diversity of microorganisms. However, little is known about the diversity and ecology of the soil microbiota. Thus, the first part of this dissertation reviews the methodological evolution used to characterize the diversity and abundance of microorganisms found in soil. The second part consists of the application of two methodologies reviewed in the previous chapter, serial dilution and solid medium plating, to estimate free-living nitrogen fixing microorganisms, and fumigation-extraction to estimate soil microbial biomass (BMS). The last part employs the most modern microbial soil characterization technique, the metagenomics of 16S rRNA. Hence, our initial hypothesis was that sugarcane fields’ soils would have better soil microbiological indicators than grasslands’ soils. The results confirmed that the hypothesis was partially correct, and it was possible to find about 140% more free-living diazotrophic colony-forming units (CFUs) and a 17% richer alpha diversity in sugarcane fields’ soils than in grasslands’ soils. The beta diversity between sugarcane plantations and pastures presented clear differences. However, sugarcane fields’ soils obtained about 25% less BMS than grasslands’ soils. In relation to the bacterial phyla, the grasslands have more Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes and sugarcane fields have a greater number of TM7 and bacteria that were not identified, being Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria the dominating phyla in both types of soil. Although the results of nitrogen fixers and microbial biomass appear to be conflicting, it is an indication that the diazotrophic community undergoes with a diverse biotic and abiotic influences than the total community of soil microorganisms, and thus respond differently. / Caracterizado como de extrema importância, o solo é um ambiente complexo e que abriga uma grande diversidade de micro-organismos. Entretanto ainda pouco se sabe sobre a diversidade e ecologia da microbiota do solo. Deste modo, a primeira parte desta dissertação revisa a evolução metodológica empregada para caracterizar a diversidade e abundância dos micro-organismos encontrados no solo. A segunda parte consiste na aplicação de duas metodologias revisadas no capítulo anterior, a de diluição seriada e plaqueamento em meio sólido, para estimar micro-organismos fixadores de nitrogênio de vida-livre, e a fumigação-extração, para estimar a biomassa microbiana do solo (BMS). E a última parte emprega a técnica mais moderna de caracterização das comunidades microbianas de solo, a técnica de metagenômica de 16S rRNA. À vista disso, a nossa hipótese inicial era que solos de canavial teriam indicadores microbiológicos de solo melhores do que solos de pastagem. Os resultados comprovaram que a hipótese estava parcialmente correta, sendo possível encontrar cerca de 140% a mais de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFCs) de diazotróficos de vida-livre e uma diversidade alfa 17% mais rica em solos de canaviais do que em solos de pastagens. A diversidade beta entre canaviais e pastagens apresentou diferenças nítidas. Entretanto, os solos de canaviais obtiveram cerca de 25% a menos de biomassa microbiana do solo do que solos de pastagens. Em relação aos filos bacterianos, os pastos possuem mais Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi e Planctomycetes e canaviais possuem maior número de TM7 e bactérias que não foram identificados, sendo Proteobacteria e Acidobacteria os filos dominantes nos dois tipos de solo. Apesar de parecerem conflitantes os resultados de fixadores de nitrogênio e biomassa microbiana, é um indicativo de que a comunidade de diazotróficos sofrem influências bióticas e abióticas diversas do que a comunidade total de micro-organismos do solo, e desta forma, respondem de forma diferente.

