<p>It is the purpose of this thesis to investigate different regional geoid determination methods with respect to their feasibility for use with a future GOCE satellite-only Earth Gravity Model (EGM). This includes investigations of various techniques, which involve different approximations, as well as the expected accuracy. Many, but not all, of these tasks are tested by means of Synthetic Earth Gravity Models (SEGMs). The study is limited to remove-compute-restore methods using Helmert condensation and to Sjöberg's combined approach (method with additive corrections).</p><p>First, a number of modifications of Stokes' formula are tested with respect to their compatibility with a GOCE EGM having negligible commission error. It is concluded that the least squares modification method should be preferred.</p><p>Next, two new point-mass SEGMs are constructed in such a way that the resulting models have degree variances representative for the full and topographically reduced gravity fields, respectively. These SEGMs are then used to test different methods for modified Stokes' integration and downward continuation. It is concluded that the combined method requires dense observations, obtained from the given surface anomalies by interpolation using a reduction for all known density anomalies, most notably the topography. Examples of other conclusions are that the downward continuation method of Sjöberg (2003a) performs well numerically.</p><p>To be able to test topographic corrections, another SEGM is constructed starting from the reduced point-mass model, to which the topography, bathymetry and isostatic compensation are added. This model, which is called the Nordic SEGM, is then applied to test one strict and one more approximate approach to Helmert's condensation. One conclusion here is that Helmert's 1st method with the condensation layer 21 km below sea level should be preferred to Helmert's 2nd condensation strategy.</p><p>The thesis ends with a number of investigations of Sjöberg's combined approach to geoid determination, which include tests using the Nordic SEGM. It is concluded that the method works well in practice for a region like Scandinavia. It is finally shown how the combined strategy may preferably be used to estimate height anomalies directly.</p>

Apprendre une langue étrangère constitue une expérience qui déborde l’orientation cognitive que ladidactique de langues promeut ; laquelle est une perspective qui ne tient pas en compte la dimension du sujetet qui comprend la langue dans une vision utilitariste, en évacuant ainsi sa portée expressive et créatrice.Pourtant, le langage s’institue comme la dimension par laquelle le sujet se constitue en tant que tel, commenous le révèle la théorie psychanalytique. C’est pourquoi, dans les objectifs de cette recherche, nousquestionnons certaines notions fondamentales exprimées par les pratiques discursives du paradigmedidactique actuel. Pour le faire, nous nous appuyons sur la conceptualisation à l’égard du sujet que cettethéorie nous apporte. Cela nous permet de montrer que les investissements subjectifs constituent une questionessentielle lorsque le sujet apprend le Français en tant que langue étrangère, étant donné qu’il y inscrit sesrapports (aux autres, à soi-même, à la langue cible). Cette étude met en oeuvre une démarche rationnellefondée sur un schéma que nous avons dégagé de l’épistémologie bachelardienne, dans un paradigme derecherche qualitative. Nous avons analysé un corpus constitué du discours de vingt élèves en milieuuniversitaire – quatorze entretiens et six journaux d’apprentissage – ainsi que l’observation de trois classes.Pour parvenir à nos buts, nous avons examiné quatre questions : 1) Qu’est-ce qu’apprendre ? 2) Qu’est-cequ’apprendre une langue étrangère ? 3) Comment le sujet est-il envisagé en didactique de langues ?4)Comment le sujet investit-il la langue étrangère ? Celles-ci sont sous-jacentes dans la question centrale decette recherche : en quoi les investissements subjectifs du sujet représentent-ils une question essentielle pourapprendre le Français en tant que langue étrangère ? Aussi, avons-nous obtenu une nouvelle conceptualisationde l’acte d’apprendre une langue étrangère et du sujet qui apprend cette autre langue : le discens linguam.Parallèlement, nous avons proposé et conceptualisé l’instauration d’expériences discursives jouissantes afinde parvenir à l’appropriation de la langue. / Learning a foreign language constitutes an experience which goes beyond the cognitive orientation thatdidactics of languages promotes. This perspective does not take into account the dimension of the subject andit considers the language in a utilitarian vision that puts aside the language expressive and creative impact.Nevertheless language is instituted as that dimension through which subject defines itself as such, as outlinedin the psychoanalytic theory. It is for