Law clinics have had a late start in Ghana, compared with similar initiatives in Canada. Although there have been consistent calls for the establishment of law clinics at various faculties of law across the country, development on the ground has been slow. Unlike Canada, no law school at present in Ghana has a law clinic that engages students in actual client representation. However, a comprehensive plan is now being introduced to provide legal aid and advice to the poor, and the Ghana Legal Aid Commission is taking steps to institute law clinics across the country’s faculties of law. Nevertheless, it is yet to be seen how this will be achieved. Drawing on the Canadian experience, this thesis examines the effectiveness of the law clinic method as an innovation that could be used to advance access to justice in Ghana. In so doing, a comparative legal analysis is conducted of approaches to the clinic method in Ghana and Canada, to identify ideal practices that could support the development of clinical initiatives in these countries. / Graduate

Many Global South states are developing citizen identification databases that are digital, smart and meant to be integrated and interoperable with other systems. Admittedly, there are nuances in the historical and institutional realities across Global South countries, yet these countries are common in terms of how their governments and international development actors frame citizen identification systems as necessary for development. The main argument advanced by various governmental and non-governmental actors is that for the state to be effective and efficient, it must be able to know who is who, who is where and who is doing what, and that states with the needed surveillance capacity can better extract taxes, promote national and personal security, and distribute public goods and services. Overall, a narrative of economic progress is dominating the promotion of citizen identification systems in the Global South. Conversely, an illegible society is being framed as a source of state incapacity and relatively lower possibilities of economic advancement. Such positive outlooks on surveillance systems must also contend with critical approaches to surveillance systems. Indeed, surveillance studies scholarship on Global South countries tends to frame the state’s embrace of surveillance systems as deepening authoritarianism and repression. But what if a Global South state with democratic institutions is embracing surveillance-oriented systems in the name of development? How do stakeholders in these countries justify surveillance and how is the latter critiqued? Even if surveillance systems could spur development, how do prevailing context and institutions matter for ongoing citizen identification projects and the debates around them? The foregoing questions underpin my research to understand the spread of surveillance systems in the Global South beyond the argument that it is to serve authoritarianism and repression. Overall, I seek to understand the implications of framing surveillance-oriented systems as necessary for development. In this study, I research three citizen identification projects in Ghana and track the related justifications and concerns of various state and non-state actors. The three projects are: the national identification system, the national digital property addressing system and the SIM card registration regime. I seek to understand how state actors, civil society, private corporations and international actors draw on development narratives to support citizen identification projects and also if, why and how these projects are contested. I map and draw on a history of citizen identification systems in Ghana from the colonial to the post-colonial era to understand the legacies that shape the current identification projects in Ghana. I find a general consensus amongst state and non-state actors about the value of citizen identification systems to development in Ghana. Economic rationales dominate arguments in support of citizen identification systems. Yet, there are still concerns about surveillance including privacy intrusions, data breaches, corruption and more importantly, how these projects could marginalize certain groups of citizens. Despite the broad support for the three projects, it is noteworthy that the state in Ghana has struggled to successfully implement them. I explain these struggles as tied to institutional factors including the unresolved contentions about citizenship and the existence of weak legacy systems for citizen identification in Ghana. The Ghana case shows that promoting surveillance in the name of development could easily decenter critical arguments against surveillance systems. Development as existential as it is normally framed, can easily take precedence over other concerns like privacy. There is a consensus in Ghana, perhaps similar to other Global South countries that the state must perform better to improve the experience of citizenship. Thus, if it is surveillance-oriented systems that can make the state perform better and care better for its citizens, then why not? Yet, practically, while citizen identification systems automatically enhance state surveillance, whether such enhanced state capacity will lead to inclusive development cannot be assured. My proposed ‘Surveillance for Development’ (S4D) frame captures the notion that a specific approach to, or emphasis in development is being promoted in Global South states based on the idea that these states must ‘see’ their citizens and societies in a particular way in order to develop. This ‘seeing’ is based on digital and interoperable surveillance systems that permit the continuous tracking of citizens in a non-physical, integrated and distributed manner by the state and even transnationally. These surveillance systems also permit an assemblage that allows state and governmental actors to generate various data doubles or multiple versions of citizens and profile them with attached and predetermined risk values. The profile of each data double is likely different based on what sets of information and from which agencies are combined about a person, such that even the stability of the identity of a particular citizen cannot be assured. In sum, by tying surveillance to development, the stakes are higher for citizens in Global South countries as the potential adverse implications are not just about privacy breaches but also about threats to citizenship as a status and as an experience, for example. / Graduate / 2022-12-10

