Im ersten Teil wurde Probenvorbereitungs-Methoden und instrumentelle Methoden zur Organofluor-Bestimmung verglichen, um Vor- und Nachteile bei der Summenparameter-Analytik von per- und polyfluorierten Alkylverbindungen (PFAS) zu identifizieren. Daher wurden Oberflächenwasserproben aus der Spree in Berlin und Industrieabwasserproben mit zwei PFAS-Summenparametern analysiert – dem extrahierbaren (EOF) und dem adsorbierbaren organisch gebundenen Fluor (AOF). Beide PFAS-Summenparameter wurden mit zwei fluorsensitiven Detektionssystemen analysiert – Hochauflösender Kontinuumstrahler-Graphitofen Molekülabsorptionsspektrometrie (HR-CS-GFMAS) und combustion Ionenchromatographie (CIC). HR-CS-GFMAS erwies sich im Vergleich zu CIC als der empfindlichere und schnellere Ansatz mit höherer Präzision. Im zweiten Teil wurde eine neue Methode zur PFAS-Summenparameteranalyse und EOF-Bestimmung in Bodenproben auf Basis von HR-CS-GFMAS entwickelt und optimiert. EOF-Massenanteile wurden bei mehrfacher Extraktion und Nutzung der Festphasenextraktion (SPE) zur Entfernung anorganischen Fluors untersucht. Bei einem Vergleich der optimierten Methode mit und ohne SPE zeigte sich eine drastische Diskriminierung von Organofluor-Verbindungen mittels SPE. Im dritten Teil wurden Organofluor-Massenbilanzen in aquatischen Systemen anhand von Oberflächenwasser- und Schwebstoffproben (SPM) untersucht. SPM-Proben wurden mit vier komplementären Analysemethoden analysiert – target und non-target, direct total oxidizable precursor assay (dTOPA) und EOF. Daher wurden drei Organofluor-Massenbilanzansätze für die räumlich und zeitaufgelöste SPM-Probenanalyse verwendet: (I) Identifizierung von oxidierbaren PFAS-Vorläufer, (II) Identifizierung des Anteils der identifizierten und nicht identifiziertes EOF und (III) PFAS-target, PFAS dTOPA, non-target-Screening und EOF-Analyse, um das nicht identifizierte EOF aus Ansatz (II) weiter zu entschlüsseln. / In the first part, a comparison of sample preparation and instrumental methods for organofluorine determination was used to identify advantages and disadvantages in sum parameter analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Therefore, surface water samples from the Spree River in Berlin, Germany and industrial effluent samples were analyzed using two PFAS sum parameters – the extractable (EOF) and adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF). Both PFAS sum parameters were analyzed using two fluorine sensitive detection systems – high-resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) and combustion ion chromatography (CIC). HR-CS-GFMAS turned out to be the more sensitive and faster approach accompanied with higher precision compared to CIC. In the second part, a new method for PFAS sum parameter analysis and EOF determination in soil samples based on HR-CS-GFMAS was developed and optimized. EOF mass fractions were investigated upon multiple extraction and utilization of solid phase extraction (SPE) for inorganic fluorine removal. In a comparison of the optimized method with and without SPE, a highly biased discrimination of organofluorines using SPE was shown. In the third part, organofluorine mass balances were investigated in aquatic systems using surface water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples. SPM samples were analyzed using 4 complementary analytical methods – target and non-target HRMS, direct total oxidizable precursor assay (dTOPA) and EOF. Therefore, 3 organofluorine mass balance approaches were used for SPM sample analysis in spatial and time resolved manner: (I) Identification of oxidizable PFAS precursors, (II) Identification of the proportion of identified and unidentified EOF and (III) PFAS target, PFAS dTOPA, non-target screening and EOF analysis to further unravel the unidentified EOF from approach (II).

