Esta pesquisa investiga alternativas de transporte de cargas frigoríficas entre fábricas e centros de distribuição, avaliando as possíveis vantagens econômicas que resultariam do transporte intermodal rodo-hidroviário de contêineres ISO e do uso da CVC (Combinação de Veículo Carga) do tipo 3S3B3 - cavalo mecânico de três eixos mais dois semi-reboques de três eixos unidos por uma conexão do tipo B com PBTC de 74t, em relação ao cenário atual de transporte rodoviário porta-a-porta com a CVC do tipo 2S3 – cavalo mecânico de dois eixos com um semi-reboque de três eixos de 41,5t de PBTC. Com o auxílio de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (TransCAD) dimensiona-se a frota e elabora-se um modelo de custos de transporte na rede de rotas para diversos cenários alternativos. As tarifas de pedágios das principais concessionárias de rodovias brasileiras e as tarifas portuárias dos portos considerados no modelo serviram como fonte de informações para a criação de mapas temáticos, rotas de caminho mínimo e a obtenção do custo por tonelada transportada. Conclui-se, através da análise dos resultados obtidos, que existem potenciais ganhos econômicos da alternativa de transporte intermodal rodo-marítimo, associado a CVC 3S3B3 – bitrem com implemento porta-contêineres, no acesso aos portos e no trajeto do porto ao centro de distribuição em relação à tecnologia de transporte utilizada atualmente, de transporte rodoviário porta-a-porta com a CVC 2S3 – semi-reboque com implemento rodoviário baú frigorífico e capacidade de carga de 26 paletes padrão PBR. Conclui-se também que a tecnologia do tipo 3S3B3 com baú frigorífico e capacidade de carga de 40 paletes oferece aos transportadores uma alternativa que, na grande maioria das rotas estudadas, é mais competitiva que a integração modal rodo-hidroviária. / This research investigates transportation alternatives between industries and distribution centers by evaluating the possible advantages of the road-waterway intermodal transport of ISO containers and the use of a LCV-Long Combination Vehicle of the 3S3B3 type – a tractor plus two semi-trailers linked by a B-train connection and 74t of GVW, in relation to the present roadway house-to-house operating scenario using a five axles semi-trailer of the 2S3 type and 41,5t of GVW. Using a Geographic Information System (TransCAD) the fleet size and the operating costs of the transportation network are calculated. For different alternative scenarios tolls charged by the brasilian private road administration partnership and current port rates are used in the model, and served as the basis to elaborate the thematic maps, minimum cost routes and costs per transported ton. From the analysis of the results it is concluded that the intermodal road-waterway alternative, associated to the transport of containers to the ports and from the ports to the distribution centers using the 3S3B3 with two container flatbeds, offers potencial economic gains in relation to the present technology using the house-to-house road transport with the 2S3 and a reefer trailer for 26 PBR pallets. It is also concluded that the 3S3B3 technology with 2 reefer units and capacity of 40 PBR pallets offers an alternative to the transportation industry that outperforms the road-waterway intermodal integration on most studied routes.

