No description available.

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines which play an important role in the migration of immune cells to distant tissues or compartments within tissues. These proteins have also been demonstrated to play a major role in cancer metastasis. The C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7) is a member of the chemokine receptor family. CCR7 along with its ligands CCL19 and CCL21 plays an important role in innate immune response by trafficking of lymphocytes. In cancer, tumour cells expressing CCR7 migrate to lymphoid organs and thus disseminate to other organs. Neutralizing the interactions between CCL21/CCR7 would therefore be expected to inhibit the progression and metastasis of many different types of cancer to regional lymph nodes or distant organs. Our objective was to identify a potent small molecule antagonist of CCR7 as a prelude to the investigation of the role of this axis in cancer metastasis. In this study, we provided a brief description of chemokines and their role in health and disease with an emphasis on the CCR7/CCL19/CCL21 axis, as well as identification of a CCR7 antagonist “hit”. The potency of the CCR7 antagonist “hit” was optimised by synthesizing different CCR7 antagonist analogues. The “hit” optimization process has led to discover the most active compound amongst a series of different analogues which have the ability to bind and block CCR7 receptor. The efficacy of the most active compound and other analogues were evaluated in vitro using a calcium flux assay which is based on detecting fluorescent light emitted upon release of calcium ions. To identify a suitable cell line, which expresses CCR7 and capably respond to it, amongst a panel of cell lines for in vitro assessment of potency of synthesised compounds, we used Western blot assay and later by flow cytometry assay. The activity and selectivity of the most effective compound against CCR7 receptor was evaluated in vitro by other functional assays such as “configured agarose spot assay” and scratch assay. We first configured the existing under agarose assay to fulfil our requirements and then used it to assess activity and selectivity of compounds. The configured agarose spot assay also describes the application of the agarose spot for evaluation of cells chemotactic response to multiple chemokines under identical experiment conditions.

No description available.

Membrane proteins play a key role in numerous physiological processes such as transport, energy transduction in respiratory and photosynthetic systems, and signal transduction, and are of great pharmaceutical interest, comprising more than 60% of known drug targets. However, crystallisation of membrane proteins, and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in particular, still relies heavily on the use of protein engineering strategies, which have been shown to hamper protein activity. Here, a range of biophysical methods were used to study the structure and function of two membrane proteins, a prokaryotic peptide transporter, PepT_So and a GPCR, neurotensin receptor 1 (NTS1), using different membrane reconstitution methods to study the proteins in a native-like environment. Firstly, using the pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method of double electron-electron resonance (DEER) the conformation of PepT_So reconstituted into lipid bilayers was assessed and compared to previous structural data obtained from crystallography and modelling. The influence of the membrane potential and the presence of substrate on the conformational heterogeneity of this proton-coupled transporter were investigated. Secondly, NTS1 purification was optimized for biophysical study. Cysteine mutants were created and a labelling protocol was developed and optimized for fluorophore and nitroxide labelling studies. NTS1 was then studied by continuous-wave EPR, to assess the influence of ligand on local protein dynamics, and to assess the structure of a receptor segment known as helix 8, that was proposed to be an α-helix, but was only observed to be helical in one of the NTS1 crystallographic studies. Ensemble and single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), and DEER were combined to study the dimerisation behaviour of NTS1, showing novel dynamics of the interfacial associations. Finally, the signalling mechanism of NTS1 was also investigated using microscale thermophoresis (MST) to assess the affinity of the receptor for G protein in vitro in the absence of ligand, or in the presence of agonist or antagonist. MST measurements were performed in detergent and in nanodiscs of different lipid compositions, to assess the influence of the lipid environment on receptor function. In summary, this thesis demonstrates the potential of biophysical techniques to study various aspects of membrane protein structure and function in native-like lipid systems, complementing e.g. structural data obtained from crystallographic studies with functional data for membrane proteins in more native environments, as well as shedding light on protein dynamics. The work presented here provides novel insights into PepTSo transport, and in particular into NTS1 structure, signalling, and oligomerisation, opening up several avenues for future research.