The aim of this study was to assess posible sources of unacuracy in measurement of soil microbial phosphorus by extraction-fumigation method. The biggest one is the correction for sorption in two forest soils of watershed Plešné lake and Čertovo lake and one waterlodged soil. We also tried to assess the correction factor (Kp) for these soils, but we were unsuccesful. We would like to assess extractability of phosphorus sorbed during fumigation and assess Kp factor in future. Therefore we set up an appropriate methodology.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-23T14:23:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Patricia Oliveira de Assis.pdf: 358048 bytes, checksum: b5b9ebf80c427bff2b20e16eed9afdb2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-23T14:23:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Patricia Oliveira de Assis.pdf: 358048 bytes, checksum: b5b9ebf80c427bff2b20e16eed9afdb2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The use plant-derived essential oils are an alternative for mite control, such as the Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and Suidasia pontifica Oudemans, in confined environment. The toxicity of essential oils from Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Eugenia uniflora, Eugenia uvalha, Melaleuca leucadendra, Piper marginatum and Schinus terebinthifolius was compared, through fumigation tests, to that from phosphine, product usually applied in warehouses. Mites were enclosed in screened small cages, allowing ventilation but not mites escaping. The cages were transferred to fumigation glass chambers with 2L capacity. The oils were applied in filter paper straps and fixed at the interior of the chambers. The glass chambers were closed and held in incubator chambers. Mite mortality was assessed after 48 hours of exposure. The mortality data were submitted to normality test and homocedasticity, and the means compared by the Tukey’s test at 5%. The oils from C. zeylanicum, S. terebinthifolius and E. uvalha were the most toxic. The CL50 and CL90 estimates were established for these oils and the eugenol through Probit analysis. The estimates indicated the eugenol as the most toxic treatment towards T. putrescentiae, LC50and LC90 equal to 0.23 μL/L and 14,51 μL/L of air, respectively. For S. pontifica, the LC50 estimate showed the eugenol as the most toxic treatment towards it with an LC50 estimate of 0.57μL/L of air. However, S. terebinthifolius was the most toxic treatment regarding the LC90 estimate, which was 23.48 μL/L of air. / O uso de óleos essenciais de plantas é uma alternativa ao controle de ácaros, como Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) e Suidasia pontifica Oudemans, em ambientes fechados. A toxicidade dos óleos de folhas de Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Blume.), Eugenia uniflora (Berg.), Eugenia uvalha (Cambess.), Melaleuca leucadendra L., Piper marginatum (Jacq.) e Schinus terebinthifolius foi comparada a fosfina, produto normalmente utilizado em armazéns, através de testes de fumigação. Os ácaros foram colocados em gaiola telada, que permitia a passagem do ar, mas retinha os ácaros em seu interior. As gaiolas foram transferidas para câmaras de fumigação, com capacidade para 2L. Os óleos foram aplicados em tiras de papel de filtro e fixados na parte interna das câmaras. Estas foram fechadas e colocadas em incubadora. A mortalidade dos ácaros foi avaliada após 48 horas. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade e homoscedasticidade, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Os óleos de C. zeylanicum, S. terebinthifolius e E. uvalha foram os mais tóxicos. Para estes e o eugenol, foramestabelecidas as CL50 e CL90 através da análise de Probit. As estimativas das curvas de concentração resposta indicaram eugenol como mais tóxico a T. putrescentiae, com CL50 e CL90 de 0,23 μL/ L e 14,51 μL/ L de ar, respectivamente. Para S. pontifica, a estimativa da CL50também indicou eugenol como mais tóxico, com CL50 de 0,57 μL/ L de ar, no entanto a estimativa da CL90 indicou S. terebinthifolius como mais tóxico, com CL90 de 23,48 μL/ L de ar.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Leaf-cutting ants of Atta and Acromyrmex genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are common insects in the Neotropics region and an important pests in agricultural environments. These organisms are often controlled using organosintetics insecticides, however, mostly products are inefficient. This problem has generated a growing demand for environmentally safe products to control these pests. Thus, in order to contribute with new methods of control, the aim of this work was to evaluate the ant activity of essential oil of A. trilobata and its major compounds on cutting ants Atta sexdens and Acromyrmex balzani. Initially, it was performed toxicity bioassays by two different routes of exposure - contact and fumigation. Once determined the exposure way with the best ant activity, this route