O sucesso de um projeto depende, em grande parte, da escolha e uso de ferramentas adequadas para o seu desenvolvimento. Como no caso de qualquer outra ferramenta, é de suma importância o conhecimento das características, funções e do desempenho dos programas de computador que se pretende empregar na solução de problemas de qualquer natureza. Tendo por base esta constatação e voltando-se apenas para uma área específica, o objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é comparar três software de SIG (Sistemas de Informação Geográfica) aplicados ao planejamento de transportes quanto às suas características funcionais e desempenho. Os software UfosNet, TransCAD e ArcView foram comparados quanto a alguns aspectos descritivos, tais como: tempo de aprendizado e possibilidades de customização, entre outros; características operacionais básicas de SIG; rotinas avançadas de SIG e rotinas específicas de transportes. Para uma análise mais efetiva do potencial dos mesmos como ferramentas de planejamento de transportes foi proposta a solução de um problema envolvendo o cálculo de uma medida de acessibilidade. Através dos resultados encontrados com as diversas avaliações realizadas foi possível concluir que os três sistemas atendem perfeitamente à configuração mínima desejada para um software SIG, mas que apenas o TransCAD e o UfosNet enquadram-se de fato na categoria de SIG-T, uma vez que o ArcView praticamente não fornecia as principais ferramentas necessárias à solução de problemas de transportes específicos. Embora os resultados deste trabalho possam ajudar diretamente aos usuários na escolha do software mais adequado à aplicações específicas na área de transportes, a sua maior contribuição está na metodologia de avaliação em si. Isto se deve à evolução extremamente rápida dos programas de computador, que torna qualquer resultado de uma análise comparativa efêmero e não conclusivo. Neste sentido, a metodologia de avaliação pode ser útil tanto para grandes empresas que desejam aplicar soluções de geoprocessamento, como para usuários individuais ou autônomos, pois em ambos os casos pode contribuir para um máximo aproveitamento do SIG como uma ferramenta auxiliar na solução de problemas de transportes. / The success degree of any project is largely determined by the use of adequate tools to its development. Like any other tool, it is of utmost importance the knowledge of characteristics, functions and performance of the computer program one intends to use to solve any particular problem. Bearing it in mind and turning towards an specific area, the objective of this research work is to compare three GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software applied to transportation planning, concerning its functional and performance characteristics. The computer packages UfosNet, TransCAD, and ArcView were compared regarding some descriptive aspects, such as: learning time and customization possibilities, among others; basic GIS operating characteristics, advanced GIS routines and transportation routines. In order to conduct a more effective analysis of their potential as a transportation planning tool they were all applied for finding a solution of a problem involving the calculation of an accessibility measure. The results found suggest that all three systems comply with the minimum configuration desired for a GIS software. However, only TransCAD and UfosNet fit in the GIS-T category, since ArcView did not supply the main necessary tools to solve the specific transportation problems proposed. Although the results of this work may directly help users in their choice of more adequate software, its biggest contribution lies in the evaluation methodology itself. It is so due to the extremely fast evolution of computer programs that makes any result of a comparative analysis ephemeral and non-conclusive. In this sense, the evaluation methodology might be useful to big companies seeking GIS solutions as well as to individual users, since in both cases it can contribute to the maximum use of GIS as a supporting tool for solving transportation problems.

Esta pesquisa investiga alternativas de transporte de cargas frigoríficas entre fábricas e centros de distribuição, avaliando as possíveis vantagens econômicas que resultariam do transporte intermodal rodo-hidroviário de contêineres ISO e do uso da CVC (Combinação de Veículo Carga) do tipo 3S3B3 - cavalo mecânico de três eixos mais dois semi-reboques de três eixos unidos por uma conexão do tipo B com PBTC de 74t, em relação ao cenário atual de transporte rodoviário porta-a-porta com a CVC do tipo 2S3 – cavalo mecânico de dois eixos com um semi-reboque de três eixos de 41,5t de PBTC. Com o auxílio de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (TransCAD) dimensiona-se a frota e elabora-se um modelo de custos de transporte na rede de rotas para diversos cenários alternativos. As tarifas de pedágios das principais concessionárias de rodovias brasileiras e as tarifas portuárias dos portos considerados no modelo serviram como fonte de informações para a criação de mapas temáticos, rotas de caminho mínimo e a obtenção do custo por tonelada transportada. Conclui-se, através da análise dos resultados obtidos, que existem potenciais ganhos econômicos da alternativa de transporte intermodal rodo-marítimo, associado a CVC 3S3B3 – bitrem com implemento porta-contêineres, no acesso aos portos e no trajeto do porto ao centro de distribuição em relação à tecnologia de transporte utilizada atualmente, de transporte rodoviário porta-a-porta com a CVC 2S3 – semi-reboque com implemento rodoviário baú frigorífico e capacidade de carga de 26 paletes padrão PBR. Conclui-se também que a tecnologia do tipo 3S3B3 com baú frigorífico e capacidade de carga de 40 paletes oferece aos transportadores uma alternativa que, na grande maioria das rotas estudadas, é mais competitiva que a integração modal rodo-hidroviária. / This research investigates transportation alternatives between industries and distribution centers by evaluating the possible advantages of the road-waterway intermodal transport of ISO containers and the use of a LCV-Long Combination Vehicle of the 3S3B3 type – a tractor plus two semi-trailers linked by a B-train connection and 74t of GVW, in relation to the present roadway house-to-house operating scenario using a five axles semi-trailer of the 2S3 type and 41,5t of GVW. Using a Geographic Information System (TransCAD) the fleet size and the operating costs of the transportation network are calculated. For different alternative scenarios tolls charged by the brasilian private road administration partnership and current port rates are used in the model, and served as the basis to elaborate the thematic maps, minimum cost routes and costs per transported ton. From the analysis of the results it is concluded that the intermodal road-waterway alternative, associated to the transport of containers to the ports and from the ports to the distribution centers using the 3S3B3 with two container flatbeds, offers potencial economic gains in relation to the present technology using the house-to-house road transport with the 2S3 and a reefer trailer for 26 PBR pallets. It is also concluded that the 3S3B3 technology with 2 reefer units and capacity of 40 PBR pallets offers an alternative to the transportation industry that outperforms the road-waterway intermodal integration on most studied routes.

