During this project we have designed a new type of antenna that uses an array of antenna elements in order to emit electromagnetic radiation as signals and to be able to control the beam. After an extended time the design yielded a simulation which had the correct characteristics. After printing and constructing a prototype of the antenna it was tested in an anechoic chamber at Uppsala University. The array was divided into two different sub-arrays: the upper and the lower sub-arrays. Each of these consisted in itself of two sides: the long and the short sides. Each side had seven radiating elements, during the tests only one of the two sub-arrays (upper or lower) was running. Both sub-arrays are excited via a rat-race or 90 degree coupler. While the antenna was running it had 14 radiating elements and two phase shifters, two per sub-array and two per side. The idea was for a signal to travel passing the radiating elements and the phase shifter which would steer the induced electromagnetic signal in one direction, a traveling-wave array. This direction could be changed since the phase shifters were configurable in three different states per phase shifter, hence the induced electromagnetic beam was steerable. The beam was also steerable through the feed which was re-configurable, since there were two feeds per sub-array a phase shift could be introduced between the long and the short side. The beam steering range was between -2 degrees and 11 degrees oriented as 0 degrees would be a perpendicular line from the array to the receiving end. The design itself worked which could be stated from the results in the upper part of the array, the test results from the lower part however did not match the simulated results. This is likely due to an error in the construction of the antenna rather than the theory since the upper and lower part of the array was mirrored versions of each other. The phase shifters worked as intended in the bigger picture but were slightly different in the simulations compared to the physical ones, likely due to the same type of error source as regarding the full antenna.

La vision future de l'internet des objets (IdO) et Internet du Tout (OIE) plongera les personnes soi-disant environnements intelligents impliquant un grand nombre de secteurs d'applications telles que l'habitat intelligent, smart-villes, surveillance de l'environnement, l'e-santé ... IdO et l'OIE ont tendance à faire des objets du quotidien lisible, identifiable, localisable, adressable et contrôlable via le déploiement sans fil généralisée et l'Internet. Parmi ces capacités, la localisation et plus largement le positionnement omniprésente joueront, dans un proche avenir, un rôle clé pour promouvoir une autre vision émergente: un Internet spatio-temporelle des lieux (IoP), qui serait en mesure de structurer et d'organiser, par des moyens des approches sans fil d'énergie savez, le contenu spatial d'Internet. Il est bien connu que dans les réseaux locaux sans fil et personnelles, l'encombrement du spectre, les communications à faible efficacité énergétique et l'exploitation insuffisante des ressources spatiales sont parmi les facteurs qui peuvent ralentir son développement en termes de débit et de l'autonomie. Pour surmonter ces restrictions inévitables, la technologie de localisation sans fil, comme le mécanisme pour découvrir relation spatio-temporelle entre les objets connectés, apparaît ici aussi comme une des solutions clés. Ce est parce que les techniques de localisation dédiés à la communication sans fil peuvent aider à développer plus largement l'exploitation des ressources spatiales et de permettre la conduite routage optimisé pour une faible énergie communication multi-hop et la décongestion du spectre pour Green ICT (Information et Communication Technology). Pour proposer des systèmes optimisés atteindre à la fois la communication des taux de données élevés et la localisation précise, nous définissons un TDOA bien adapté (Time Difference of Arrival) méthode basée en mesure d'effectuer la localisation basée sur des signaux de communication et de données seulement. Avec cette technique, contrairement estimations TDOA classiques, il est possible de diminuer considérablement la complexité des infrastructures nécessaires en utilisant des configurations SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output), MISO (Multiple Input Single Output) ou MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) dans les objets connectés . Toute cette étude est faite dans le cadre de l'IEEE 802.11ad spécifications de l'alliance standard et WiGig, mais les solutions proposées sont compatibles avec d'autres normes et peuvent être étendues à d'autres applications de contexte courant nécessitant entrées de localisation tels que la robotique par exemple ou de shopping intelligent... / The forthcoming vision of Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Everything (IoE) will immerse people in so-called Smart Environments involving a great number of sectors of applications such as smart habitat, smart-cities, environment monitoring, e-health… IoT and IoE tend to make everyday objects readable, recognizable, locatable, addressable and controllable via the widespread wireless deployment and the internet. Among these capabilities, localization and more extensively the ubiquitous positioning will play, in the next future, a key role to promote another emerging vision: a spatio-temporal Internet of Places (IoP), which would be able to structure and organize, by means of wireless energy aware approaches, the spatial content of Internet. It is well known that in wireless local and personal area networks, the spectrum congestion, the low energy efficiency communications and the insufficient exploitation of the spatial resources are among the factors that may slow down its development in terms of throughput and autonomy. To overcome these unavoidable restrictions, wireless localization technology, as the mechanism for discovering spatio-temporal relationship between connected objects, appears here also as one of the key solutions. This is because dedicated localization techniques in wireless communication can help in developing more extensively the exploitation of spatial resources and allow driving optimized routing for low energy multi-hop communication and spectrum decongestion for Green ICT (Information and Communication Technology). To propose optimized systems achieving both high data rate communication and precise localization, we define a well suited TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) based method able to perform localization based on communication signals and data only. With this technique, unlike conventional TDOA estimations, it is possible to drastically decrease the complexity of required infrastructures by using either SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output), MISO (Multiple Input Single Output) or MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) configurations in connected objects. This whole study is made within the framework of the IEEE 802.11ad standard and WiGig alliance specifications, however the proposed solutions are compatible with other standards and can be extended to other context aware applications requiring localization inputs such as robotics for example or smart shopping...

