O meio ambiente vem sofrendo diariamente com problemas relacionados a vazamentos, derramamentos e acidentes durante a exploração, refinamento, transporte, e operações de armazenamento de petróleo e seus derivados. Em um derramamento e/ou vazamento de combustível, uma das principais preocupações é a contaminação dos aqüíferos que são usados como fonte de abastecimento de água para consumo humano. As preocupações relacionadas ao potencial de contaminação de água subterrânea vem crescendo em todo o Brasil, já que a maioria dos postos possui mais de dez anos. Com isso, este estudo tem como objetivo contribuir na segurança, confiabilidade e qualidade nas determinações de contaminantes (BTEX e HPAs) em solo e água provenientes de derrames de derivados de petróleo. Para isso, foram aplicadas metodologias analíticas para determinação destes compostos tomando como base os métodos da EPA. Com relação a segurança e confiabilidade nos resultados, foi proposto a aplicação das BPL nos tópicos que possuem relação com o tema. Foi indicado, segundo a literatura, um método de descontaminação das sobras de amostragem que pode ser incluído na rotina de trabalho dos laboratórios. / The environment is suffering daily with problems related to leaks, spillings and accidents during the exploration, refinement, transport and operations of storage of petroleum and yours derived. In a spilling and/or leak of fuel, one of the main concerns is the contamination of the watery ones that are used as source of water supply for human consumption. The concerns related to the potential of contamination of underground water are growing throughout Brazil, since most of the gas stations possesses more than ten years. With that, this study has as objective contributes in the safety, reliability and quality in the determinations of pollutants (BTEX and PAHs) in soil and water coming of hemorrhages of derived of petroleum. For that, they were applied analytical methodologies for the determination of these pollutants taking as base the methods of EPA. Regarding safety and reliability in the results, the application of GLP was proposed in the topics that possess relationship with the theme. It was indicated, according to the literature, a method of treatment of the polluted sampling surpluses, that it can be included in the routine of work of the laboratories.