O sucesso de um projeto depende, em grande parte, da escolha e uso de ferramentas adequadas para o seu desenvolvimento. Como no caso de qualquer outra ferramenta, é de suma importância o conhecimento das características, funções e do desempenho dos programas de computador que se pretende empregar na solução de problemas de qualquer natureza. Tendo por base esta constatação e voltando-se apenas para uma área específica, o objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é comparar três software de SIG (Sistemas de Informação Geográfica) aplicados ao planejamento de transportes quanto às suas características funcionais e desempenho. Os software UfosNet, TransCAD e ArcView foram comparados quanto a alguns aspectos descritivos, tais como: tempo de aprendizado e possibilidades de customização, entre outros; características operacionais básicas de SIG; rotinas avançadas de SIG e rotinas específicas de transportes. Para uma análise mais efetiva do potencial dos mesmos como ferramentas de planejamento de transportes foi proposta a solução de um problema envolvendo o cálculo de uma medida de acessibilidade. Através dos resultados encontrados com as diversas avaliações realizadas foi possível concluir que os três sistemas atendem perfeitamente à configuração mínima desejada para um software SIG, mas que apenas o TransCAD e o UfosNet enquadram-se de fato na categoria de SIG-T, uma vez que o ArcView praticamente não fornecia as principais ferramentas necessárias à solução de problemas de transportes específicos. Embora os resultados deste trabalho possam ajudar diretamente aos usuários na escolha do software mais adequado à aplicações específicas na área de transportes, a sua maior contribuição está na metodologia de avaliação em si. Isto se deve à evolução extremamente rápida dos programas de computador, que torna qualquer resultado de uma análise comparativa efêmero e não conclusivo. Neste sentido, a metodologia de avaliação pode ser útil tanto para grandes empresas que desejam aplicar soluções de geoprocessamento, como para usuários individuais ou autônomos, pois em ambos os casos pode contribuir para um máximo aproveitamento do SIG como uma ferramenta auxiliar na solução de problemas de transportes. / The success degree of any project is largely determined by the use of adequate tools to its development. Like any other tool, it is of utmost importance the knowledge of characteristics, functions and performance of the computer program one intends to use to solve any particular problem. Bearing it in mind and turning towards an specific area, the objective of this research work is to compare three GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software applied to transportation planning, concerning its functional and performance characteristics. The computer packages UfosNet, TransCAD, and ArcView were compared regarding some descriptive aspects, such as: learning time and customization possibilities, among others; basic GIS operating characteristics, advanced GIS routines and transportation routines. In order to conduct a more effective analysis of their potential as a transportation planning tool they were all applied for finding a solution of a problem involving the calculation of an accessibility measure. The results found suggest that all three systems comply with the minimum configuration desired for a GIS software. However, only TransCAD and UfosNet fit in the GIS-T category, since ArcView did not supply the main necessary tools to solve the specific transportation problems proposed. Although the results of this work may directly help users in their choice of more adequate software, its biggest contribution lies in the evaluation methodology itself. It is so due to the extremely fast evolution of computer programs that makes any result of a comparative analysis ephemeral and non-conclusive. In this sense, the evaluation methodology might be useful to big companies seeking GIS solutions as well as to individual users, since in both cases it can contribute to the maximum use of GIS as a supporting tool for solving transportation problems.