A acne é uma condição da pele multifatorial com implicações socioeconômicas importantes. Um dos principais fatores que contribuem com a sua etiologia é a superprodução de sebo. Até o momento, há poucos tratamentos seguros e eficazes disponíveis. O receptor de melanocortina-5 (MC5R), um receptor acoplado à proteína G da família das rodopsinas, é uma das proteínas responsáveis pela diferenciação de sebócitos e consequente produção de sebo, mas não há opções de tratamento através do antagonismo deste receptor. Neste trabalho, investigamos a melanocortina-5 como alvo molecular para a descoberta de ligantes como moduladores da sebogênese. Para tanto, empregamos estudos de modelagem por homologia e triagem virtual baseada em estrutura do alvo para construir um modelo 3D da MC5R e identificar de candidatos a ligantes da proteína, respectivamente. Em seguida, avaliamos o potencial de inibição da sebogênese em sebócitos SEBO662AR em meio lipogênico. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a descoberta de peptídeos e flavonoides com características inibidoras e estimuladoras da produção de sebo. Novos esqueletos moleculares foram identificados como promissores para a modulação da sebogênese. Os estudos realizados permitirão o desenvolvimento de novos ativos dermatológicos e cosméticos com potencial de modular a oleosidade da pele, de modo a contribuir com a mitigação dos efeitos da acne, psoríase, alopecia e seborreia, entre outras doenças. / Acne is a multifactorial skin condition with important socioeconomic implications. One of the main factors that contribute with its etiology is sebum overproduction. Until now, there are few safe, effective treatments available. Melanocortin-5 receptor (MC5R), a G protein-coupled receptor of the rhodopsin family, is one of the proteins responsible for sebocyte differentiation and consequent sebum production, but there are no options for treatment by antagonism of this receptor. In this work, we investigated MC5R as molecular target for the discovery of ligands as sebogenesis modulators. For that, we used homology modeling studies, and structure-based virtual screening in order to, respectively, build a MC5R 3D model and identify ligand candidates for this protein. Then, we evaluated their sebogenesis inhibition potential on SEBO662AR sebocytes in lipogenic conditions. The obtained results indicated the discovery of peptides and flavonoids with inhibitory and stimulatory sebum production characteristics. New scaffolds were identified as promising for sebogenesis modulation. The performed studies will allow the development of novel dermatologic and cosmetic actives with the potential to modulate skin oiliness in order to contribute to the mitigation of the effects of acne, psoriasis, alopecia and seborrhea, among other diseases.

O TSPO (Translocator protein 18 KDa) é uma proteína intracelular localizada na membrana mitocondrial externa, mas também na membrana citoplasmática, e no núcleo. O TSPO está envolvido na biossíntese de esteroides, proliferação celular, apoptose, estresse oxidativo, e na modulação da inflamação, principalmente no sistema nervoso central, onde a proteína é considerada um marcador da neuroinflamação. Os neutrófilos representam células-chave no processo inflamatório sendo as primeiras células a chegarem no foco inflamatório onde exercem atividades fagocíticas, secretórias e microbicidas. O presente trabalho investigou os efeitos de diferentes ligantes de TSPO Diazepam, Ro5-4864 (agonistas parciais) e PK-11195 (antagonista) na ativação dos neutrófilos in vitro focando na via de ativação do Toll-like receptor (TLR) e de receptores transmembranas ligados a proteína G (GPCR). Neutrófilos obtidos da cavidade peritoneal de camundongos BalbC machos quatro horas após injeção do glicogênio de ostra (1%), foram tratados in vitro com meio de cultura, veículo, Diazepam, Ro5-4864, PK-11195 (10, 100, e 1000 nM), e estimulados ou não com Lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) ou Leucotrieno B4 (LTB4). Foram avaliados em condições basais e após estímulo: a expressão de TSPO e de moléculas de adesão por citometria de fluxo; a migração pelo ensaio de quimiotaxia em placa; a produção de citocinas e do óxido nítrico por ELISA e pela reação de Griess, respectivamente; e finalmente, a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio por espectrofotômetro de fluorescência. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o TSPO é expresso em neutrófilos em condições basais, e que os estímulos inflamatórios com LPS ou LTB4 não alteram essa expressão. Os ligantes de TSPO não afetam as funções de neutrófilos ativados pelo LPS, salvo a acentuação da geração de espécies reativas (ROS) observada com Ro5-4864 em células estimuladas com LPS. Os neutrófilos estimulados pelo LTB4, quando pré-tratados com os ligantes de TSPO, apresentaram redução na clivagem da L-selectina, redução de quimiotaxia, e indução da geração de ROS. Baseado nestes resultados e nos dados da literatura, concluímos que os efeitos dos ligantes de TSPO sobre as funções neutrofílicas concentram-se na expressão de moléculas de adesão, no estresse oxidativo e na migração. Estes efeitos dependem da via de ativação e do tipo celular. / TSPO (Translocator protein 18 kDa) is an intracellular protein located on the out mitochondrial membrane, but also on the cytoplasmatic membrane and in the nucleus. TSPO is involved in endogen steroids substances biosynthesis, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and in the modulation of inflammatory process, principally in the central nervous system where the protein is a marker of neuroinflammation. Neutrophils are key-cells in the inflammatory process, being the first cell line that reach the inflammatory focus, where they realize their phagocytic, secretory and microbicidal activities. This study assessed the effects of TSPO ligands Diazepam, Ro5-4864 (partial agonists) and PK-11195 (antagonist) on in vitro neutrophils activation, focusing on the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) pathways. Neutrophils obtained from de peritoneal cavity of male BalbC mouse after four hours of Oyster glycogen injection (1%), were treated in vitro with culture medium, vehicle, Diazepam, Ro5-4864, PK-11195 (10, 100, e 1000 nM) and stimulated or not with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Leukotriene B4 (LTB4). We assessed in basal conditions and after stimulus:The TSPO and adhesion molecules proteic expression by flow cytometry; the migration by a plate chemotaxis assay; Nitric oxide and cytokines production by ELISA and the Griess reaction, respectively; and finally the reactive oxygen species generation by a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The results show that TSPO is expressed in neutrophils in basal conditions, and that inflammatory stimulus with LPS and LTB4 did not alter this expression. We also show that TSPO ligands did not affect neutrophil function activated by LPS. However, neutrophils stimulated by LTB4, when pre-treated with TSPO ligands shown a reduced L-selectina cleavage, chemotaxis reduction and induction of ROS generation. Based on these data and in literature data, we concluded that the effects of TSPO ligands in neutrophilic functions is concentrated on adhesion molecules expression, on oxidative stress and on the migration. These effects depend to the activation pathways and to the cellular type.

O TSPO (Translocator protein 18 KDa) é uma proteína intracelular localizada na membrana mitocondrial externa, mas também na membrana citoplasmática, e no núcleo. O TSPO está envolvido na biossíntese de esteroides, proliferação celular, apoptose, estresse oxidativo, e na modulação da inflamação, principalmente no sistema nervoso central, onde a proteína é considerada um marcador da neuroinflamação. Os neutrófilos representam células-chave no processo inflamatório sendo as primeiras células a chegarem no foco inflamatório onde exercem atividades fagocíticas, secretórias e microbicidas. O presente trabalho investigou os efeitos de diferentes ligantes de TSPO Diazepam, Ro5-4864 (agonistas parciais) e PK-11195 (antagonista) na ativação dos neutrófilos in vitro focando na via de ativação do Toll-like receptor (TLR) e de receptores transmembranas ligados a proteína G (GPCR). Neutrófilos obtidos da cavidade peritoneal de camundongos BalbC machos quatro horas após injeção do glicogênio de ostra (1%), foram tratados in vitro com meio de cultura, veículo, Diazepam, Ro5-4864, PK-11195 (10, 100, e 1000 nM), e estimulados ou não com Lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) ou Leucotrieno B4 (LTB4). Foram avaliados em condições basais e após estímulo: a expressão de TSPO e de moléculas de adesão por citometria de fluxo; a migração pelo ensaio de quimiotaxia em placa; a produção de citocinas e do óxido nítrico por ELISA e pela reação de Griess, respectivamente; e finalmente, a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio por espectrofotômetro de fluorescência. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o TSPO é expresso em neutrófilos em condições basais, e que os estímulos inflamatórios com LPS ou LTB4 não alteram essa expressão. Os ligantes de TSPO não afetam as funções de neutrófilos ativados pelo LPS, salvo a acentuação da geração de espécies reativas (ROS) observada com Ro5-4864 em células estimuladas com LPS. Os neutrófilos estimulados pelo LTB4, quando pré-tratados com os ligantes de TSPO, apresentaram redução na clivagem da L-selectina, redução de quimiotaxia, e indução da geração de ROS. Baseado nestes resultados e nos dados da literatura, concluímos que os efeitos dos ligantes de TSPO sobre as funções neutrofílicas concentram-se na expressão de moléculas de adesão, no estresse oxidativo e na migração. Estes efeitos dependem da via de ativação e do tipo celular. / TSPO (Translocator protein 18 kDa) is an intracellular protein located on the out mitochondrial membrane, but also on the cytoplasmatic membrane and in the nucleus. TSPO is involved in endogen steroids substances biosynthesis, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and in the modulation of inflammatory process, principally in the central nervous system where the protein is a marker of neuroinflammation. Neutrophils are key-cells in the inflammatory process, being the first cell line that reach the inflammatory focus, where they realize their phagocytic, secretory and microbicidal activities. This study assessed the effects of TSPO ligands Diazepam, Ro5-4864 (partial agonists) and PK-11195 (antagonist) on in vitro neutrophils activation, focusing on the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) pathways. Neutrophils obtained from de peritoneal cavity of male BalbC mouse after four hours of Oyster glycogen injection (1%), were treated in vitro with culture medium, vehicle, Diazepam, Ro5-4864, PK-11195 (10, 100, e 1000 nM) and stimulated or not with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Leukotriene B4 (LTB4). We assessed in basal conditions and after stimulus:The TSPO and adhesion molecules proteic expression by flow cytometry; the migration by a plate chemotaxis assay; Nitric oxide and cytokines production by ELISA and the Griess reaction, respectively; and finally the reactive oxygen species generation by a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The results show that TSPO is expressed in neutrophils in basal conditions, and that inflammatory stimulus with LPS and LTB4 did not alter this expression. We also show that TSPO ligands did not affect neutrophil function activated by LPS. However, neutrophils stimulated by LTB4, when pre-treated with TSPO ligands shown a reduced L-selectina cleavage, chemotaxis reduction and induction of ROS generation. Based on these data and in literature data, we concluded that the effects of TSPO ligands in neutrophilic functions is concentrated on adhesion molecules expression, on oxidative stress and on the migration. These effects depend to the activation pathways and to the cellular type.

<p>Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is known to influence a vast number of physiological and behavioral processes such as vasoconstriction, circadian rhythms, feeding, anxiety and memory. Peptides of the NPY family bind to five different cloned G-protein coupled receptor subtypes (Y1, 2, 4-6). The studies compiled in this thesis present inter-species comparisons of sequence similarities, binding properties and expression patterns among receptors of the NPY family.</p><p>Cloning of Y1 and Y2 receptor subtypes from guinea pigs revealed strong binding profile similarity to the corresponding human receptors. Previously demonstrated atypical binding profiles in the caval vein of guinea pigs were concluded to result from other receptors than the cloned Y1 and Y2 receptors, or possibly combinations of distinct receptor subtypes.</p><p>The guinea pig Y5 receptor was found to be expressed in regions of the brain that have been indicated as important for regulation of food intake. Expression in the hypothalamus, amygdala and brain stem was noticed, similar to studies in rats and humans. In other brain regions, such as the striatum and hippocampus, some species differences were observed.</p><p>Mutagenesis studies of the human Y1 receptor indicated sites important for binding both of endogenous agonists and synthetic antagonists. Putative new sites of interaction with the Y1 antagonists BIBP3226 and/or SR120819A were recognized. The data were used to construct a three-dimensional structure model, based on a high-resolution bovine rhodopsin model.</p><p>Cloning of the chicken (<i>Gallus gallus</i>) Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptors revealed high sequence similarities with mammalian receptors. Most endogenous ligands bound with similar affinities as to mammalian receptors. The strongest exception was the discovery of high-affinity binding to chicken Y2 of [Leu³¹, Pro³⁴]NPY, which was previously considered to bind non-Y2 receptors only. </p><p>The new human Y1 receptor model provides a basis for further investigations of ligand-receptor interactions which will be aided by information on NPY receptors from other taxa. Guinea pigs are concluded to be a good complement to rats and mice for studying NPY signaling. These results demonstrate the benefits of species comparisons for pharmacological studies.</p>

