Šis kūrinys yra apie tikslą, jo siekimą, vertę jo siekti bei apie pritapimą, vertę pritapti. Pateikti video darbai kalba apie vidinę būseną, kai kažkas daroma tik todėl, kad taip reikia daryti, todėl, kad tiesiog tai – tavo rutina. Kalbama apie nuolatinį „užsisukimą“ – nuolatinį absurdišką kartojimąsi, diena iš dienos. Taip pat apie siekimą padaryti kažką, kai tas kažkas yra kintantis dalykas, o darymas – ne. / This piece is about the purpose of the pursuit of the value of his reach, and about fitting into the value of adapt. The video works on the internal state of the language, when something is done just because you need to do so, because it is simply - your routine. This is a permanent "twisted" - constant repetition of absurd, day-to-day. It's also about striving to do something when that something is a dynamic thing, and doing - not.

Šis kūrinys yra apie tikslą, jo siekimą, vertę jo siekti bei apie pritapimą, vertę pritapti. Kalbama apie vidinę būseną, kai kažkas daroma tik todėl, kad taip reikia daryti, todėl, kad tiesiog tai – tavo rutina. Kalbama apie nuolatinį „užsisukimą“ – nuolatinį absurdišką kartojimąsi, diena iš dienos. Taip pat apie siekimą padaryti kažką, kai tas kažkas yra kintantis dalykas, o darymas – ne. Teorinis darbas „[Ne]pritapimas. Pasirinkimo beieškant“ yra skirtas žmogui, mąstančiam apie savo galimybes. Žmogui, kuris nenori plaukti pasroviui, o bando ieškoti savo sprendimų. Taip darbas kalba apie tikslo siekimo, pasirinkimo galimybes. Jame analizuojama praktinio darbo „Rinktis nesirinkti“ dalys, tokiu būdu tiriant, kiek yra tikslinga rinktis, ar verta rinktis ir ar apskritai yra tokia galimybė rinktis. Taip pat ir su pritapimu – darbas analizuoja svarbą pritapti prie visuomenės ir jausmą pritapus ar ne. Darbais skatinama susimąstyti, ką pats žiūrovas yra pasirinikęs ir kaip su tuo susigyveno, jaučiasi. / This piece is about the purpose of the pursuit of the value of his reach , and about fitting into the value of adapt . Jobs talks about the internal state of doing something just because you need to do so , because it is simply - your routine. This is a permanent " twisted " - constant repetition of absurd , day -to-day . It's also about striving to do something when that something is a dynamic thing , and doing - not. Work " choose not to choose " is created for a man who was thinking , what he seeks in his life. Is aware that since the birth of human life starts to follow, and not just settle . A person who seeks to create your own life choices and doubts . This is for the man who was thinking about his options. For someone who does not want to swim downstream while trying to search for their solutions. This work speaks about goal achievement , choice . It analyzes the practical work " Choose not to choose " parts, thus investigating the extent it is appropriate to choose whether or not to choose , and whether there is a choice . Also with fitting in - work examines the importance of fit in to society and a sense of fit in or not. Given incentives to wonder what the viewer is chosen and how that has settled feel .

In the past decade, electronic negotiation has become an important research topic in the field of information systems. A desirable goal of negotiation agents is to understand their owners' requirements, and to learn their opponents' behavior, thereby lessening the involvement of human beings. Studies on human negotiation bring out that several issues can affect a human's negotiation behavior, including learning an opponent's behavior, exerting power on an opponent, and setting an individual goal to improve the level of accomplishment. Research on incorporating these issues into negotiation agents is, however, still at an infancy state. We therefore take up this topic in this thesis. Researchers have proposed many different negotiation agents that follow a preset behavior based on human models of negotiation. In this thesis, we consider one such model, known as the time-dependent-tactical model, which is used by human negotiators and in which the values of the negotiating issues are determined based on the time elapsed in the negotiation. A learning mechanism for this model might be beneficial, because this model is frequently used in electronic negotiation. Thus, we propose heuristic algorithms that estimate the parameters of an agent's time-dependent-tactical model, and that then react to the estimated parameters for achieving higher negotiation performance. Besides learning, we incorporate two other factors that have been found to affect a human negotiation outcome. These are situational power, which represents differences in negotiators' status based on market conditions, and goal constraints, which stand for the levels of accomplishment negotiators try to strive for. To validate the impacts of learning, situational power and goal constraints in electronic negotiation, we first present how to integrate these features into negotiation agents, and then conduct simulations. With 187,500 simulation runs, we observe that our learning algorithms are effective in improving both individual and dyadic negotiation performances. For the effects of situational power and goal constraints, we obtain congruent results between human and electronic negotiations. By incorporating learning into situational power and goal constraints, we achieve significant joint effect between learning and situational power as well as that between learning and goal constraints. In summary, this thesis provides three primary contributions to the fields of information systems and electronic-commerce research. First, we have designed algorithms for learning an opponent's negotiation behavior. Second, our learning algorithms are found to be effective in improving negotiation performance. Third, we have shown how learning can be integrated with situational power and goal constraints, although this is not a major focus in this study. Finally, the agreement on the joint effects of learning, situational power and goal constraints between human and electronic negotiations suggests that our integrated design of the agent appears to be effective.