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Esta tesis englobada dentro del programa de doctorado en ingeniería de la construcción sigue la línea de investigación en sostenibilidad y gestión de la construcción. Las investigaciones se han centrado en el desarrollo de cementos de activación alcalina (CAA) obtenidos a partir de residuos con el fin de reducir tanto el coste económico como medioambiental. Este hecho implicaría la reducción en el uso tanto de materias primas, en el caso de los precursores, como de reactivos químicos en el caso de los activadores. La tesis doctoral que se presenta estudia el uso de diferentes mezclas de residuos como precursores: cerámica sanitaria, catalizador gastado de craqueo catalítico, escoria de alto horno y ceniza volante de central térmica en la preparación de morteros. Así mismo, utiliza también CAA, obtenidos a partir de residuos en la estabilización de suelos. En este último caso también se han usado residuos en la preparación de activadores como son las cenizas obtenidas en la combustión de biomasa. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto la viabilidad en el uso de residuos para la preparación de CAA, y la posibilidad incluso de ser usados en contextos de subdesarrollo. / [CA] Aquesta tesi englobada dins del programa de doctorat en enginyeria de la construcció segueix la línia d'investigació en sostenibilitat i gestió de la construcció. Les investigacions s'han centrat en el desenvolupament de ciments d'activació alcalina (CAA) obtinguts a partir de residus amb la finalitat de reduir tant el cost econòmic com mediambiental. Aquest fet implicaria la reducció en l'ús tant de matèries primeres, en el cas dels precursors, com de reactius químics en el cas dels activadors. La tesi doctoral que es presenta estudia l'ús de diferents mescles de residus com a precursors: ceràmica sanitària, catalitzador gastat de craqueig catalític, escòria d'alt forn i cendra volant de central tèrmica en la preparació de morters. Així mateix, utilitza també CAA, obtinguts a partir de residus en l'estabilització de sòls. En aquest últim cas també s'han usat residus en la preparació d'activadors com són les cendres obtingudes en la combustió de biomassa. Els resultats obtinguts posen de manifest la viabilitat en l'ús de residus per a la preparació de CAA, i la possibilitat de ser usats fins i tot en contextos de subdesenvolupament. / [EN] This doctoral thesis encompassed within the doctoral program in construction engineering follows the research line in sustainability and construction management. The research has focused on the development of alkaline activated cements (AAC) obtained from waste to reduce the economic and environmental cost. This fact would imply a reduction in the use of raw materials in the case of precursors, and chemical reagents in the case of activators. The doctoral thesis that is presented studies the use of different waste mixtures as precursors: sanitary ceramics, spent fluid cracking catalyst, blast furnace slag and fly ash from thermal power plants in the preparation of mortars. Likewise, also is used CAA obtained from residues in soil stabilization. In the latter case, residues have also been used in the activators preparation, such as the ashes obtained in the combustion of biomass. The results obtained show the viability in the use of residues for CAA preparation, and the possibility of being used even in underdeveloped contexts. / Agradecer al Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación por el soporte a mi investigación, mediante los fondos del proyecto APLIGEO BIA2015-70107-R y los fondos FEDER. También a las empresas: Ideal Standard por suministrar residuos de cerámica sanitaria, Omya Clariana S.A. por suministrar catalizador gastado del craqueo catalítico, a Balalva S.L. por suministrar cenizas volantes, a Cementval por suministrar escorias de alto horno, a Heineken España S.A. por el suministro de residuo del filtrado de cerveza (tierras diatomeas), a DACSA GROUP por la ceniza de cáscara de arroz, y a PAVASAL por suministrar suelo de tipo dolomítico. Támbien al servicio de Microscopía electrónica y al Instituto de Ciencia y Técnología del Hormigón de la Universitat Politècnica de València. / Cosa Martínez, J. (2022). Utilización de mezclas de residuos para la obtención de cementos de activación alcalina: aplicación en morteros y suelos estabilizados [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185221 / Compendio

Приведены показатели анализа и обоснование необходимости вдувания в горн заранее нагретого пылеугольного горючего и оксидов железа – аспирационной пыли. Использование именно этого железорудного сырья обосновано желанием утилизировать отходы газоочистки на разных этапах производства и экономией на подготовке сырья. Определён эффект этих действий на показатели доменной плавки при изменениях дутьевых режимов работы печи главным образом на расход кокса и производительность печи. / The analysis indicators and justification for the need to inject preheated pulverized coal fuel and iron oxides - aspiration dust - into the furnace are given. The use of this particular iron ore raw material is justified by the desire to utilize gas purification waste at different stages of production and to save on the preparation of raw materials. The effect of these actions on the performance of blast furnace smelting with changes in the blast operating conditions of the furnace was determined, mainly on coke consumption and furnace productivity.

The aim of this work is optimalisation of induction furnace in foundry for company PROMET FOUNDRY a.s. The company has two induction furnances. There are installed as identical construction. They have 2 modes of operation. First mode is founding and second mode is mode, where is temperature in maintain mode. Only one induction furnance can work in the founding mode at a time though. Inducion furnances are in the single-phase connection and they cause unbalance in the distribution network. Near the foundry there is a small network area whitch it is operated by company Zásobování teplem Vsetín a.s. The consumption of electrical energy in foundry so big, that in the year 2009 was made elaborate for Zásobování teplem Vsetín a.s. It was write at Laboratoře diagnostiky výkonů (Laboratory of performance diagnostics), which is a part of Electrotechnic Department at Technical Univarsity of Ostrava. The ordered study was named “Verification of causes of increased reactive energy consumption during transition from electricity delivery to electricity consumption”. The conclusion of this assignment confirms that in distribution network in the Jiráskova area in Vsetín there is unbalance of electrical energy and there is high part of reactive power. The next conclusion is crucial to find the customer who made the unbalance and to set relevant remedy. The last step will be the identification whether such device can actually be effectively balanced. It was subsequently proved that the Promet Foundry was causing the unbalance and that balanced consumption would be reasonable. Promet Foundry thus addressed Autel a.s. company with an inquiry to make a study of removing the causes of the unbalance which is caused by current induction furnaces operation at a minimum possible cost, least possible influence on the performance and minimum construction changes concerning the building. In this thesis there will be some topics. The result of which will be introducing of used heating technology, introducing of company and of effective plant performance and subsequent suggestions of possible unbalance removal or reactive power decrease. Several ways which are being implemented in the industry in order to balance consumption will be described. A suitable balancing plant will be subsequently chosen and its parameters will be calculated.