was choosed to performe the next experiments, bioassay toxicity (lethal concentration and time), effects of binary mixtures (synergistic, additive and antagonistic) of major compounds, repellency and irritability. The essential oil of A. trilobata was obtained by hydrodistillation of the dried stem and the identification / quantification of compounds was performed by GC/MS/FID. Twenty Five compounds were identified in the essential oil of A. trilobata, that are mostly composed of monoterpenes. The major constituents were the monoterpenes: sulcatyl acetate (25.64%), limonene (24.80%), p-cymene (10.41%) and linalool (9.51%). The essential oil of A. trilobata and their major compounds were effective against workers of A. balzani and A. sexdens when the route of exposure was fumigation. These compounds have demonstrated efficient activity on ant species A. balzani and A. sexdens, with LCs50 ranging from 2.18 to 6.73 uL mL-1. The monoterpenes linalool and sulcatyl acetate when applied alone were 1.6 and 1.7 times more toxic than the essential oil against A. balzani. As for A. sexdens, p-cymene was 1.6 times more toxic than the essential oil of A. trilobata. Workers of A. sexdens were more tolerant to the essential oil, linalool and sulcatyl acetate. The essential oil of A. trilobata and its major compounds acted faster on A. sexdens compared to A. balzani. On average, these compounds took 29.3 and 11.3 hours to cause mortality in half population of A. balzani and A. sexdens, respectively. The major compounds of the essential oil of A. trilobata acted synergistically in toxicity of A. balzani. As for A. sexdens most combinations of the compounds exhibited an additive effect. The essential oil of A. trilobata and its major compounds were repellent and caused great irritability to workers of A. balzani and A. sexdens. Thus, our results show a great potential of the essential oil of A. trilobata and its major compounds for develop new insecticides. / As formigas cortadeiras dos gêneros Atta e Acromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) são insetos comuns na região neotropical e importantes pragas em ambientes agrícolas. Estes organismos são frequentemente controlados com o uso de inseticidas organossintéticos, no entanto, este método de controle é muitas vezes ineficiente. Isso tem gerado uma demanda crescente na busca de alternativas de controle que sejam ambientalmente sustentáveis. Assim, com o intuito de contribuir no controle, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a atividade formicida do óleo essencial de Aristolochia trilobata e de seus compostos majoritários sobre as formigas cortadeiras Atta sexdens e Acromyrmex balzani. Para isso, foram realizados inicialmente bioensaios de toxicidade por duas diferentes vias de exposição - contato e fumigação. Uma vez determinada a via de exposição com melhor atividade formicida foram realizados, por esta via de exposição, bioensaios de toxicidade (concentração e tempo letal), efeitos das misturas binárias (sinergismo, aditismo e antagonismo) dos compostos majoritários, repelência e irritabilidade. O óleo essencial de A. trilobata foi obtido por hidrodestilação do caule seco e a identificação/quantificação dos compostos foi realizada por CG/EM/DIC. Foram identificados 25 compostos no óleo essencial de A. trilobata, sendo a sua maioria formada por monoterpenos. Os constituintes em maiores proporções foram os monoterpenos: acetato de sulcatila (25,64%), limoneno (24,80%), p-cimeno (10,41%) e linalol (9,51%). O óleo essencial de A. trilobata e seus compostos majoritários isolados foram eficientes contra operárias de A. balzani e A. sexdens quando a via de exposição foi fumigação. Estes compostos demonstraram eficiente atividade formicida sobre as espécies, com CLs50 variando de 2,18 a 6,73 μL mL-1. Os monoterpenos linalol e acetato de sulcatila quando aplicados isoladamente foram 1,6 e 1,7 vezes mais tóxicos do que o óleo essencial de A. trilobata para A. balzani. Já para A. sexdens, o composto p-cimeno foi 1,6 vezes mais tóxico do que o óleo essencial. Operárias de A. sexdens foram mais tolerantes ao óleo essencial de A. trilobata e aos compostos linalol e acetato de sulcatila. O óleo essencial de A. trilobata e seus compostos majoritários atuaram de forma mais rápida sobre A. sexdens em comparação a A. balzani. Na média, estes compostos demoraram 29,3 e 11,3 horas para causar mortalidade na metade das populações de A. balzani e A. sexdens, respectivamente. Os compostos majoritários do óleo essencial de A. trilobata atuaram de forma sinérgica na toxicidade sobre A. balzani. Já para a espécie A. sexdens a maioria das combinações entre os compostos exibiu efeito aditivo. O óleo essencial de A. trilobata e seus compostos majoritários foram repelentes e causaram grande irritabilidade às operárias de A. balzani e A. sexdens. Assim, nossos resultados mostram o grande potencial do óleo essencial de A. trilobata e seus compostos majoritários para o desenvolvimento de novos formicidas.