This study set out to develop a framework within which the use of Geographical Information Technologies (GITs) can be enhanced in Road Infrastructure Maintenance (RIM) in Uganda. Specifically it was guided by 3 objectives; 1. To assess the gaps in the use of GITs for RIM in Uganda and the limitations to accessing these technologies, 2. To develop a methodological framework to enhance the use of GITs in RIM and 3. To develop a Geographical Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) data model based on the road maintenance data requirements. A participatory approach through a series of interviews, focus group discussions, workshop & conferences, document reviews, field observations & measurements and GIS analysis were employed. Based on the Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) concept and the principle of Causality, the gaps and limitations were established to mainly be concerned with data and organisational constraints as opposed to technical issues. They were classified to include; inadequate involvement of GITs in organisational activities, inappropriate institutional arrangements, absence of data sharing frameworks, budget constraints, insufficient geospatial capacity, digital divide in the perception, adoption & affordability of GITs among the stakeholders and the absence of a road maintenance Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). A methodological framework, comprising of 6 strategic components was developed to enhance the use of GITs in RIM. This included enactment of relevant policy components to guide GIT use, continuous capacity building, establishment of a road maintenance SDI, fostering collaboration and spatial data sharing frameworks, budgetary allocation based on defined activities inclusive of GIT initiatives, and adoption of a dynamic segmentation data model. Conceptual and logical data models were developed and proposed for the Sector. The conceptual model, presented using an entity relationship diagram, relates the road network to the point and line events occurring on it. The logical object relational model developed using the ESRI provided template represents the road and the point and line events in a total of 19 object classes. The Study concludes that in order to ground GIT benefits in the sector; technical, data and organisational concerns involved in GIT undertakings should be accorded equal emphasis. Institutionalisation and diffusion of GITs as aspects of the component strategies are regarded capacity building mechanisms earmarked to boost success in GIT initiatives. Further research on diffusion and funding models for GIT initiatives is recommended. It is suggested that aspects of the proposed model be considered when establishing GIT standards for the sector. The RIM sector is encouraged to embrace Science and Technology and to participate in Research and Development and particularly to adopt the culture of innovation considering the ready availability of off the shelf equipment, freeware and open source software that can foster informed decision making.

During the urbanization process, vehicles quantity increase with expansion in population. Under this situation, bus transportation system also suffers from bus delay. Bus delay could be caused by a series of factors, for instance, overload passengers, traffic jam, traffic accident and other unpredictable situations. Therefore, choosing crucial elements to efficiently evaluate bus delay is a complex problem in bus delay researches and operation management. The thesis propose an approach to evaluate and explain bus delay by two elements: traffic congestion and passengers’ waiting time. Those two elements would represent the action of external and internal factors on bus operation. This approach could be adaptive to explain the reasons for bus delays, thus to help the optimization of bus lines and give useful information for decision making of transportation company. To achieve the research aim, a GIS-T database was created by combining the GIS database and TIS database. Spatial data as well as attribute data are combined in the database to represent the crucial information for bus delay. Based on GIS-T the database, the impact of traffic congestion and passengers’ waiting time was calculated using the bus line simulation. By implementing the above steps, the main cause of bus delay was studied. A case study application of this method is narrated; focusing on optimize the bus system of Guiyang city, South China. Different methods are used to find out the problem of system and the reason for delay. Moreover, optimization suggestion is proposed according to result. Compared with other methods, the two-factor method has the advantage of locating the reason of delay for each station. The time performance is not superior to other methods. By comparing the situation of adjacent station, the proportion of traffic congestion and overload passenger in bus delay was determined. The two-factor method is applicable for other transit system in different cities which has similar structure as Guiyang. However, for cities with other structure, a feasibility should be made to select an appropriate model.