It has been shown that the amino terminus and second extracellular loop (EC2) of CXCR2 are crucial for ligand binding and receptor activation. The lack of an ionic lock motif in the third intracellular loop of CXCR2 focuses an investigation of the mechanism by which these two extracellular regions contribute to receptor recognition and activation. The first objective of this investigation was to predict the structure of CXCR2 based on known structures of crystallized GPCRs. Rhodopsin, β2-adrenergic receptor, CXCR4 were used for homology modeling of CXCR2 structure. Highly conserved motifs found in sequence alignments of the template GPCRs were helpful to generate CXCR2 models. We also studied solvent accessibility of residues in the EC2 of CXCR2 in the inactive state. Most of the residues in the EC2 were found to be solvent accessible in the inactive state, suggesting the residues might be involved in ligand recognition. Second, we studied the role of charged residues in the EC2 of CXCR2 in ligand binding and receptor activation using constitutively active mutants (CAM) of CXCR2, D9K and D9R. Combinatorial mutations consisting of the CAM in the amino terminus and single mutations of charged residues in the EC2 were generated to study two concepts including “attraction” and “repulsion” models. The mutant receptors were used to test their effects on cell surface expression, ligand binding, receptor activation through PLC-β3, and cellular transformation. All the mutations in the repulsion model result in CXCR2 receptors that are unable to bind ligand, suggesting that each of the Arg residues in the EC2 are important for ligand recognition. Interestingly, mutations in the attraction model partially inhibited receptor activation by the CAM D9K, suggesting that Glu198 and Asp199 residues in the EC2 are associated with receptor activation. Furthermore, a novel CAM, E198A/D199A, was identified in this study. These negatively charged residues are very close to a conserved disulfide bond linking the EC2 and the third transmembrane. In this sense, these current discoveries concerning the structural basis of CXCR2 and interdisciplinary approaches would provide new insights to investigate unknown mechanisms of interaction with its cognate ligands and receptor activation.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is known to influence a vast number of physiological and behavioral processes such as vasoconstriction, circadian rhythms, feeding, anxiety and memory. Peptides of the NPY family bind to five different cloned G-protein coupled receptor subtypes (Y1, 2, 4-6). The studies compiled in this thesis present inter-species comparisons of sequence similarities, binding properties and expression patterns among receptors of the NPY family. Cloning of Y1 and Y2 receptor subtypes from guinea pigs revealed strong binding profile similarity to the corresponding human receptors. Previously demonstrated atypical binding profiles in the caval vein of guinea pigs were concluded to result from other receptors than the cloned Y1 and Y2 receptors, or possibly combinations of distinct receptor subtypes. The guinea pig Y5 receptor was found to be expressed in regions of the brain that have been indicated as important for regulation of food intake. Expression in the hypothalamus, amygdala and brain stem was noticed, similar to studies in rats and humans. In other brain regions, such as the striatum and hippocampus, some species differences were observed. Mutagenesis studies of the human Y1 receptor indicated sites important for binding both of endogenous agonists and synthetic antagonists. Putative new sites of interaction with the Y1 antagonists BIBP3226 and/or SR120819A were recognized. The data were used to construct a three-dimensional structure model, based on a high-resolution bovine rhodopsin model. Cloning of the chicken (Gallus gallus) Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptors revealed high sequence similarities with mammalian receptors. Most endogenous ligands bound with similar affinities as to mammalian receptors. The strongest exception was the discovery of high-affinity binding to chicken Y2 of [Leu31, Pro34]NPY, which was previously considered to bind non-Y2 receptors only. The new human Y1 receptor model provides a basis for further investigations of ligand-receptor interactions which will be aided by information on NPY receptors from other taxa. Guinea pigs are concluded to be a good complement to rats and mice for studying NPY signaling. These results demonstrate the benefits of species comparisons for pharmacological studies.