Die derzeit angewendete Formalinbegasung von Bruteiern zur Keimreduktion stellt ein wichtiges Mittel zum Schutz des Verbrauchers vor dem Eintrag der Salmonellose aus der Geflügelindustrie in die Lebensmittelkette dar. Jedoch verlangt sein kanzerogenes Potenzial die Suche nach einer ebenso effektiven und einfach zu praktizierenden, aber weniger gesundheitlich bedenklichen alternativen Methode. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Eignung einer in ovo-Ozonbegasung zur Bruteidesinfektion hinsichtlich ihrer Auswirkung auf die Embryonalentwicklung untersucht. Dafür wurden befruchtete Eier vor ihrem Einsatz in den Brüter mit unterschiedlichen Ozonkonzentrationen zwischen 0,5% bis >5,0% (wt/ wt O3 in O2) bei einer relativen Luftfeuchte von 70% in einer Laborkammer begast. Die verwendeten Ozonkonzentrationen wurden dabei in drei Konzentrationsgruppen eingeteilt: hoch (2,8% bis 5,0%), mittel (1,1% bis 2,5%) und niedrig (0,5% bis 1,0%). Nach Erreichen der Zielkonzentration blieben die Eier für eine definierte Einwirkzeit (EWZ) zwischen 0 bis 24 h in der Kammer. Am Bruttag (BT) 18, 19 oder 20 wurden die Überlebensrate (ÜLR), Gewicht und Länge erhoben sowie histologische Untersuchungen der Organe Herz, Leber, Milz und Niere vorgenommen. Bei vier Versuchen erfolgte zusätzlich die Untersuchung am BT 6 und BT 12. Insgesamt wurden 13 Versuchsreihen mit Begasungen in der Laborkammer in den drei genannten Konzentrationsgruppen durchgeführt. Des Weiteren sollte die Übertragbarkeit der ermittelten Ergebnisse auf eine großtechnische Lösung, durch die Anwendung in einer projektintern entwickelten Prototyp-Kammer überprüft werden. Die Konzipierung dieses Prototyps folgte den technischen Gegebenheiten unter Einbeziehung der ermittelten Ergebnisse zur Embryotoxizität, zur Effektivität der Keimreduktion sowie der Veränderung der Eiinhaltsstoffe. Im Prototyp wurde daher die Begasungskonzentration von 0,7% Ozon bei einer EWZ von 2 h angewendet und in 2 Versuchsreihen hinsichtlich ihrer Auswirkungen auf die Lebensfähigkeit und die morphologische Entwicklung getestet. Um zusätzlich eine Aussage treffen zu können, welche Wirkung eine hohe Ozonkonzentration bei der Applikation während der Bebrütung zur Folge hat, wurde in zwei weiteren Versuchsreihen jeweils am BT 3, 4 und 5 eine Ozondosis von 5,0% in Kombination mit 1 h EWZ appliziert. Nach der Entnahme der Embryonen am BT 6 bzw. BT 8 erfolgte die morphologische Untersuchung. Aus der vorliegenden Arbeit wird zusammenfassend geschlussfolgert:  Ozon besitzt einen dosisabhängigen Effekt auf die ÜLR: je höher die Dosis, desto geringer die Überlebensrate. Bei niedrigen Ozonkonzentrationen zwischen 0,5% und 1,0% kommt es zu ÜLR von 90% und 100%.  Die Einwirkzeit stellt einen wichtigen Einflussfaktor auf die Überlebensrate dar. Eine Kombination einer hohen Ozondosis mit langer EWZ hat eine höhere Embryomortalität zur Folge, als eine hohe Ozondosis ohne EWZ. Eine erhöhte Mortalitätsrate zeigt sich auch bei der Kombination einer mittleren Ozondosis mit einer langen EWZ. Keinen Einfluss zeigt sie bei der Kombination mit einer niedrigen Ozonkonzentration.  Ozonierte Embryonen zeigen dosisabhängig eine geringere Längen- oder Gewichtsentwicklung im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe. Signifikante Gewichts- und Längenunterschiede lagen nur vereinzelt bei der Begasung mit hoher Ozonkonzentration vor.  Pathohistologische Befunde an Organen, die mit einer Ozonbegasung in Zusammenhang gebracht werden können, konnten nicht erhoben werden.  Die Versuche zur Begasung während der Organogenese wiesen nicht auf ein teratogenes Potenzial von Ozon hin. Korrespondierend mit den Ergebnissen der Begasung am BT 0 zeigte sich ebenfalls eine deutliche Embryotoxizität.  Die Wirkung von Ozon folgt einem Alles-oder-Nichts-Prinzip: entweder die Schädigung ist so stark, dass es zu keiner Entwicklung mehr kommt, oder aber der überlebende Embryo bzw. Fetus zeigt ein phänotypisch normales Aussehen.  Mit den vorgestellten Untersuchungen konnte bewiesen werden, dass bei einer in ovo-Begasung von befruchteten Hühnereiern am Bruttag 0 mit einer niedrigen Ozonkonzentration von 0,5% bis 1,0% in Kombination mit einer mittleren und geringen EWZ keine teratogenen oder embryotoxischen Veränderungen zu erwarten sind.  Aus diesen Befunden ergibt sich ein unbedenklicher Einsatze von Ozon als alternative Methode zur Bruteidesinfektion. Die Voraussetzung dafür ist, dass die großtechnische Lösung die Anwendung von 1,0% Ozonkonzentration in Kombination mit 2 h EWZ ermöglicht, um eine sehr gute ÜLR, Entwicklung und eine 100%ige Inaktivierung des in Legehennenbeständen vorherrschenden Serovars Salmonella Enteritidis zu gewährleisten.

