No description available.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an increasingly multidrug-resistant pathogen contributing to hospital-acquired infections, necessitating a greater understanding of how it interacts with its surroundings. Many bacteria utilize different methods of bacterial motility to move about and interact with these surroundings. A bacterial second messenger, cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), can regulate various motility factors that are potentially advantageous for survival in and adaptation to their environment. Concentrations of c-di-GMP are regulated by specific synthesizing and degrading enzymes. Controlled levels of c-di-GMP allow interaction between the c-di-GMP and its binding effectors that induce changes in bacterial phenotypes such as biofilm formation and motility. A search of the A. baumannii genome identified two proteins that contain the c-di-GMP-binding PilZ domain. The PilZ protein for which this PilZ domain was named was initially discovered in Pseudomonas aeruginosa where it has been demonstrated to be a part of the type IV pilus machinery. Type IV pili play roles in twitching motility, adhering to surfaces, DNA uptake, protein secretion, and predation. One of the PilZ-containing proteins from A. baumannii resembled this original PilZ protein (PilZ), while the second PilZ-containing protein contained a hydrolase domain with unknown substrate specificity (HydP). I investigated whether these PilZ-containing proteins play a role in motility of A. baumannii by testing two strains: AB5075 that displays twitching motility, and ATCC17978 that displays an uncharacterized form of surface-associated motility. Results suggest PilZ plays a role in twitching motility, while its effect on surface-associated motility phenotypes3 is possibly due to polar effects from mutation. Results also suggest HydP plays a role in surface-associated motility, although its mechanism is not understood. Testing of both proteins’ PilZ domains indicates they may not bind c-di-GMP, implying they may be playing roles in motility regulation through other mechanisms outside of binding c-di-GMP. These findings give us greater insight into the regulatory mechanisms used by A. baumannii to move about its environment.

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No / Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a temporary disruption of local ionic homeostasis that propagates slowly across the cerebral cortex, and may contribute to the pathophysiology of stroke and migraine. Previous studies demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) formation promotes the repolarisation phase of CSD, and this effect may be cyclic GMP (cGMP)-mediated. Here, we have examined how phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition, either alone or superimposed on NO synthase (NOS) inhibition, alters CSD and the associated changes in extracellular cGMP. Microdialysis probes incorporating an electrode were implanted into the frontoparietal cortex of anaesthetised rats for quantitative recording of CSD, pharmacological manipulations, and dialysate sampling for cGMP measurements. CSD was induced by cathodal electrical stimulation in the region under study by microdialysis. Extracellular cGMP increased, but only slightly, during CSD. Perfusion of either zaprinast or sildenafil through the microdialysis probe, at concentrations that inhibited both PDE5 and PDE9 (and possibly other PDE), increased significantly extracellular cGMP. Unexpectedly, these levels remained high when NOS was subsequently inhibited with N¿-nitro- -arginine methyl ester hydrochloride ( -NAME, 1 mM). The most interesting pharmacological effect on CSD was obtained with sildenafil. This drug altered neither CSD nor the subsequent characteristic effect of NOS inhibition, i.e. a marked widening of CSD. The fact that NOS inhibition still widened CSD in the presence of the high extracellular levels of cGMP associated with PDE inhibition, suggests that NO may promote CSD recovery, independently of cGMP formation.