In this thesis, the design fabrication and characterization of a 2 x 8 microstrip planar antenna array operating at the 60 GHz band for Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig) applications are presented. The trade-offs among low production costs, performance, and ease of fabrication were considered. Full-wave electromagnetic (EM) analysis is implemented for the antenna design by using |ANSYS®High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS), a finite-element EM solver. The antenna structure consists of two layers, where each array element is a Conductor-Backed Coplanar Waveguide (CB-CPW) loop-fed patch antenna. The bottom layer houses the transmission line and feeding circuitry, while the patch antennas are built on the top layer. The transmission line is designed on microfabrication-compatible quartz substrate, and the patches on a Rogers RO3003 Printed Circuit board (PCB) substrate. The CPW network's right-angle bends are optimized with chamfered lines. Air bridges are used to suppress the parasitic coupled slot line mode of the CPW line divisions. Results of the EM analysis show that the array covers the United States (US) 60 GHz unlicensed band (57-64 GHz), and has a maximum realized gain of 18 dB at 61 GHz on the broadside direction. The antenna design is later fabricated combining microfabrication and standard PCB procedures.

Over the years, the Internet has become increasingly popular and people's dependence on it has increased dramatically. Whether it be to communicate to someone across the world, find blueprints, or check sports scores, the Internet has become a necessary resource for everyone. In emergency situations, this need increases further. After the terrorist attacks on the Pentagon, it took several days to restore communications. This is not an acceptable time frame when people's lives are at stake. Virginia Tech's Center for Wireless Telecommunication has developed a prototype of a rapidly deployable high bandwidth wireless communication system at 28 GHz (Local Multipoint Distribution Service frequency). This system provides a large bandwidth radio link to a disaster zone up to 5 km away and puts Ethernet speeds and 802.11 accesses to users within hours. Because of the possible variability in locations that the system can be deployed, it is necessary to find the most useable channel at the site as quickly as possible. In addition to 28GHz radio links, the system also has a built-in channel sounder that measures and captures the channel impulse response of the current channel. Until now, there has been limited research on the relationship between the channel impulse response and the usability of the channel quantified using bit error rate. This thesis examines several different channels captured by CWT's channel sounder and simulates the BER using Cadence's SPW with time-domain models of the channels. This thesis goes on further to show that BER greatly depends on the channel impulse response and the symbol rate. / Master of Science