No keywords provided in thesis / The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the curriculum and supplementary materials for the teaching and learning of English in five junior high schools in Ghana to ascertain the extent to which the curriculum promotes academic literacy in the pupils. Hence, five schools were selected by purposive sampling. Four poorly performing schools and a relatively well performing school were selected for the study. Thus, the problem investigated in this study was academic literacy development, with particular reference to English language teaching. The study area was the Ho West district of the Volta Region of Ghana. The study adopted a mixed methods approach which investigated academic literacy development by evaluating the syllabus and textbooks, and by interviewing English teachers in the selected schools. The interview schedule contained both open ended questions for qualitative analysis as well as multiple choice questions based on a four-item Likert scale for quantitative analysis. The study found that the various aspects of the curriculum had shortcomings in adequately supporting the development of academic literacy in the junior high school pupils in Ghana. Moreover, the factors required for critical language awareness were not present in the textbooks. / English Studies / Ph. D. (English)

The study examined Accounting teachers’ pedagogical communicative practices and the academic achievement Accounting students, focusing on the extent of its occurrence. Teachers’ pedagogical communicative practices are the language behaviours and discourse strategies employed by teachers in their instructional delivery. The study employed an embedded concurrent mixed methods design. A questionnaire, Accounting achievement test for students, interview and observation guides were used to collect data from 481 respondents (made up of two heads of schools, 54 teachers, and 425 students) selected from 34 senior high schools in the Ahafo, Bono and Bono East Regions of Ghana. The quantitative data were analysed into descriptive and inferential statistics by using the SPSS software while the qualitative data were analysed thematically in accordance with the research questions. The findings from the study revealed that the Accounting teachers use appropriate pedagogical communicative practices (which include speaking loudly and boldly enough and making close eye contacts with students during class contributions) to help students to assimilate concepts better in Accounting, and to promote a stimulating learning environment. The study also revealed that teachers considered their students’ maturity level, needs, motivation and readiness to learn in deciding which methodology to use for a lesson. The study further revealed that there is no significant influence of pedagogical communicative practices on student academic achievement. Pedagogical communicative practices need to form part of the training of teachers for the senior high schools in order to prepare the teachers adequately for their assignments. Finally, the conceptual framework proposed is characterised by a synthesis of pedagogy and instructional communication, and the influence that such a combination has on the academic achievement of Senior High School Accounting students. To date, there is paucity of information in the extant literature regarding this practice in Africa, specifically, Ghana and hence the need for the current research to fill the gap. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Phil. (Curriculum and Instructional Studies)

Although male perpetration of violence against female partners is a global concern, there continues to be insufficient research attention on this phenomenon. The current study aimed at exploring experiences of male perpetrators of violence against their female partners in intimate relationships. The specific objectives were to get an understanding of the reasons and beliefs contributing towards perpetration of domestic violence, explore the barriers that perpetrators encounter with regard to receiving reformative support, and to suggest possible strategies that can be adopted to reduce or prevent domestic violence. Adopting a qualitative approach, data were obtained through in-depth interviews and participant observations involving 22 convicted male perpetrators in the Nsawam Prisons in the Eastern Region of Ghana, followed by interviews with stakeholders at the offices of the Domestic Violence & Victim Support Unit (DOVVSU) of the Ghana Police Service. The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyse the data. Each transcript went through a thorough analysis to extract themes which were subsequently Synchronised. Overall, the findings from the present study elucidated some theoretical and practical implications. It reveals the following major themes: perception of inequality between sexes, bride price, childhood experience/witness of abuse, and victim blaming as contributory factors to the phenomenon of male violence against women. / Psychology / D. Phil. (Psychology)

The title of this thesis is: The Customary Law of Intestate Succession. The African customary law relating to intestate succession has always been known to discriminate against women. The thesis therefore focuses on the customary law of intestate succession in the countries of South Africa, Ghana and Swaziland and the inroads they have made in improving the rights of women in this discriminatory field of African customary law. This thesis consists of six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the topic of the research. It highlights the organisation of the intended research which comprises: a statement of the problem, the legal framework, research methodology and a summary of the chapter. Chapter 2 defines the general terms and concepts used in the customary law of intestate succession. This facilitates an understanding of the general principles comprising the body of law known as the customary law of intestate succession and lays the foundation for the country specific issues that are investigated in the following chapters. Chapter 3 discusses the recognition, application and development of the customary law of intestate succession in the country of South Africa. Chapter 4 considers the rules and laws of the customary law of intestate succession in the West African country of Ghana. Chapter 5 explains the current rules and laws of the customary law of intestate succession prevailing in the Kingdom of Swaziland. Finally, chapter 6 brings the thesis to a meaningful end, by criticizing the approaches adopted by the countries of South Africa, Ghana and Swaziland in improving the rights of women as far as the customary law of intestate succession is concerned. The chapter also presents various recommendations for improving the rights of women in this discriminatory field of the law. / Public, Constitutional, and International / LL. D.