Yes / Aggregating and forming biofilms on biotic or abiotic surfaces are ubiquitous bacterial behaviors under various conditions. In clinical settings, persistent presence of biofilms increases the risks of healthcare-associated infections and imposes huge healthcare and economic burdens. Bacteria within biofilms are protected from external damage and attacks from the host immune system and can exchange genomic information including antibiotic-resistance genes. Dispersed bacterial cells from attached biofilms on medical devices or host tissues may also serve as the origin of further infections. Understanding how bacteria develop biofilms is pertinent to tackle biofilm-associated infections and transmission. Biofilms have been suggested as a continuum of growth modes for adapting to different environments, initiating from bacterial cells sensing their attachment to a surface and then switching cellular physiological status for mature biofilm development. It is crucial to understand bacterial gene regulatory networks and decision-making processes for biofilm formation upon initial surface attachment. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the model microorganisms for studying bacterial population behaviors. Several hypotheses and studies have suggested that extracellular macromolecules and appendages play important roles in bacterial responses to the surface attachment. Here, I review recent studies on potential molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways for P. aeruginosa surface sensing. / This work is supported by University of Bradford

Les Escherichia coli entérohémorragiques (EHEC) sont responsables de toxi-infections alimentaires conduisant à des colites hémorragiques pouvant se compliquer d’un syndrome hémolytique et urémique. Une fois arrivés dans l’intestin, les EHEC adhèrent aux cellules épithéliales en causant des lésions d’attachement-effacement. Le système de sécrétion de type III et les protéines effectrices requis pour ce phénotype sont codés majoritairement par le locus d’effacement des entérocytes (LEE), constitué de plusieurs opérons (LEE1-5). Notre étude a permis de clarifier une des cascades de régulation contrôlant l’expression du LEE. Par des analyses en qRT-PCR et des immuno précipitations de la chromatine, nous avons déterminé que les régulateurs GadE et GadX sont des répresseurs indirects de l’expression du LEE. GadE active l’expression de gadX, et GadX réprime l’expression de ler, codant pour le principal activateur des opérons LEE2-5. De plus, GadE réprime aussi l’expression des opérons LEE4 et LEE5 indépendamment de Ler. En retour, Ler réprime l’expression de gadE et de gadX. Le monoxyde d’azote (NO) est un effecteur majeur de la réponse immune innée, produit en particulier par les cellules épithéliales intestinales. Il avait été montré que le NO réprime l’expression du LEE et active celle de gadE et de gadX. Notre étude a permis d’identifier le régulateur clé responsable de ces régulations, NsrR. NsrR réprime indirectement l’expression de gadE et gadX et active l’expression des opérons LEE1, LEE4 et LEE5 en se fixant sur leurs promoteurs respectifs. En présence de NO, NsrR devient inactif. Ainsi, le NO réprime directement l’expression du LEE en supprimant la fixation de NsrR aux promoteurs du LEE1, LEE4 et LEE5, et indirectement en activant l’expression de gadE et donc de gadX. Un modèle de régulation intégrant l’ensemble de ces résultats est proposé. D’autre part, nous avons identifié et caractérisé une nouvelle phosphodiestérase spécifique des EHEC les plus pathogènes, VmpA. Par son activité d’hydrolyse du di-GMPc, VmpA contrôle la mobilité bactérienne, la formation de biofilm, et probablement l’expression du LEE, mais aurait aussi un rôle plus général dans la physiologie des EHEC. / Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a foodborne pathogen causing hemorrhagic colitis and Hemolytic and Uremic Syndrome (HUS). After reaching the gut, EHEC adhere to the epithelial intestinal cells causing attachment/effacement lesions (A/E lesions). The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) encodes for a type three secretion system and several effector proteins required for A/E lesions. The LEE is composed of five main operons (LEE1-5). In this work we identified the molecular mechanisms of one of the regulatory cascades controlling LEE expression. Using qRT-PCR and chromatin immunoprécipitation we determined that GadE and GadX are two indirect repressors of LEE expression. GadE activates gadX expression, and GadX represses ler expression, the latter encoding the main activator of LEE2-5 operons. Moreover, GadE also represses LEE4 and LEE5 expression independently of Ler. In turn, Ler represses gadE and gadX expression. Nitric oxide (NO) is a crucial effector of the innate immune response, in part produced by intestinal epithelial cells. It has been shown previously that NO represses LEE and activates gadE and gadX expression. In this study we identified the key regulator responsible for these regulations: NsrR. NsrR represses indirectly gadE and gadX expression and activates LEE1, LEE4 and LEE5 expression by binding to their respective promoter. In the presence of NO, NsrR is inactivated. Thus, NO directly represses LEE expression by relieving NsrR binding to the LEE1, LEE4 and LEE5 promoters, and indirectly by activating gadE and gadX expression. A regulatory model is proposed based on these results.In addition, we identified and characterized a new phosphodiesterase which is specific for the most virulent EHEC strains: VmpA. By degrading c-di-GMPc, VmpA controls motility, biofilms formation, and probably LEE expression. It would also have a global effect on EHEC physiology.