This thesis describes a possible integrated terrestrial-satellite network system for disaster recovery and response. The motivation of this thesis was based on the adjacent spectrum allocations between the Virginia Tech terrestrial Local Multiple Distribution Service (LMDS) system and a Ka-band satellite system, and potentially being able to provide as an additional Ka-band satellite network backbone to the Virginia Tech terrestrial LMDS system for better and faster communications deployments. The Spaceway satellite system's design parameters were adopted typically for a Ka-band satellite system. The LMDS system was assumed to use IEEE 802.16 standard protocols although it currently uses its own proprietary protocols. Four possible topologies integrating both terrestrial and satellite network were investigated. The study showed that the task was more problematic and complicated than anticipated due to incompatible network protocols, limitations of available hardware components, the high path loss at Ka-band, and the high cost of the equipment, although the adjacent frequency bands do suggest a possible integrated network. In this thesis, the final selected topology was proposed and designed. The technical characteristics of the earth station used for coupling both terrestrial and satellite networks were determined by a link budget analysis and a consideration of network implementations. The reflector antenna used by the earth station was designed. In addition, other system design concerns and engineering tradeoffs, including adjacent satellite interference, rain attenuation, antenna pointing error, noise temperature, and modulation and multiple access selection, were addressed. / Master of Science

Yes / To support various fifth generation (5G) wireless applications, a small, printed bowtie-shaped microstrip antenna with meandered arms is reported in this article. Because it spans the broad legal range, the developed antenna can serve or reject a variety of applications such as wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), sub-6 GHz, and ultra-wideband (UWB) 5G communications due to its multiband characterization and optimized rejection bands. The antenna is built on an FR-4 substrate and powered via a 50-Ω microstrip feed line linked to the right bowtie’s side. The bowtie’s left side is coupled via a shorting pin to a partial ground at the antenna’s back side. A gradually increasing meandering microstrip line is connected to both sides of the bowtie to enhance the rejection and operating bands. The designed antenna has seven operating frequency bands of (2.43–3.03) GHz, (3.71–4.23) GHz, (4.76–5.38) GHz, (5.83–6.54) GHz, (6.85–7.44) GHz, (7.56–8.01) GHz, and (9.27–13.88) GHz. The simulated scattering parameter S11 reveals six rejection bands with percentage bandwidths of 33.87%, 15.73%, 11.71, 7.63%, 6.99%, and 12.22%, respectively. The maximum gain of the proposed antenna is 4.46 dB. The suggested antenna has been built, and the simulation and measurement results are very similar. The reported antenna is expanded to a four-element design to investigate its MIMO characteristics. / Partially funded by British Council “2019 UK-China-BRI Countries Partnership Initiative” program, with project titled “Adapting to Industry 4.0 oriented International Education and Research Collaboration.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第24975号 / エネ博第471号 / 新制||エネ||88(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー変換科学専攻 / (主査)教授 長﨑 百伸, 教授 田中 仁, 教授 稲垣 滋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The scope of this work is the development of a 60 GHz flexible transceiver frontend by adopting an economic prototyping approach. Such a platform can validate the proposed protocols for the 60 GHz band in a real wireless environment, especially the physical layer security concept. The development course uses the hybrid architecture with off-the-shelf components and custom-designed RF chain blocks on printed circuit technology. Challenge in this approach is the coarse resolution of the selected manufacturing technology and higher process tolerance. This work extends the state-of-the-art by proposing etching-resilient RF chain blocks on wide bandwidths. It presents the design validation of each block and performance analysis for various manufacturing conditions. The study also reviews and proposes a high-frequency interconnect model for bondwires, vital in a frontend design. Parasitics' compensation of the interconnects at millimeter-wave operation is proposed, compatible with printed circuit technology. The 60 GHz frontend is realized by packaging the designed RF blocks and off-the-shelf components with optimized and characterized high-frequency interconnects. The frontend, equipped with a tailor-made antenna duplexer, is reconfigurable for frequency, power, and modulation scheme. The developed frontend is characterized for local oscillator, transmitter, and receiver operations. The adaptability of the frontend allows it to be used as an agent in a heterogeneous network. Two units of the developed frontends are used in a network for frequency domain channel sounding. The antenna duplexer ensures channel reciprocity in bidirectional sounding campaigns. Matched two-way channel response is achieved in various indoor environments, which endorses the frontend for channel reciprocity key generation. Finally, the frontend units are successfully deployed in a physical layer security demonstrator.:Abstract Chapter1: Introduction Chapter 2: Fundamentals and state-of-the-art Chapter 3: The design Chapter 4: Integration and characterization Chapter 5: Application example: Channel sounder Chapter 6: Summary and future work Appendices Bibliography

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