Maintaining large carnivores in human-dominated landscapes poses a significant conservation challenge. Extirpation is common because of habitat loss or direct persecution. I studied cougar habitat selection and human perception of cougars in west-central Alberta to better understand human-cougar coexistence. Cougars that were exposed to higher levels of development at the home-range scale exhibited less avoidance of anthropogenic features and altered habitat use temporally to accommodate variation in human activity, indicating behavioral resilience to development. Survey results showed that cougars were valued and tolerated by people, provided cougars did not occur near residences. Where human densities are increasing in moderately developed landscapes in west-central Alberta, therefore, human tolerance may currently be more important than habitat change for conserving cougar populations. Tolerance was negatively affected primarily by the risk (real and perceived) cougars pose to people, livestock, and game. Public education to counteract overestimation of risk may increase tolerance. / Ecology

Arthropod predators are able to influence the population dynamics of forest insects such as bark beetles. Two common predators of bark beetles are Temnochila virescens (F.) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae) and Thanasimus dubius (F.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Studies on T. virescens ecology have been few and not quantitative. Also, in recent years there has been increased focus on multiple-predator effects on the population dynamics of a single prey species, which better describes a natural system. Therefore, a series of three studies was conducted to provide a general overview of T. virescens ecology and its potential use for biological control. The first study examined the functional response of T. virescens toward its Ips prey. The second evaluated the impacts of intraguild competition between T. virescens and T. dubius adults on predation of a mutual prey species, I. grandicollis. The third determined if there were differences in pheromone preference among individual T. virescens adults. To evaluate the functional response, T. virescens and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) adults were combined in varying densities. Ips grandicollis survival was assessed by examining the number of prey eaten in relation to predator and prey densities. I found that a type II functional response model incorporating interference provided a good fit for the data. The interference was strong enough that a ratio-dependent model fit the data just as well as the full model. The effect of competition between T. dubius and T. virescens adults on I. grandicollis survival was determined by placing varying numbers of each predator with a set prey number. I found a significant interaction between densities of the two predators, which indicates possible emergent predator effects. The combined effect of the predators was risk reducing for prey, likely because of intraguild predation. The predator T. dubius alone was more efficient at reducing the number of prey adults successfully entering the log. This study indicates the importance of low density releases of these predators for augmentative biological control, to reduce the effects of intraspecific competition. To determine if there were differences in pheromone preference among individual T. virescens adults, a mark-release-recapture experiment was combined in the field to provide a choice test between ipsenol and ipsdienol pheromones. Temnochila virescens adults that were initially captured on ipsenol were more frequently recaptured with this pheromone, while those first captured on ipsdienol were recaptured on both pheromones. This suggests populations of T. virescens are composed of specialists attracted only to ipsenol and generalists attracted to both ipsdienol and ipsenol pheromones.