Leading philosophical accounts of joint activity, such as Michael Bratman’s account of ‘shared intentional activity’, take joint activity to be the outcome of two or more agents having a ‘shared intention’, where this is a certain pattern of mutually known prior intentions (plans) that are directed toward a common goal. With Bratman’s account as a foil, I address two lacunas that are relatively unexplored in the philosophical literature. The first lacuna concerns how to make sense of the apparently joint cooperative activities of agents that lack the capacities for planning and “mindreading” that one must have in order to be a party to a shared intention (consider, for example, the social play of young children or the cooperative hunting of non-human primates or social carnivores). The second lacuna concerns how participants (including adult human agents) are able to coordinate their actions “online”—that is, during action execution as a joint activity unfolds—without recourse to plans that specify in advance what they should do (consider the coordination involved when two friends meet and do a “high five”). Chapters 2 and 3 focus on the first lacuna, while chapters 4 and 5 focus on the second. In chapter 2, I focus on why participants must have mutual or common knowledge of each other’s intentions and beliefs in order to have a shared intention: Why must these attitudes be “out in the open”? I argue that, if participants lack the concept of belief, then one of the two main motivations for the common knowledge requirement—to filter out certain cases that intuitively aren’t cases of genuine joint activity—actually dissipates. Furthermore, a kind of “openness” that only requires of participants that they have the concept of goal but not that of belief can satisfy the other main motivation, to make sense of the idea that joint activities are non-accidentally coordinated. In chapter 3, I offer an account of a kind of joint activity in which agents such as young children and some non-human primates could participate, given what we know about their socio-cognitive capacities. In chapter 4, I argue that ‘shared intention’-accounts are unable to say much about spontaneous or skilful joint action because of the following widely accepted constraint on what one can intend: while an agent might intend—in the sense of commit to a plan—that “we” do something together, an agent cannot intend to perform “our” joint action. I reject this constraint and argue that some joint actions (such as a joint manoeuvre performed by two figure skaters) are joint in virtue of each participant having what I call ‘socially extended intention-in-action’ that overlap. In chapter 5, I review empirical work on subpersonal enabling mechanisms for the coordination of joint action. The review provides clues to what it is that enables participants to successfully coordinate their actions in the absence of plan-like intentions or beyond what such intentions specify. While what I address are lacunas rather than problems, an upshot of this thesis is that leading philosophical accounts of joint activity may have less explanatory scope than one might otherwise be led to believe. The accounts of joint activity and joint action that are presented in this thesis are arguably applicable to many of the joint activities and joint actions of adult human beings. The account also helps us avoid the false dichotomy between a very robust form of joint activity and a mere concatenation of purely individualistic actions—a dichotomy that accounts such as Bratman’s arguably invite us to adopt.

Background: The Behavioural Activation System dysregulation theory of Bipolar Disorder (BD) proposes that (hypo)manic episodes represent prolonged periods of elevated approach-motivation and high-activation positive affect (PA). Excessive goal-setting behaviour and increased engagement in stimulating activities have been found amongst people with BD and may interact with elevated approach-motivation, contributing to an “upward spiral”. Hypotheses were: both i) approach-related behaviours in response to PA; and ii) high-activation PA, will be more common in individuals with BD than those without; iii) individuals with BD will be more likely to respond to high-activation PA than to low-activation PA with approach-related behaviours, compared to individuals without BD. Method: Individuals with BD and a non-clinical control group were tested. Participants completed measures of current hypomanic/depressive symptoms, trait PA, and two versions of two measures of response to PA, asking about low-activation and high-activation PA. Results: The BD group used more approach-related responses to PA, particularly within high-activation mood states, compared to controls. The groups differed in their experience of different types of PA, due to the control group experiencing more low-activation PA. Limitations: It is unclear whether the findings are specific to BD or affective disorders in general, due to a lack of a clinical control group. The groups may also differ in their expectations of PA due to medication use and previous experience of mania. Conclusions: It may be therapeutically beneficial to help individuals with BD use non-approach-related strategies in response to high-activation PA. Further research would identify which strategies are most useful.