Las empresas agroindustriales como Agro-empaques SAFCO S.A.C., realizan un proceso de fumigación a la uva antes de embalarla con el objetivo de garantizar su calidad a lo largo del transporte. Estas empresas usan dióxido de azufre (SO2) como insumo para la fumigación de las jabas de uva dentro de las “cámaras de gasificación”. Sin embargo, debido a su sistema de control rudimentarios e inadecuada operación manual, la empresa afronta sobrecostos y pérdidas económicas. Con el objetivo de solucionar esta problemática, se plantea el presente proyecto que propone el desarrollo de un sistema automático de control y supervisión de la fumigación de la uva con SO2. El sistema contempla diversos subsistemas de control que permiten y garantizan la operación automática de todo el proceso de fumigación. En la etapa de inyección se garantiza el cambio de estado del SO2 (líquido a gaseoso) mediante el control de presión y temperatura; por otro lado, se garantiza el control de la dosis requerida para el proceso fumigación mediante un control de flujo másico totalizado. En la etapa de tratamiento y evacuación se estableció un control de concentración-tiempo que determina el tiempo de fumigación total al cual la uva estará sometida durante el proceso. El sistema implementado cumple con normas de ingeniería nacionales, internacionales y estándares de calidad exigidos por la empresa. Así mismo, está compuesto por diversos periféricos tales como tablero de control, tablero de potencia, equipos de instrumentación y red de comunicación. Estos periféricos en su conjunto permiten el control y supervisión durante todo el proceso de fumigación. / Agro-industrial companies such as Agro-empaques SAFCO S.A.C., carry out fumigation processes on grapes before packing them as a standard procedure to ensure they maintain postharvest quality during transportation. Most commonly, these companies apply sulfur dioxide (SO2) directly to crates of grapes placed in gasification chambers. However, due to its rudimentary control system and inadequate manual operation, the company faces cost overruns and economic losses. This project proposes the development of an automatic control and monitoring system for the fumigation process of grapes with SO2. The system includes various control subsystems that allow and guarantee the automatic operation of the entire fumigation process. In the injection stage, the change of state of SO2 (liquid to gaseous) is guaranteed by means of pressure and temperature control; on the other hand, the control of the dose required for the fumigation process is guaranteed by means of a totalized mass flow control. In the treatment and evacuation stage, a concentration-time control was established that determines the total fumigation time to which the grapes will be subjected during the process. The implemented system complies with national and international engineering standards and quality standards required by the company. Additionally, it is composed of different peripherals such as control panel, power panel, instrumentation equipment and communication network. These peripherals, as a whole, allow the control and supervision throughout the fumigation process. / Tesis

Verticillium wilt is a widespread soilborne disease of strawberry historically controlled by soil fumigation with methyl bromide (MB). MB was banned by the United Nations in 1995 and will be completely phased out by 2015. Research has concentrated on alternative methods of disease control without finding a single alternative able to replace MB in widespread disease control and yield increase. For the current study, strawberries were greenhouse grown in container pots filled with soil from both infested and non-infested areas of a commercial strawberry field in Watsonville, CA. Treatments included pre-plant soil fumigation with commercially available formulations of methyl bromide, chloropicrin, and 1, 3-Dichloropropene. Additional treatments included ozone gas (six treatments) and biological control (three treatments). Collected data included total plant yield, individual berry weight, number of fruit produced per plant, plant vegetative weight, infection status, and mineral concentration of fruit (calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc, manganese, carbon, and nitrogen). Plants grown in ‘clean’ soil were less likely than plants grown in ‘infested’ soil to be infected with Verticillium. Plants grown in soil treated with MB had higher plant weight and yield than did non-treated control. Ozone and biological control treatments did not have statistically higher yield than non-treated control plants nor statistically lower yield than plants grown in soil treated with MB. Individual berry weights had a narrow range while the number of berries produced per treatment had a wide range. Data suggests strawberry yield is dependent on the number of berries produced per plant. Plants with high vegetative weight produced the highest yield suggesting large plants produce many berries resulting in higher yield.