Três décadas após a associação da infecção por HIV com o desenvolvimento da AIDS e seu reconhecimento como epidemia mundial, muitas questões permanecem em aberto e dificultam o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens terapêuticas e profiláticas mais satisfatórias. O desenvolvimento da AIDS é caracterizado pela tempestade de citocinas pró-inflamatórias no plasma, seguido por intensa imunossupressão e redução brusca na quantidade de células T CD4+ durante a replicação viral. Em contrapartida, macrófagos são cronicamente infectados pelo vírus e capazes de sobreviver por vários meses, atuando como importante reservatório viral. Apesar de não haver redução em número de células, macrófagos infectados apresentam problemas de diferenciação e deficiências funcionais. O reconhecimento de padrões moleculares associados a patógenos (PAMPs) e a presença de citocinas no microambiente celular determinam o padrão de diferenciação dos macrófagos em clássicos (M1) ou alternativos (M2). Nossos resultados indicam a reversão parcial da tempestade de citocinas no plasma durante o uso regular da terapia antirretroviral. Não foi observada liberação de óxido nítrico por macrófagos M1 e M2a após o estímulo com PAMPs, fornecendo indícios sobre o silenciamento desta via em macrófagos humanos. Macrófagos M1 e M2a de pacientes HIV+ apresentam redução progressiva na liberação de citocinas e quimiocinas após o estímulo com LPS ou -Glucana, com restauração parcial após o uso da terapia antirretroviral. Em conjunto, nossos resultados podem ser úteis no estabelecimento de um novo parâmetro para monitoramento da terapia antirretroviral, baseado na resposta funcional de macrófagos. / Three decades after the association of HIV infection with the AIDS development and its recognition as a global epidemic, many questions remain unanswered and hamper the development of new and more effective therapeutic and prophylactic approaches. The AIDS development is characterized by proinflammatory cytokines storm in plasma, followed by severe immunosuppression and abrupt reduction of CD4+ T cells during viral replication. In contrast, macrophages are chronically infected by the virus and can survive for several months, acting as important viral reservoir. However, although there is no cell number reduction, infected macrophages have several problems of differentiation and functional impairments. The recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and the presence of cytokines in the cellular microenvironment determine the macrophage activation into the Classic (M1) or Alternative (M2) patterns. Our results indicated that cytokine storm on plasma is partially reversed during regular use of antiretroviral therapy. No release of nitric oxide was observed by M1 and M2a macrophages after stimulation with PAMPs, providing clues about the silencing of this pathway in human macrophages. Classical and alternatively activated macrophages have progressive reduction of cytokines and chemokines release after stimulation with LPS ou -Glucana, with partial restore after regular use of antirretroviral therapy. Together, our data may be useful in establishing a new approach to monitoring the antiretroviral therapy, based on functional response of macrophages.

Três décadas após a associação da infecção por HIV com o desenvolvimento da AIDS e seu reconhecimento como epidemia mundial, muitas questões permanecem em aberto e dificultam o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens terapêuticas e profiláticas mais satisfatórias. O desenvolvimento da AIDS é caracterizado pela tempestade de citocinas pró-inflamatórias no plasma, seguido por intensa imunossupressão e redução brusca na quantidade de células T CD4+ durante a replicação viral. Em contrapartida, macrófagos são cronicamente infectados pelo vírus e capazes de sobreviver por vários meses, atuando como importante reservatório viral. Apesar de não haver redução em número de células, macrófagos infectados apresentam problemas de diferenciação e deficiências funcionais. O reconhecimento de padrões moleculares associados a patógenos (PAMPs) e a presença de citocinas no microambiente celular determinam o padrão de diferenciação dos macrófagos em clássicos (M1) ou alternativos (M2). Nossos resultados indicam a reversão parcial da tempestade de citocinas no plasma durante o uso regular da terapia antirretroviral. Não foi observada liberação de óxido nítrico por macrófagos M1 e M2a após o estímulo com PAMPs, fornecendo indícios sobre o silenciamento desta via em macrófagos humanos. Macrófagos M1 e M2a de pacientes HIV+ apresentam redução progressiva na liberação de citocinas e quimiocinas após o estímulo com LPS ou -Glucana, com restauração parcial após o uso da terapia antirretroviral. Em conjunto, nossos resultados podem ser úteis no estabelecimento de um novo parâmetro para monitoramento da terapia antirretroviral, baseado na resposta funcional de macrófagos. / Three decades after the association of HIV infection with the AIDS development and its recognition as a global epidemic, many questions remain unanswered and hamper the development of new and more effective therapeutic and prophylactic approaches. The AIDS development is characterized by proinflammatory cytokines storm in plasma, followed by severe immunosuppression and abrupt reduction of CD4+ T cells during viral replication. In contrast, macrophages are chronically infected by the virus and can survive for several months, acting as important viral reservoir. However, although there is no cell number reduction, infected macrophages have several problems of differentiation and functional impairments. The recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and the presence of cytokines in the cellular microenvironment determine the macrophage activation into the Classic (M1) or Alternative (M2) patterns. Our results indicated that cytokine storm on plasma is partially reversed during regular use of antiretroviral therapy. No release of nitric oxide was observed by M1 and M2a macrophages after stimulation with PAMPs, providing clues about the silencing of this pathway in human macrophages. Classical and alternatively activated macrophages have progressive reduction of cytokines and chemokines release after stimulation with LPS ou -Glucana, with partial restore after regular use of antirretroviral therapy. Together, our data may be useful in establishing a new approach to monitoring the antiretroviral therapy, based on functional response of macrophages.