Nesta tese investigaram-se relações de causa-efeito em curto prazo entre a estrutura do pasto e parâmetros do comportamento ingestivo de bovinos. Criaram-se contrastes de estruturas de pasto com uma espécie temperada e outra tropical e métodos de pastoreio (contínuo e rotativo). Os experimentos com Cynodon sp. cv. Tifton 85 (1 e 2) foram conduzidos entre janeiro e março de 2011. Os com Avena strigosa cv. Iapar 61 (3 e 4), entre julho e setembro de 2011. A altura de pasto que proporcionou a máxima taxa de ingestão (TI) no pastoreio contínuo foi considerada como altura pré-pastejo nos Experimentos 2 e 4, que simulavam o pastoreio rotativo. A esta altura impôs-se níveis de rebaixamento de 20; 40; 60 e 80%. O delineamento utilizado em todos os experimentos foi o de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições. O consumo foi estimado pela técnica da dupla pesagem. Os animais foram equipados com aparelhos registradores de movimentos mandibulares. As máximas TI foram observadas em 20 cm em Cynodon sp. e em 30 cm em A. strigosa. Animais não gastaram tempo adicional para tomar um bocado de equivalente massa no pasto alto em relação ao pasto baixo. No pastoreio rotativo a TI, manteve-se constante, até que 31 e 18% da altura inicial fossem removidos da pastagem alta e baixa, respectivamente. A A. strigosa permitiu maior TI potencial. Os animais gastaram mais tempo por bocado para consumir uma equivalente massa de bocado em Cynodon sp. em relação à A. strigosa, em ambos os métodos de pastoreio. / This thesis investigated cause-effect relationships between sward structure and short-term ingestive behavior of cattle. Contrasting sward structures were created with one temperate and one tropical species combined with two grazing methods (continuous and rotational). The experiments with Cynodon sp. cv. Tifton 85 (1 and 2) were carried out between January and March 2011. Those with Avena strigosa cv. Iapar 61 (3 and 4) took place between July and September 2011. The sward height that provided the highest short-term intake rate in continuous grazing, was regarded as pre-grazing in Experiments 2 and 4, which simulated rotational grazing. For this sward height, four intensities of herbage removal by grazing were imposed, namely 20, 40, 60 and 80%. A randomized complete block design was used in all experiments with four replicates. Intake was estimated by the double-sampling technique. Animals were equipped with IGER behavior recorder. The maximum short-term intake rates were observed at 20 cm for Cynodon sp. and 30 cm for A. strigosa. There was no difference in time required for a single bite between short and tall pastures. Under rotational grazing, intake rate was constant until 31 and 18% of the original tall and short sward heights were removed, respectively. A. strigosa was conducive to a higher short-term intake rate. Animals spent longer time per bite to ingest equivalent masses of Cynodon sp. in comparison to A. strigosa in both grazing methods.

Nesta tese investigaram-se relações de causa-efeito em curto prazo entre a estrutura do pasto e parâmetros do comportamento ingestivo de bovinos. Criaram-se contrastes de estruturas de pasto com uma espécie temperada e outra tropical e métodos de pastoreio (contínuo e rotativo). Os experimentos com Cynodon sp. cv. Tifton 85 (1 e 2) foram conduzidos entre janeiro e março de 2011. Os com Avena strigosa cv. Iapar 61 (3 e 4), entre julho e setembro de 2011. A altura de pasto que proporcionou a máxima taxa de ingestão (TI) no pastoreio contínuo foi considerada como altura pré-pastejo nos Experimentos 2 e 4, que simulavam o pastoreio rotativo. A esta altura impôs-se níveis de rebaixamento de 20; 40; 60 e 80%. O delineamento utilizado em todos os experimentos foi o de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições. O consumo foi estimado pela técnica da dupla pesagem. Os animais foram equipados com aparelhos registradores de movimentos mandibulares. As máximas TI foram observadas em 20 cm em Cynodon sp. e em 30 cm em A. strigosa. Animais não gastaram tempo adicional para tomar um bocado de equivalente massa no pasto alto em relação ao pasto baixo. No pastoreio rotativo a TI, manteve-se constante, até que 31 e 18% da altura inicial fossem removidos da pastagem alta e baixa, respectivamente. A A. strigosa permitiu maior TI potencial. Os animais gastaram mais tempo por bocado para consumir uma equivalente massa de bocado em Cynodon sp. em relação à A. strigosa, em ambos os métodos de pastoreio. / This thesis investigated cause-effect relationships between sward structure and short-term ingestive behavior of cattle. Contrasting sward structures were created with one temperate and one tropical species combined with two grazing methods (continuous and rotational). The experiments with Cynodon sp. cv. Tifton 85 (1 and 2) were carried out between January and March 2011. Those with Avena strigosa cv. Iapar 61 (3 and 4) took place between July and September 2011. The sward height that provided the highest short-term intake rate in continuous grazing, was regarded as pre-grazing in Experiments 2 and 4, which simulated rotational grazing. For this sward height, four intensities of herbage removal by grazing were imposed, namely 20, 40, 60 and 80%. A randomized complete block design was used in all experiments with four replicates. Intake was estimated by the double-sampling technique. Animals were equipped with IGER behavior recorder. The maximum short-term intake rates were observed at 20 cm for Cynodon sp. and 30 cm for A. strigosa. There was no difference in time required for a single bite between short and tall pastures. Under rotational grazing, intake rate was constant until 31 and 18% of the original tall and short sward heights were removed, respectively. A. strigosa was conducive to a higher short-term intake rate. Animals spent longer time per bite to ingest equivalent masses of Cynodon sp. in comparison to A. strigosa in both grazing methods.