Genomas bacterianos são extremamente dinâmicos e boa parte dessa dinâmica ocorre devido a transferência horizontal e aquisição de DNA exógeno, um processo natural e fundamental para a evolução, adaptação e diversificação dos microrganismos. Ilhas genômicas são grandes regiões do cromossomo bacteriano adquiridas por transferência horizontal e estão presentes em apenas algumas linhagens, podendo conferir alguma vantagem adaptativa. Em Pseudomonas aeruginosa, até o momento foram caracterizadas pelo menos dezesseis ilhas genômicas e cada uma delas confere características diferentes a seus hospedeiros. Em P. aeruginosa UCBPP-PA14 (ou simplesmente PA14), encontram-se duas ilhas de patogenicidade denominadas PAPI-1 e PAPI-2, sendo a primeira a maior e a mais estudada, contendo 115 ORFs (“Open Reading Frame”, ou quadros abertos de leitura). Dentre estes, o gene int codifica uma integrase essencial para a excisão e integração de PAPI-1, e o gene soj é necessário para a manutenção da ilha na célula e é expresso apenas quando esta se encontra na forma epissomal. PAPI-1 codifica um provável sistema de secreção tipo IV (T4SS), similar ao do elemento móvel ICEHin1056, responsável pela transferência deste para outras bactérias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar fatores genéticos e ambientais que contribuem para a transferência de PAPI-1 entre linhagens de P. aeruginosa. Foi observado que os mutantes por transposon nos genes PAPI-1 PA14_59860, PA14_59880, PA14_59920 e PA14_59940 têm a frequência de transferência de PAPI-1 diminuída, mas os genes interrompidos nesses mutantes não são essenciais para a excisão da ilha. Também foi mostrado que os reguladores percepção de quorum RhlR e MvfR têm influência na expressão do gene int, mas não de soj. O terceiro regulador de percepção de quorum, LasR, assim como a proteína H-NS MvaT, não tem influência na expressão de int e de soj. Ensaios de RT-PCR quantitativos mostraram que o choque térmico aumentou os níveis do mRNA de soj, mas não de int, corroborando dados previamente sugeridos pela literatura, que mostram uma maior freqüência de transferência de PAPI-1 nessas condições. Também foi analisado se o segundo mensageiro celular em bactérias, c-di-GMP, poderia contribuir para a excisão/manutenção de PAPI-1. Alterações nas concentrações deste segundo mensageiro pela superexpressão de proteínas responsáveis por sua síntese ou degradação não foram capazes de afetar a excisão/manutenção de PAPI-1. Houve diminuição na frequência de transferência de PAPI-1 a partir de linhagens doadoras superexpressando uma diguanilato ciclase ou uma fosfodiesterase de c-di-GMP, mas provavelmente este efeito não se deve aos níveis alterados desse segundo mensageiro. Em Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri 306 (XAC), uma região de 86 kb possui uma grande semelhança com PAPI-1 na organização dos genes. Além disso, possui uma série de ORFs relacionados aos genes “core” que definem uma família de ilhas genômicas sintênicas das quais PAPI-1 faz parte. Entretanto, os genes acessórios encontrados entre os blocos de genes conservados varia muito entre PAPI-1 e a região de XAC. Foi determinado que esta região de XAC não pode se excisar do cromossomo nas condições analisadas. Por fim, com o intuito de verificar as possíveis interações entre os produtos dos genes conservados em PAPI-1 e XAC, ensaios de duplo-híbrido foram realizados, porém não foi possível determiná-las, visto que apenas resultados falsos positivos foram obtidos. Este trabalho mostrou pela primeira vez que a percepção de quorum está envolvida com a expressão de soj e determinou uma extensa similaridade entre essa ilha e uma região do genoma de XAC / Bacterial genomes are extremely dynamic mostly because of horizontal gene transfer, a natural and fundamental process for evolution, adaptation and diversification of microorganisms. Genomic islands are large DNA segments acquired by horizontal gene transfer which are present only in a few strains and may confer some adaptative advantage. At least sixteen genomic islands have been characterized in Pseudomonas aeruginosa to date and each confers different characteristics to its host strain. P. aeruginosa UCBPP-PA14 (PA14) harbors two pathogenicity islands named PAPI-1 and PAPI-2. PAPI-1 is the largest one, carrying 115 open reading frames (ORFs). Among these, int codes for an integrase essential for PAPI-1 excision and integration, and soj is required for maintaining PAPI-1 in the cells, being expressed only when this island is in an episomal, circular form. PAPI-1 also harbors genes coding for a type four secretion system (T4SS) similar to the mobile element ICEHin1056, which is responsible for transferring this element to other bacteria. In this work, we show that transposon insertion in PAPI-1 genes PA14_59860, PA14_59880, PA14_59920 and PA14_59940 lowered the frequency of conjugation of PAPI-1 from PA14 to other bacteria, but those genes were not essential for PAPI-1 excision. Quorum sensing regulators RhlR and MvfR had a role in int expression, but did not alter soj transcription. The third quorum sensing regulator LasR, as well as the H-NS protein MvaT, did