this reason, in determining the objectives of this research that wequestion some fundamental notions brought out by current discursive practices of didactic paradigms. To dothis, we base our conceptualization as pertains to the subject that this theory presents us. This allows us toshow that while the subject learns French as a foreign language, the subjective investments remains anessential question, given that in it are his relations (with others, with oneself, to the target language). Thisstudy implements a rational approach based on a model extracted from Bachelard’s epistemology, in aqualitative research paradigm that analyzed data obtained from the discourse of twenty university students –fourteen interviews and six learning diaries – as well as observation of three classes. In order to achieve ourgoals, we examined four questions: 1) What is learning? 2) What is foreign language learning? 3) How is seensubject in language didactic? 4) How does the subject invest the foreign language? These questions underliethe central research question: in what way subjective investments are essential in learning French as a foreignlanguage? As a result, we obtained a new conceptualization of the act of learning a foreign language and ofthe subject who learns this other language: the discens linguam. Similarly, we proposed and weconceptualized the establishment of discursive enjoyment experiences which will enable languageappropriation / Aprender una lengua extranjera constituye una experiencia que desborda la orientacióncognitiva que la didáctica de lenguas promueve, la cual es una perspectiva que no tomaen cuenta la dimensión del sujeto y que comprende la lengua según una visiónutilitarista, descartando de esa manera su impacto expresivo y creador. Sin embargo, ellenguaje se instituye como la dimensión por la cual el sujeto se constituye como tal,según lo revela la teoría psicoanalítica. Es por ello que, dentro de los fines de estainvestigación, cuestionamos algunas nociones fundamentales expresadas por lasprácticas discursivas del paradigma didáctico actual. Para esto nos apoyamos en laconceptualización referente al sujeto que esta teoría nos aporta. Esto nos permitemostrar que las implicaciones subjetivas cuando el sujeto aprende Francés como lenguaextranjera, constituyen una cuestión central, dado que él adscribe sus relaciones (con losdemás, consigo mismo, con la lengua meta). Este estudio aplica un procedimientoracional basado en un esquema que obtuvimos de la epistemología de Bachelard, dentrode un paradigma de investigación cualitativa. Analizamos una muestra constituida por eldiscurso de veinte estudiantes universitarios – catorce entrevistas semi-estructuradas yseis diarios de aprendizaje – así como la observación de tres cursos. Para lograr nuestrosobjetivos, examinamos cuatro preguntas: 1) ¿Qué es aprender? 2) ¿Qué es aprender unalengua extranjera? 3) ¿Cómo el sujeto es considerado en la didáctica de lenguas? 4)¿Cómo el sujeto se implica en la lengua extranjera? Éstas se encuentran subyacentes enla interrogante central de esta investigación: ¿De qué manera las implicacionessubjetivas del sujeto representan una cuestión esencial para aprender el Francés comolengua extranjera? Como resultado, obtuvimos una nueva conceptualización del acto deaprender una lengua extranjera así como del sujeto que aprende esta otra lengua: eldiscens linguam. Igualmente, propusimos y conceptualizamos la instauración deexperiencias discursivas de goce a fin de lograr la apropiación de la lengua

Der Beitrag beschreibt die Vorlesungen von Büchern und Autoren von Borges’ Vorliebe, mit denen er einen antikanonischen Korpus, einen Kanon der Leser, einen Kanon als Ergebnis des Wunsches des Lesens (A. López) im Gegensatz zum Konzept des Kanons von H. Bloom (The Western Canon 1994) aufbaut, und er zeigt, dass Bloom mehrere grundlegende Begriffe von Borges über Literatur und Kanon verwendet wie „Fremdheit“ (oder „spcriptible“ nach R. Barthes), „Bewusstsein“ oder „Transtextualität“, „Macht der Kontamination“, d.h. die Fähigkeit der Absorption der Literatur der Vergangenheit und die Verfügbarkeit dieser Literatur, um neu kodifiziert zu werden und auf diese Weise Teil des Kanons zu werden. Es geht um die Strahlkraft von Borges insofern, als Bloom ihn für den Autor hält, der „offenkundig die gesamte kanonische Tradition absorbiert und dann absichtlich reflektiert“. Borges ist der Meister der Absorption in der abendländischen Welt des 20. Jahrhunderts und wird als „der literarische Metaphysiker des Zeitalters“ bezeichnet. Jahrhunderts und wird als „literarischer Metaphysiker des Zeitalters“ bezeichnet. Der Essay zeigt, wie Bloom ein nomadisches Konzept des Kanons entwickelt, das über seine eigene Ideologie hinausgeht, und dass Borges im Zentrum seines Kanonsystems steht. / El trabajo describe las lecturas predilectas de Borges que forman un corpus anticanónico, un