En speciallärare bör ha goda insikter i motivationens betydelse för att kunna hjälpa elever i matematiksvårigheter. Laborativ matematik föreslås som ett sätt att motivera elever. I min aktion undersöks om SUM-elevernas (elever med speciella undervisningsbehov i matematik) motivation i matematik påverkas av ett laborativt undervisningssätt. Enkäter och intervjuer används i min studie för att bedöma vilka effekter laborativ matematik har för eleverna. De mäts i termerna av elevernas effekter av attribueringar och grad av inre motivation med utgångspunkt i Medbestämmandeteorin, Attributionsteorin och Målorienteringsteorin. En effekt av aktionsstudien är, att de börjar inse att de har talang. Det handlar om hur mycket de anstränger sig i matematik och inte bristen på förmåga. En annan effekt är att eleverna anser att matematiken är roligare, eftersom de får arbeta praktiskt och i mindre grupp. Man kan uppenbarligen påverka elever med en aktionsstudie, men det är inte säkert att den blir bestående. Det är viktigt att elever lyckas och inte misslyckas om och om igen, för då tappar de sin motivation.

The challenges of developing the information systems (IS) that support modern enterprises are becoming less about engineering and more about people. Many of the technical issues of the past, such as hardware size and power, connectivity, and robust software, are engineering problems that have largely been solved. In the next stage of computing, the human factor will be far more important than it has been in the past: the colors of an interface or the shape of an icon are the engineering problems of the past, and the availability and usefulness of such basic solutions is rapidly coming to a close. A new paradigm is needed that provides a roadmap of higher level conceptions and values, one about humane computing. A part of this older, mechanistic approach are quantitative, economic values whose impact on IS are readily visible and acknowledged within software engineering. However, qualitative values, and in particular consumer preferences, have been researched to a lesser degree, and there has been very little direct application.  To create the next-generation information systems, requirements engineers and systems developers need new methods to capture the real preferences of consumers, conceptualize these abstract concepts, and then relate such preferences to concrete requirements for information systems. To address this problem, this thesis establishes a conceptual link between the preferences of consumers and system requirements by accommodating the variations between them and expressing them via a conceptual model. Modeling such preferences and values so that they can be used as requirements for IS development is the primary contribution of this work. This is accomplished via a design science research paradigm to support the creation of the works’ primary artifact—the Consumer Preference-aware Meta-Model (CPMM). CPMM is intended to improve the alignment between business and information systems by capturing and concretizing the real preferences of consumers and then expressing such preferences via the requirements engineering process, with the eventual output being information systems. CPMM’s development relies on theoretical research contributions within three areas in information systems—Business Strategy, Enterprise Architecture, and Requirements Engineering—whose relationships to consumer values have been under-researched and under-applied. The case studies included in this thesis each demonstrate the significance of consumer preferences to each of these three areas.  In the first, a set of logical mappings between CPMM and a common approach to business strategy (strategy maps/balanced scorecards) is produced. In the second, CPMM provides the conceptual undergirding to process a massive amount of unstructured consumer-generated text to generate system requirements for the airline industry. In the concluding case, an investigation of foreign and domestic students at Swedish universities is structured through CPMM, one that first discovers the requirements for a consumer preference-based online education and then produces feature models for such a software product line-based system. The significance of CPMM as a lens for discovering new concepts and highlighting important information within consumer preference data is clearly seen, and the usefulness of the meta-model is demonstrated by its broad and beneficial applicability within information systems practice and research.