not alter both int and soj expression. Quantitative RT-PCR assays showed that cells incubated at heat shock conditions present higher levels of soj, mRNA, confirming published data that showed an increase in PAPI-1 transfer in these conditions. It was also analyzed whether the second messenger c-di-GMP would contribute to PAPI-1 excision/maintenance. Changes in the levels of this second messenger in cells overexpressing proteins responsible for its synthesis or degradation did not affect PAPI-1 excision and maintenance. A decrease in PAPI-1 transfer frequency was detected when those cells were used as donors in conjugation, but this effect cannot be attributed to the altered c-di-GMP levels. In Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri 306 (XAC), an 86 kb genome region shares similarity with PAPI-1 regarding gene homology and organization. It also carries ORFs related to the core genes that define a syntenic family of genomic islands that includes PAPI-1. Nevertheless, the accessory genes dispersed among the clusters of conserved genes are not related, when comparing PAPI-1 and this region in XAC. An epissomal form of this putative XAC island could not be detected in the conditions tested in this work. Finally, in order to verify interactions involving the conserved proteins in PAPI-1 and XAC, two hybrid assays were carried out, but only false positives results were obtained

Genomas bacterianos são extremamente dinâmicos e boa parte dessa dinâmica ocorre devido a transferência horizontal e aquisição de DNA exógeno, um processo natural e fundamental para a evolução, adaptação e diversificação dos microrganismos. Ilhas genômicas são grandes regiões do cromossomo bacteriano adquiridas por transferência horizontal e estão presentes em apenas algumas linhagens, podendo conferir alguma vantagem adaptativa. Em Pseudomonas aeruginosa, até o momento foram caracterizadas pelo menos dezesseis ilhas genômicas e cada uma delas confere características diferentes a seus hospedeiros. Em P. aeruginosa UCBPP-PA14 (ou simplesmente PA14), encontram-se duas ilhas de patogenicidade denominadas PAPI-1 e PAPI-2, sendo a primeira a maior e a mais estudada, contendo 115 ORFs (“Open Reading Frame”, ou quadros abertos de leitura). Dentre estes, o gene int codifica uma integrase essencial para a excisão e integração de PAPI-1, e o gene soj é necessário para a manutenção da ilha na célula e é expresso apenas quando esta se encontra na forma epissomal. PAPI-1 codifica um provável sistema de secreção tipo IV (T4SS), similar ao do elemento móvel ICEHin1056, responsável pela transferência deste para outras bactérias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar fatores genéticos e ambientais que contribuem para a transferência de PAPI-1 entre linhagens de P. aeruginosa. Foi observado que os mutantes por transposon nos genes PAPI-1 PA14_59860, PA14_59880, PA14_59920 e PA14_59940 têm a frequência de transferência de PAPI-1 diminuída, mas os genes interrompidos nesses mutantes não são essenciais para a excisão da ilha. Também foi mostrado que os reguladores percepção de quorum RhlR e MvfR têm influência na expressão do gene int, mas não de soj. O terceiro regulador de percepção de quorum, LasR, assim como a proteína H-NS MvaT, não tem influência na expressão de int e de soj. Ensaios de RT-PCR quantitativos mostraram que o choque térmico aumentou os níveis do mRNA de soj, mas não de int, corroborando dados previamente sugeridos pela literatura, que mostram uma maior freqüência de transferência de PAPI-1 nessas condições. Também foi analisado se o segundo mensageiro celular em bactérias, c-di-GMP, poderia contribuir para a excisão/manutenção de PAPI-1. Alterações nas concentrações deste segundo mensageiro pela superexpressão de proteínas responsáveis por sua síntese ou degradação não foram capazes de afetar a excisão/manutenção de PAPI-1. Houve diminuição na frequência de transferência de PAPI-1 a partir de linhagens doadoras superexpressando uma diguanilato ciclase ou uma fosfodiesterase de c-di-GMP, mas provavelmente este efeito não se deve aos níveis alterados desse segundo mensageiro. Em Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri 306 (XAC), uma região de 86 kb possui uma grande semelhança com PAPI-1 na organização dos genes. Além disso, possui uma série de ORFs relacionados aos genes “core” que definem uma família de ilhas genômicas sintênicas das quais PAPI-1 faz parte. Entretanto, os genes acessórios encontrados entre os blocos de genes conservados varia muito entre PAPI-1 e a região de XAC. Foi determinado que esta região de XAC não pode se excisar do cromossomo nas condições analisadas. Por fim, com o intuito de verificar as possíveis interações entre os produtos dos genes conservados em PAPI-1 e XAC, ensaios de duplo-híbrido foram realizados, porém não foi possível determiná-las, visto que apenas resultados falsos positivos foram obtidos. Este trabalho mostrou pela primeira vez que a percepção de quorum está envolvida com a expressão de soj e determinou uma extensa similaridade entre essa ilha e uma região do genoma de XAC / Bacterial genomes are extremely dynamic mostly because of horizontal gene