Abstract Relationships between predators and prey may affect population dynamics of both parties. Predators may also serve as a link between populations of different prey, e.g., small game and small mammals. I used available data on the diet and reproduction of birds of prey (mainly common buzzards Buteo buteo and goshawks Accipiter gentilis) and video surveillance of their nests, as well as multiannual data on numbers of grouse and small mammals for studying food habits and population dynamics of raptors and their links with population fluctuations of voles and grouse (capercaillie Tetrao urogallus, black grouse Tetrao tetrix and hazel grouse Bonasa bonasia) in western Finland during 1980–1990s when grouse and vole numbers fluctuated in regular cycles. Microtus voles were the main prey of the buzzards which partly switched their diet to small game (juvenile grouse and hares) in years when vole numbers declined. The nesting rate of buzzards also correlated with vole abundance, but the productivity rate and brood size tended to lag behind the vole cycle. This mismatch between the buzzards' functional and numerical responses resulted in a fairly small impact of buzzards on juvenile grouse, which did not correlate with vole density. The productivity of goshawks followed the fluctuations of grouse density closely whereas the occupancy rate of goshawk territories did so with a two-year lag. The annual numerical ratio of goshawk to grouse was inversely related to grouse density, suggesting that this predator may be a destabilising factor for grouse population dynamics. However, the goshawks' kill rate of grouse showed no clear relations to grouse density. In June–July, these birds of prey (including hen harriers Circus cyaneus) usually killed a relatively small number of grouse chicks. Losses to raptors constituted up to one quarter of grouse juvenile mortality during the two months. We did not find a strong effect of avian predators on grouse juvenile mortality. In boreal forests, predators and other factors of grouse mortality do not operate as one, and there is probably no single factor responsible for the reproductive success of grouse.

No description available.

It has been shown that the classical Rosenzweig-MacArthur predator-prey model is sensitive to the functional form of the predator response. To see if this sensitivity remains in the highly controlled environment of the chemostat, we use a predator-prey model with three trophic levels and a Holling type II predator response function. We first focus on the analysis of the model using an Ivlev functional response. Local and global dynamics are studied, with global stability of the coexistence equilibrium point obtained under certain conditions. Bifurcation analysis reveals the existence of a stable periodic orbit that appears via a super-critical Hopf bifurcation. The uniqueness of this periodic orbit is explored. Finally, we make comparisons between the dynamics of the model with Ivlev response and Monod response, both of which have nearly identical graphs. The same sensitivity to functional form is observed in the chemostat as in the classical model. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Functional response is the framework thorough which we can quantify how predator hunting behaviors such as rate of successful attack and time spent handling prey interact with prey density to determine the rate at which prey are killed. Cheetahs are mesopredators and their behavior can be shaped by the need to avoid larger predators while hunting relatively large bodied and mobile prey. I used data from 34 years of observed cheetah hunts in Serengeti National Park in Tanzania to investigate how reproductive condition, prey density, seasonality, and the proximity of larger predators affect cheetah kill rates, probability of successful attack, and time spent handling prey. Mothers with cubs had an asymptotic Type II functional response where kill rate increased but eventually leveled-off at high prey densities, while cheetahs without cubs had a dome shaped Type IV functional response where kill rates actually declined at high prey density. Probability of successful attack on prey was higher for mothers with cubs, and increased slightly with prey density. Mothers with cubs had different prey handling behavior than other cheetahs. Cheetah mothers spend longer at kills then other cheetahs despite the risk that the carcass can attract lions and hyenas that could steal the carcass and potentially kill her cubs. Mothers must make sure their cubs have sufficient time at the carcass to eat their fill, thus they minimize risk from larger predators by being vigilant. In contrast, cheetahs without cubs are unconcerned with cub predation and can eat quickly to minimize the risk of kleptoparasitism. My results show how the pressures of cub rearing and coexisting with larger carnivores differentially shape the hunting behavior of cheetahs, and suggest that intensity of mesopredator suppression may depend on individual variability. This is the first time the functional response for a large mesopredator, has been quantified and the first time a dome shaped response has been recorded in a mammal. My work shows the value in accounting for individual variability in functional response and how linking of carnivore hunting behavior to multiple species interactions advances our understanding of how classical ecological theory applies to wild ecosystems. / Ph. D.