CHANGES OF FUNCTIONAL USE SHORE OF ORLICKÁ BARRIER FOCUSING ON RECREATIONAL FUNCTION Abstract The aim of this study is to assess changes in functional use of the shore Orlická barrier in more than fifty-year history this technical bouilding. Orlická barrier holds many functions, for example in energy and control of flows to the river system. A secondary effect is the concentration of tourism and recreation on the banks. In this work, the focus is on analysis recreational function. Other analyse functions are economic function, transport, residential and servises. Of the result of dam construction in the 60s and political changes, there were changes in the functional recovery destination. Currently Orlicko faces many problems that have a negative effect on the influx of visitors and tourists. Apart from analyzing the functional use of the area is part of this paper analysis of structured interviews with mayors, representatives of recreational centers and other actors in the area. Keywords: Vltava cascade, Orlická dam, historical and geographic analysis, functional changes, recreation, tourism

The diploma thesis is focused on evaluation of changes in the functional use of banks of Water reservoir Slapy. It is done on the basis of study of professional literature and resources, map data and own survey. Water reservoir Slapy holds many functions, such as energetic or flow control. The main purpose of the banks is in tourism and recreation. In the thesis is emphasized the recreational function which changes are analyzed in four periods. The other analyzed functions are economic, service, transport and residential functions. Part of the thesis is also analysis of managed interviews with mayors of municipalities and representatives of recreational facilities. The thesis contributes, as a survey of changes in the landscape of the area of interest, to understanding the area of Central Vltava. Klíčová slova: Water reservoir Slapy, Vltava cascade, functional changes, recreation, tourism, second housing, Central Vltava