This thesis focuses on tactile perception and aims at a comprehensive analysis of its characteristics over the time-course of various goal-directed movements. Tactile perception is assessed by means of discrimination and detection paradigms, as well as event-related potentials (ERPs). The main question investigated throughout the thesis is: ‘What changes in tactile perception, if any, take place over the time course of a goal-directed movement?’ In Chapter 2, the mechanisms related to such identified changes are examined: a facilitatory one – attention, and an inhibitory one – suppression. The experiment in Chapter 3 tests, at a brain level, amongst several explanations of the experimental results outlined in Chapter 2: timing-based, effector-based, and modality-based attentional/suppressive influences. In Chapter 4, other naturalistic movements are investigated (i.e., the movements involved in juggling and throwing/catching a basketball). The results indicate a lack of facilitation in the processing of tactile information during the preparatory phase of the movement. Furthermore, differential changes are identified in tactile perception over the execution phase of the movement: At a behavioural level, tactile sensitivity significantly declines over the execution phase of the movement (though the detection of incoming tactile stimulation is enhanced), while at a neuronal level the same period exhibits significantly enhanced responses to somatosensory stimulation. The experiments reported here thus bring evidence in favour of a dissociation between detecting and discriminating what is felt while moving. These results suggest that the quality of what is felt while moving may not be important for movement and, at the same time, that different pathways in the brain may be responsible for detecting and discriminating what is felt over the time course of a goal-directed movement. Based on these findings, in Chapter 5, the implications of these results are discussed and directions for further research are outlined.

Social agents in the youth sport domain (coaches, parents, and peers) play a crucial role in developing the motivational approaches of youth sport athletes. One theory which has been useful in explaining the important role of such social agents has been Achievement Goal Theory (Nicholls, 1989). Specifically, Achievement Goal Theory was used to delineate various peer behaviors as being task-involving (Ntoumanis & Vazou, 2005) and was used to predict subsequent relationships relationship between the task-involving motivational-climate created by teammates and athletes’ mastery goal orientations and self-esteem, sport competence, enjoyment, and intention to continue playing sport. Participants were 405 boys aged 12-15 years. Using structural equation modeling, an exploratory analysis and confirmatory analysis revealed that higher levels of task-involving behaviors from peers predicted mastery goal orientation. Participants with higher mastery goal orientation reported greater sport competence, self-esteem, and more enjoyment; enjoyment was the strongest predictor of intention to continue. These findings both emphasize the importance of peer relationships within sport on a variety of motivationally and psychologically salient outcomes and provide direction for the development of training programs targeted to create positive and healthy sport experiences.

Introduction: The potential benefits of collaborative goal setting in the clinical setting have been shown. However, we have a limited understanding about what needs to have transpired between a patient and his or her clinician for them to report that they engaged in collaborative goal setting. Therefore, our ability to monitor and foster collaborative goal setting remains limited. Methods: My three-manuscript dissertation used a mixed-methods approach utilizing both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The aims of my study were to: (1) develop a conceptual model of collaborative goal setting as perceived by patients; (2) generate a list of survey items for possible inclusion in a measure of collaborative goal setting, using results from patient focus groups and input from an expert panel; and (3) administer the collaborative goal setting measure to a sociodemographically diverse sample of patients with diabetes and test the psychometric properties of the measure. Results: Study 1 found that patients described collaborative goal setting as containing four distinct domains that occurred within the context of a caring relationship with their health care provider: (1) listen and learn from each other; (2) share ideas honestly; (3) agree on a measurable objective; and (4) support for goal achievement. Patients also articulated clear responsibilities for themselves and their clinicians within each domain and described collaborative goal setting as a process that occurs over time. Study 2 found that the second-order factor analysis supported the proposed measurement structure of a 37-item measure of patient-perceived collaborative goal setting. Overall model fit of the first-order model was good (χ = 4366.13, p<.001; RMSEA = .08). The internal consistency of the second-order model scales [caring relationship, listen and learn, share ideas, agree on a measurable objective, and support for goal achievement] were very high (α = .89-.94) as was the reliability (Mcdonald’s Ώ = .819). Study 3 found that the only significant pathway was the relationship between collaborative goal setting and self-management, which was partially mediated by self-efficacy (p<.05). After controlling for a variety of socio-demographic characteristics, the partial mediation model with self-efficacy was no longer significant (p=.055), however, the direct effects remained significant: self-management and collaborative goal setting (p<.001) and self-efficacy (p<.001), as well as self-efficacy on collaborative goal setting (p<.05). Discussion: Findings from these three studies support the new measure of collaborative goal setting developed from patient perceptions of this process.