transfer, a natural and fundamental process for evolution, adaptation and diversification of microorganisms. Genomic islands are large DNA segments acquired by horizontal gene transfer which are present only in a few strains and may confer some adaptative advantage. At least sixteen genomic islands have been characterized in Pseudomonas aeruginosa to date and each confers different characteristics to its host strain. P. aeruginosa UCBPP-PA14 (PA14) harbors two pathogenicity islands named PAPI-1 and PAPI-2. PAPI-1 is the largest one, carrying 115 open reading frames (ORFs). Among these, int codes for an integrase essential for PAPI-1 excision and integration, and soj is required for maintaining PAPI-1 in the cells, being expressed only when this island is in an episomal, circular form. PAPI-1 also harbors genes coding for a type four secretion system (T4SS) similar to the mobile element ICEHin1056, which is responsible for transferring this element to other bacteria. In this work, we show that transposon insertion in PAPI-1 genes PA14_59860, PA14_59880, PA14_59920 and PA14_59940 lowered the frequency of conjugation of PAPI-1 from PA14 to other bacteria, but those genes were not essential for PAPI-1 excision. Quorum sensing regulators RhlR and MvfR had a role in int expression, but did not alter soj transcription. The third quorum sensing regulator LasR, as well as the H-NS protein MvaT, did not alter both int and soj expression. Quantitative RT-PCR assays showed that cells incubated at heat shock conditions present higher levels of soj, mRNA, confirming published data that showed an increase in PAPI-1 transfer in these conditions. It was also analyzed whether the second messenger c-di-GMP would contribute to PAPI-1 excision/maintenance. Changes in the levels of this second messenger in cells overexpressing proteins responsible for its synthesis or degradation did not affect PAPI-1 excision and maintenance. A decrease in PAPI-1 transfer frequency was detected when those cells were used as donors in conjugation, but this effect cannot be attributed to the altered c-di-GMP levels. In Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri 306 (XAC), an 86 kb genome region shares similarity with PAPI-1 regarding gene homology and organization. It also carries ORFs related to the core genes that define a syntenic family of genomic islands that includes PAPI-1. Nevertheless, the accessory genes dispersed among the clusters of conserved genes are not related, when comparing PAPI-1 and this region in XAC. An epissomal form of this putative XAC island could not be detected in the conditions tested in this work. Finally, in order to verify interactions involving the conserved proteins in PAPI-1 and XAC, two hybrid assays were carried out, but only false positives results were obtained

Magistro baigiamajame darbe atskleista, kad daugelis respondentų yra neapsisprendę dėl savo pozicijos GMO gamybos bei naudojimo atžvilgiu, tačiau beveik trečdalis asmenų GMO gamybai bei naudojimui nepritaria. Dauguma gyventojų mano, kad GMO ne tik kenkia žmogaus sveikatai, bet ir yra pavojingi, taip pat kenkia aplinkai, o GMO turinčių produktų naudojimas gali negrįžtamai pakeisti genetinį žmogaus kodą ir augalų bei gyvūnų populiacijose gali sukelti negrįžtamus mutacinius pokyčius. Vis dėlto GMO produkciją kai kurie gyventojai linkę naudoti dėl mažesnės jų kainos ir ilgesnio vartojimo galiojimo termino. Nors kai kurie respondentai ir buvo įsitikinę GMO teikiama nauda bei tolimesniu GMO gamybos bei naudojimo plitimu ateityje, tačiau beveik visi respondentai buvo įsitikinę ir tuo, jog GMO gamyba bei naudojimu labiausiai suinteresuotos yra kuo didesnio pelno siekiančios monopolinės kampanijos. Vienareikšmiškai galima teigti, jog nors gyventojai apie GMO informacijos daugiausiai ir gauna iš televizijos laidų, pokalbių su draugais pažįstamais ar giminaičiais bei iš spaudos leidinių arba naršydami internete, tačiau tos informacijos kiekis yra nepakankamas ir daugiau kaip pusė respondentų norėtų, jog informacijos apie GMO būtų pateikiama daugiau. / The Master’s final paper on GMO discovered that the majority of respondents have no strong opinion about production and use of GMO, but one third of responses on production and use of GMO were negative. Many people consider that GMO not only negatively affect human health, but also damage environment. Moreover, eating genetically-modified food can irreversibly change human’s genetic code as well as irreversible mutations in plants’ and animals’ populations. However, some people tend to use GM foods because they are cheaper and can be stored longer than other foods. Even though some of the respondents see benefits of GMO production and usage, almost all of the respondents claim that genetically engineered products interest mostly large companies that are seeking to profit from GMO. The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that people learn about GMO from mass media and communicating with friends and relatives mostly, but they also admit the lack of credible information on GMO. More than a half of the respondents would like to receive more information about genetically modified organisms.