Consumer-resource interactions are the basic building blocks of every food web. In spite of being a central research theme of longstanding interest in ecology, the mechanisms governing the stability and persistence of consumer-resource interactions are still not entirely understood. In particular, theoretical predictions on consumer-resource stability along gradients of temperature and nutrient enrichment diverge widely and are sometimes in conflict with empirical results. In this thesis I address these issues from the angle of the functional response, which describes a consumer’s feeding rate as a function of resource density. Specifically, I explore mechanistic, nutrient-based consumer-resource interaction models with respect to the influence of feeding behavior (the shape of the functional response), environmental temperature, nutrient enrichment, and resource quality on consumer-resource stability and persistence. In order to parameterize these models I performed extensive laboratory experiments with pairs of freshwater pelagic algae and grazers of the genus Daphnia, which are widespread, ecologically important model organisms. I found a sigmoidal type III functional response in every studied Daphnia-algae species pair. The exact form of its shape is described by an exponent b which is determined by fitting functional response models to the experimental data. A high value of b can stabilize consumer-resource systems under the otherwise destabilizing influence of nutrient enrichment, as predicted by a novel stability criterion relating b to the consumer’s prey handling time, food conversion efficiency and mortality. Estimated parameter values and, consequently, stability predictions are sensitive to the method of parameter estimation, and I propose a new estimation procedure that minimizes parameter uncertainty. Because many consumers’ feeding rates depend on temperature, warming is expected to strongly affect food web stability. In functional response experiments over a broad temperature gradient, I found that the attack rate coefficient and the maximum ingestion rate of Daphnia are hump-shaped functions of temperature. Moreover, the functional response exponent increases with warming towards stronger type III responses. Plugging these findings into a nutrient-based consumer-resource model, I found that predator persistence is a U-shaped function of temperature in nutrient enrichment-temperature space. Enrichment easily turns the system unstable when the consumer has a type II response, whereas a type III response opens up a large region of stability at intermediate, for the consumer optimal, temperatures. These findings reconcile seemingly conflicting results of earlier studies of temperature effects on consumer-resource dynamics, which can be mapped as special cases onto the enrichment-temperature space. I finally demonstrate the utility of three key model ingredients - temperature dependence of rate parameters, a mechanistic description of the dynamics of algal resources, and a type III functional response in Daphnia - by successfully implementing them in the description and explanation of phytoplankton-Daphnia dynamics in a mesocosm experiment exploring effects of warming on the spring succession of the plankton.

Forty-four wolves in 3 boreal forest sites in Ontario were monitored via GPS radiotelemetry during 2010 and 2011 to examine spatial responses to variation in prey density. Home ranges were defined using a Brownian bridge utilization distribution, and a resource utilization function was calculated for each pack in winter and summer, based on habitat, topography, and prey density. Wolf territories were smaller where moose density was higher. Third order selection (within home range) varied by pack and season. Wolves generally selected for sloping areas, areas near water, and stands with deciduous or regenerating forest, but selected against areas with dense conifer cover. Roads were most important in summer, especially in those territories with large road networks. Habitat use in a mild winter was similar to habitat use in summer. Variable resource selection among packs emphasizes the adaptable, generalist nature of wolves even in the relatively homogenous the boreal shield. / National Science and Engineering Research Council, Ontario Graduate Scholarships, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources - Wildlife Research and Development Section, Center for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Canadian Forest Service, Forest Ecosystem Science Cooperative