canon de lectores, un canon del „deseo” (A. López) por el contrario al concepto de canon de H. Bloom (The Western Canon 1994). Pretendemos demostrar que Bloom recurre a una serie de conceptos fundamentales de Borges sobre la literatura y canon, tales como „strangeness” (o „spcriptible” según R. Barthes) „awareness” o „transtextualidad” , „power of contamination”, esto es, la capacidad de absorción de la literatura del pasado, la disponibilidad de ésta de dejarse recodificar y pasar así a ser canon. Se trata de la fuerza de irradiación de Borges en cuanto éste, también según Bloom, es quien „overtly absorbs and then deliberately reflects the entire canonical tradition”. Borges es el maestro de la absorción y subversión de occidente en el siglo XX por excelencia definiéndolo como „the literary metaphysian of the age”. El trabajo muestra como Bloom al fin aboga por un canon abierto y como Borges se encuentra realmente en el centro de su concepto de canon. / The essay describes the lectures of books and authors of Borges’ predilection with which he builds an anticanonical corpus, a canon of readers, a canon as result of the of desire of readings (A. López) contrary to the concept of canon by H. Bloom (The Western Canon 1994), and it shows that Bloom uses several fundamental terms from Borges about literature and canon like „strangeness” (or „spcriptible” according to R. Barthes), „awareness” or „transtextuality”, „power of contamination”, that is, the capacity of absorption of the literature of the past and the disposability of this literature to be recodified and to form, in that way, part of the canon. It concerns the power of irradiation of Borges in so far as Bloom considers him to be the author who „overtly absorbs and then deliberately reflects the entire canonical tradition”. Borges is the master of absorption in the occidental world of the 20th century and is defined as „the literary metaphysian of the age”. The essay shows how Bloom is developing a nomadic concept of canon that goes beyond his own ideology and that Borges is situated in the centre of his canon system.

This thesis, structured in two parts, addresses a series of problems of relevance in the field of Spatial Geodesy. The first part delves into the application of satellite gravity data to enhance our understanding of water transport dynamics. Here, we present two significant contributions. Both are based on satellite gravity data but stem from different mission concepts with distinct objectives: time-variable gravity monitoring and high-resolution, accurate static geoid modelling. First, the fundamental notions about gravity are introduced and a brief summary is made of the different gravity satellite missions throughout history, with emphasis on the GRACE/GRACE-FO and GOCE missions, whose data are the basis of this work. The first application focuses on estimating water transport and geostrophic circulation in the Southern Ocean by leveraging a GOCE geoid and altimetry data. The Volume Transport across the Antartic Circumpolar Current is analyzed and the resulsts are validated validated using the in-situ data collected during the multiple campaigns in the DP. The second application uses time-variable gravity data from the GRACE and GRACE-FO missions to estimate the water cycle in the Mediterranean and Black Sea system, a critical region for regional climate and global ocean circulation. The analysis delves into the analysis of the different components of the hydrological cycle within this region, including the water flow across the Gibraltar Strait, examining their seasonal variations, climatic patterns, and their connection with the North Atlantic Oscillation Index. The second part of the thesis is more focused on data analysis, with the objective of developing mathematical methods to estimate the cross correlation function between two time series that are both unevenly spaced spaced (the sampling is not uniform over time) and observed at unequal time scales (the set of time points for the first series is not identical to the set of time points of the second series). Such time series are frequently encountered in geodetic surveys, especially when combining data from different sources. The estimation of the the cross correlation function for these time series presents unique challenges and requires the adaptation of traditional analysis methods designed for evenly spaced and synchronized time series. The two main contributions in this context are: (i) the study of the asymptotic properties of the Guassian Kernel estimator, that is the recommended estimator for the cross correlation function when the two time series are observed at unequal time scales; (ii) an extension of the stationary bootstrap that allows to construct bootstrap-based confidence intervals for the cross correlation function for unevenly spaced time series not sampled on identical time points.