<p>U radu se razmatraju demografski problemi regije Hercegovine s posebnim osvrtom na Zapadnohercegovačku županiju te njihov uticaj na morfolo&scaron;ko-funkcionalne promene naselja (gradova s pripadajućim naseljenim mestima) u pedesetogodi&scaron;njem &nbsp; vremenskom periodu,&nbsp; s naglaskom za vremenski period od&nbsp; 1961.&nbsp; do 2011. godine. &nbsp;Područje koje se analizira u ovome radu odnosi se na područje koje je funkcionalno vezano za Zapadnohercegovačku županiju, jednu od deset kantona/županija u FBiH. &nbsp;Proučavani prostor obuhvata 100 naseljenih mesta (četiri gradska naselja). U radu se analizira demografski razvitak, te međusobna povezanost demografskog i socio-ekonomskog razvitka naselja na području&nbsp;Zapadnohercegovačke županije te funkcionalno-morfolo&scaron;ke promene naselja. Zapadnohercegovačka županija tradicionalno je emigracijsko područje koje&nbsp;je već decenijama zahvaćeno procesom depopulacije. &Scaron;ire je područje značajnije počelo&nbsp;&nbsp; izumirati nakon Drugog svetskog rata, dok su&nbsp; gradski prostor i njegova okolina, inače centri imigracija, stvarali područja i žari&scaron;ta ekonomskog i op&scaron;teg razvitka Zapadnohercegovačke županije.&nbsp;Depopulaciju je u &nbsp;naseljenim mestima planinskog&nbsp; dela Županije (brdski prostori) pratilo napu&scaron;tanje tradicionalnih privrednih aktivnosti (u prvom redu zemljoradnje&nbsp; i stočarstva), do&scaron;lo je do pojave socijalnog pusto&scaron;enja, promena u krajoliku te&nbsp;izumiranja pojedinih naselja. Najznačajniji uticaj imali su znatno iseljavanje&nbsp; stanovni&scaron;tva u drugoj polovini 20. veka, direktne i indirektne posledice dvaju svetskih ratova, zatim različite epidemije, agrarna reforma, ekonomske krize koje su se u&nbsp;nekoliko navrata javljale tokom 20. veka. Tome su&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pridoneli i ostali faktori, kao &scaron;to su ekonomska emigracija od sredine &scaron;ezdesetih godina 20. veka, urbanizacija, industrijalizacija te snažan razvitak sredi&scaron;njih i prigradskih &nbsp;naselja. Deagrarizacija i&nbsp;deruralizacija, tranzicija nataliteta, rat na području Bosne i Hercegovine u prvoj polovini devedesetih godina 20. veka, te neprimerena populaciona politika,&nbsp; ostavile su traga na ovim područjima.&nbsp; S obzirom na dominantne demografske trendove u&nbsp;Županiji može se pretpostaviti da će reprodukcija, odnosno obnavljanje radne snage u budućnosti biti smanjeno. Naime, na navedenu će činjenicu uticati smanjenje stope prirodnog kretanja stanovni&scaron;tva prisutno na području &nbsp;Zapadnohercegovačke županije&nbsp; već nekoliko decenija, &scaron;to znači da će se smanjenje broja mladih stanovnika negativno odraziti na obim radne snage.&nbsp;</p><p>Depopulacija ima negativne posledice na funkcije naselja te na morfologiju naselja. U pojedinim naseljima je do&scaron;lo do promene u njihovoj strukturi i obliku osnove naselja, a gotovo sva naselja u Županiji imaju promene u fizionomiji.</p> / <p>This paper discusses the demographic problems of the region Herzegovina with special reference to the West Herzegovina County and their impact on the morphological and functional changes of settlements (cities with the belonging populated areas) in fifty years time, with particular emphasis on the period&nbsp;from 1961 to 2011. The area that is analyzed in this paper refers to the area that is functionally related to the West Herzegovina County, one of ten cantons/counties in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The studied area covers 100 settlements (four &nbsp;urban settlements). The paper analyzes the demographic development andinterconnection of demographic and socio&nbsp; -economic development of settlements &nbsp;in theWest&nbsp; Herzegovina&nbsp; County and functional and morphological changes of settlements.</p><p>West Herzegovina County&nbsp; is a traditional&nbsp; emigration area that has been affected by the process of depopulation for decades. Wider area&nbsp;began depopulating after World &nbsp;War II, while the urban area and its surroundings,&nbsp; which arein fact&nbsp; immigration centers, were creating areas and foci of economic and general development of West Herzegovina County. Depopulation in settled places of mountainous part of the County (mountain areas)&nbsp; was followed by the abandonment of traditional economic activities (primarily agriculture and animal husbandry).&nbsp;There&nbsp; was&nbsp; considerable social fallow as well as changes in the landscape and the extinction of some settlements. The emigration in the second half of the 20th century, the direct and indirect consequences of the two world wars, then various epidemics, agrarian reform, &nbsp;economic crises that have occurred on several occasions during the 20th century had &nbsp;the most significant influence on the depopulation in this area. Some &nbsp;other factors, such as the economic emigration from the mid-sixties of the 20th century, urbanization, industrialization and a strong development of central and suburban areas, contributed to this as well. Deagrarization and deruralization, fertility transition, the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the first half of the nineties of the 20th &nbsp;century and inadequate population policy made their mark in this area.&nbsp;Concerning the dominant demographic trends in the County it can be assumed that the &nbsp;reproduction or recovery of the&nbsp; labor force in the future will be reduced. Namely, this fact will be&nbsp; affected by&nbsp; reduction in the rate of natural population&nbsp; growth that has been&nbsp; present in the area of&nbsp; West County for several decades, which&nbsp;means that the reduction in the &nbsp;number of young&nbsp;&nbsp; people has&nbsp; a negative impact on the volume of the &nbsp;labor force.</p><p>Depopulation has negative effects on the function of the village and the morphology of&nbsp;settlements. In some villages there is a change in their structure and form of the basics of the village, and almost all the villages in the County have a change in the &nbsp;physiognomy. The concentration of population and economic activities in urban and suburban area had also influence on the&nbsp; landscape change.&nbsp;Demographic processes, that have occurred in West County, affected the socio&nbsp; -&nbsp; economic,physiognomic and functional transformation of urban neighborhoods and some parts of the County.</p>

Title: Effect of the range of the shoulder joint rotation in volleyball players on the development of functional changes. Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to confirm the presence of the glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in beach volleyball players and to determine whether it affects the development of functional changes of the shoulder joint located in the dominant upper limb. Methods: The thesis was a quantitative study with the character of an experiment. There were 60 active volleyball players aged 18-30 years who were deliberately selected for the purposes of the study. The essence was to ascertain whether GIRD affects the pain in the shoulder joint of volleyball players and whether it was deemed positive for all participants of the study. In order to examine the range of motion, the goniometer in the external and internal rotation according to Janda and Pavla, Janda and Sachse was used, as well as hypermobility tests and a shoulder joint pain questionnaire. The statistical data processing was performed by Microsoft Excel 2010. The sum and average functions were used. Subsequently, graphs and tables were created from the results Results: The established hypotheses were confirmed in two cases. GIRD is determined positive for beach volleyball players. From the results of hypermobility...