This thesis consists of three papers on child labour and schooling in Ghana. The first paper examines the correlates of child labour and schooling, as well as the trade-off between work and schooling of children aged 5-17 years with the 2013 Ghana Living Standard Survey data. A bivariate probit model is used since the decisions to participate in schooling and in the labour market are interdependent. The results show that there is a gender gap both in child work and schooling. In particular, boys are less likely to work (and more likely to be enrolled in schools) relative to girls. Whereas parent education, household wealth and income of the family are negatively correlated with child work, these factors influence schooling positively. In addition, parents‟ employment status, ownership of livestock, distance to school, child wage and schooling expenditure increase the probability of child labour and reduce the likelihood of school enrolment. In terms of the relationship between child labour and schooling, the results show that an additional hour of child labour is associated with 0.15 hour (9 minutes) reduction in daily hours of school attendance; and the effect is bigger for girls relative to boys. Also, one more hour of child labour is associated with an increase in the probability of a child falling behind in grade progression by 1.4 percentage points. The second paper estimates the impact of Ghana’s Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) cash transfer programme on schooling outcomes (enrolment, attendance hours, repetition and test scores) and child labour in farming and non-farm enterprises. Using longitudinal data, the paper employs three different quasi-experimental methods (propensity score matching, difference-in-difference, and difference-in-difference combined with matching). Overall, the results show that the LEAP programme had no effect on school enrolment and test scores, but it increased the weekly hours of class attendance by 5.2 hours and reduced repetition rate by 11 percentage points for children in households that benefited from the programme. In addition, there was heterogeneity in these impacts, with boys benefiting more relative to girls. In terms of child labour, the results show that the programme had no effect on the extensive margin of child labour in farming and non-farm enterprises. However, the LEAP programme reduced the intensity of farm work done by children by as much as 2.6 hours per day. The largest impact of the programme, in terms of iii reduction in the intensity of child labour in farming, occurred in female-headed and extremely poor households. The last paper investigates the impact of mothers‟ autonomy or bargaining power in the household on their children’s schooling and child labour in Ghana. The paper uses a noneconomic measure of women’[s autonomy, which is an index constructed from five questions on power relations between men and women. The paper employs both an Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and an Instrumental Variable (IV) approach. Overall, the results suggest that ignoring the endogeneity of mothers‟ autonomy underestimates its true impact on schooling and child labour. They also show that an increase in mothers‟ autonomy increases school enrolment and hours of class attendance, with girls benefiting more than boys. The paper finds a negative relationship between mothers‟ autonomy and both the extensive and intensive margin of child labour. In addition, it demonstrates that improvement in women’s autonomy has bigger impacts on rural children’s welfare relative to urban children.

This study investigates how migration to Ghana affects the language use and language choice of East African migrant students and workers in specific domains. The study explores strategies employed by these migrants to negotiate challenges encountered during communication in selected linguistic spaces to meet their socioeconomic needs in Ghana. The paper also aims to explore the effect of migration on their language use both in Ghana and their home countries. Specific linguistic spaces considered include residential, work/campus, and market environments. The main findings of the study show that due to the completely different linguistic landscape in Ghana, migration compels East African migrant students and workers to use English or learn Ghanaian local languages, especially, in domains such as their places of residence, work/campus and the market place, rather than their preferred language choice, which would be Kiswahili. Particularly, to negotiate in communicative situations at the market places, they usually have to resort to strategies such as soliciting interpretation assistance from local people and/or using signs and body gestures.

Background: People suffering from mental illness are stigmatised in almost all societies and nurses are in key position to break this stigma. Ghana is a country greatly influenced by religion and traditional beliefs, which, by and large, affects the perception of mental illness. Nursing students have the opportunity to learn how to understand mental illness and have, due to this, an important role fighting old traditions and breaking the stigma. Aim: to examine Ghanaian nursing student’s attitudes towards mental illness. Method: This is a descriptive empirical study carried out by collecting qualitative data with semi-structured interviews. Result: The students recognize that lack of education and information within the Ghanaian society contributes to stigmatization and isolation of people suffering from mental disorders. Lack of resources, hospitals and educated health care-staff are major problems that need to be solved. The students highlight that society believes mental illness to be caused by evil spirits as result of bad behavior. The students state that mental illness is caused by chemical imbalance in the body due to heredity, nutritional factor and/or drugs. The students stress the importance of treating mentally ill patients as any other patient; good nursing is believed to be fundamental to the recovery process. Conclusion: The students’ attitudes towards mental illness differs a lot form their perception of what society in general considers. Clinical significance: The findings show a need for broadening the knowledge about mental illness in the Ghanaian community; nurses could help eradicating the stigmatization of mentally ill persons.

ABSTRACT Ago, E.K. EU Common Commercial Policy’s Perception by Ghana- Based Businesses. Diploma thesis; Brno: Mendel University, Brno , 2019 This diploma thesis covers extensive investigations into the existing EU-Ghana bilateral trade, and provides recommendations instructive for top managerial decision making regarding how best trade ties between the two organizations will be tightened and ensure effective trade relations. The thesis provides deep insights information that is vital for Ghanaian companies on the EU common commercial policies and the 2016 stepping stone Economic Partnership Agreement. Analyses were based on qualitative and quantitative approaches on general perception by Ghanaian companies about the European Union Economic Partnership Agreement and commercial policy. The questionnaire data has shown that most companies in Ghana are willing to transact business with the EU within a favourable framework of trade. Keywords: CCP, Economic Partnership Agreement, EU, Ghana - Based Companies, Stepping Stone