Legionella pneumophila est une bactérie aquatique qui prolifère en se répliquant à l’intérieur de cellules amibiennes. Elle peut persister dans ces environnements en vivant en communauté sous forme de biofilms. L’inhalation par l’Homme d’eau contaminée, vaporisée par les réseaux d’eau chaude ou les tours aéro‐réfrigérantes, peut mener à l’infection des macrophages pulmonaires qui se traduit par une grave pneumonie appelée légionellose. Le di‐GMP cyclique (diGMPc) est impliqué, chez diverses espèces bactériennes, dans la transition entre les modes de vie mobiles et sessiles, et chez certains pathogènes, dans la régulation de la virulence. Mon travail de thèse vise à démontrer l’implication des voies de signalisation à diGMPc dans le contrôle de la virulence et de la formation de biofilms par L. pneumophila. Cette implication a été étudiée grâce à l’inactivation systématique de chacun des gènes codant les protéines du métabolisme du diGMPc chez la souche L. pneumophila Lens. Notre étude a révélé que trois de ces protéines, Lpl0780, Lpl0922 et Lpl1118, sont spécifiquement requises pour le contrôle de la virulence et, plus particulièrement, pour la survie précoce lors de l’infection de cellules‐hôtes via l’orchestration de la sécrétion de facteurs de virulence dans la cellule‐hôte. Lpl1118 participerait également à la biogénèse de la vacuole de réplication. Cinq autres de ces protéines sont impliquées dans la régulation de la formation et de l’architecture des biofilms. L’une d’elles est, plus particulièrement, requise pour la formation de biofilms en présence d’oxyde nitrique. Ces résultats contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de l’organisation complexe et spécifique des voies de signalisation à diGMPc chez L. pneumophila et pourraient permettre d’envisager une lutte plus efficace contre ce pathogène / Legionella pneumophila is a bacterium that proliferates in fresh water environments through the replication within amoebas. These bacteria can persist in these environments through biofilm formation. The inhalation of aerosolized contaminated water through hot water systems or cooling towers can induce the infection of human lungs, leading to a severe pneumonia called legionellosis. Cyclic di‐GMP (c‐di‐GMP) in involved, in various bacterial species, in the motility‐to‐sessility transition, and in some pathogens, in virulence control. My work aims to demonstrate the involvement of signaling pathways that use c‐di‐GMP in virulence control and biofilm formation of L. pneumophila. This involvement was investigated by systematically inactivating each gene encoding a c‐di‐GMP‐metabolizing enzyme in L. pneumophila Lens strain. Our work revealed that 3 of these proteins, Lpl0780, Lpl0922 and Lpl1118 are specifically involved in virulence control and, particularly, in the early survival during host cell infection through the orchestration of virulence factors secretion within host cell. Lpl1118 is particularly required for replicative vacuole biogenesis. Five other proteins, participate in the formation and architecture of biofilms. One of them is more specifically involved in biofilm formation in the presence of nitric oxide. These results help to better understand the complexity and the specificity of c‐di‐GMP signaling pathways in L. pneumophila and should allow the exploration of more effective ways to fight this pathogen