O meio ambiente vem sofrendo diariamente com problemas relacionados a vazamentos, derramamentos e acidentes durante a exploração, refinamento, transporte, e operações de armazenamento de petróleo e seus derivados. Em um derramamento e/ou vazamento de combustível, uma das principais preocupações é a contaminação dos aqüíferos que são usados como fonte de abastecimento de água para consumo humano. As preocupações relacionadas ao potencial de contaminação de água subterrânea vem crescendo em todo o Brasil, já que a maioria dos postos possui mais de dez anos. Com isso, este estudo tem como objetivo contribuir na segurança, confiabilidade e qualidade nas determinações de contaminantes (BTEX e HPAs) em solo e água provenientes de derrames de derivados de petróleo. Para isso, foram aplicadas metodologias analíticas para determinação destes compostos tomando como base os métodos da EPA. Com relação a segurança e confiabilidade nos resultados, foi proposto a aplicação das BPL nos tópicos que possuem relação com o tema. Foi indicado, segundo a literatura, um método de descontaminação das sobras de amostragem que pode ser incluído na rotina de trabalho dos laboratórios. / The environment is suffering daily with problems related to leaks, spillings and accidents during the exploration, refinement, transport and operations of storage of petroleum and yours derived. In a spilling and/or leak of fuel, one of the main concerns is the contamination of the watery ones that are used as source of water supply for human consumption. The concerns related to the potential of contamination of underground water are growing throughout Brazil, since most of the gas stations possesses more than ten years. With that, this study has as objective contributes in the safety, reliability and quality in the determinations of pollutants (BTEX and PAHs) in soil and water coming of hemorrhages of derived of petroleum. For that, they were applied analytical methodologies for the determination of these pollutants taking as base the methods of EPA. Regarding safety and reliability in the results, the application of GLP was proposed in the topics that possess relationship with the theme. It was indicated, according to the literature, a method of treatment of the polluted sampling surpluses, that it can be included in the routine of work of the laboratories.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar as licenças de software livre mais importantes, sob a luz dos seus principais aspectos jurídicos e da inter-compatibilidade, de forma a auxiliar pessoas envolvidas no desenvolvimento de software a compreender as implicações destas licenças ao fazer uso delas em seus projetos. A dissertação contextualiza as licenças, tanto no tocante à legislação brasileira, quanto no que diz respeito às restrições de licenciamento, de forma a viabilizar a análise de compatibilidade que se segue. Casos de projetos proeminentes de software livre cujo desenvolvimento foi afetado pelas implicações mencionadas ilustram a investigação, que é complementada por uma análise de ferramentas e metodologias existentes que auxiliam na gestão dos aspectos de licenciamento. / The purpose of this Master thesis is to present the most common free software licenses, regarding their main legal and inter-compatibility aspects, to help people involved in software development understand the implications of these licenses when using them in their projects. It contextualizes the licenses, both in terms of the Brazilian legislation, and regarding licensing restrictions, to make the subsequent compatibility analysis possible. Cases of free and open source software in which development was affected by the mentioned implications illustrate the research, and it is complemented by an analysis of existing tools and methodologies that assist in the management of licensing issues.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar as licenças de software livre mais importantes, sob a luz dos seus principais aspectos jurídicos e da inter-compatibilidade, de forma a auxiliar pessoas envolvidas no desenvolvimento de software a compreender as implicações destas licenças ao fazer uso delas em seus projetos. A dissertação contextualiza as licenças, tanto no tocante à legislação brasileira, quanto no que diz respeito às restrições de licenciamento, de forma a viabilizar a análise de compatibilidade que se segue. Casos de projetos proeminentes de software livre cujo desenvolvimento foi afetado pelas implicações mencionadas ilustram a investigação, que é complementada por uma análise de ferramentas e metodologias existentes que auxiliam na gestão dos aspectos de licenciamento. / The purpose of this Master thesis is to present the most common free software licenses, regarding their main legal and inter-compatibility aspects, to help people involved in software development understand the implications of these licenses when using them in their projects. It contextualizes the licenses, both in terms of the Brazilian legislation, and regarding licensing restrictions, to make the subsequent compatibility analysis possible. Cases of free and open source software in which development was affected by the mentioned implications illustrate the research, and it is complemented by an analysis of existing tools and methodologies that assist in the management of licensing issues.

The goal of this Diploma thesis is to create suitable materials that could be used by teachers teaching the program GIMP at elementary schools. GIMP graphic editor is an open source program released under the GPL licence and is used for raster graphics tool. Its quality is comparable to many other similar top graphic editors that, contrary to GIMP, are not for free.

No mês de outubro de 2007 a Comissão Nacional de Cartografia (CONCAR) lançou uma norma cartográfica composta de especificações técnicas para Estruturação de Dados Geoespaciais Digitais Vetoriais (EDGV) para a realização do mapeamento topográfico sistemático no Brasil. No mês de novembro de 2008 foi publicado o Decreto n 6666, que institui a Infra-Estrutura Nacional de Dados Espaciais e ratifica o uso das normas homologadas pela CONCAR, pelas instituições Federais. Este trabalho realiza dois requisitos, a saber: (a) fornece um esquema relacional alinhado as especificações da EDGV e (b) implementa um protótipo, com vistas a sua utilização no processo de restituição fotogramétrica nas instituições públicas responsáveis pelo mapeamento topográfico no Brasil. A implementação é realizada em ambiente de software livre. Também é importante salientar o caráter educacional da plataforma de software a ser implementada, para que o seu uso seja também direcionado para o ensino teórico e prático da fotogrametria digital nas instituições de ensino e pesquisa. / The National Commission of Cartography (CONCAR) in October 2007 launched a pattern composed of standard specifications for Structuring of Digital Geospatial Data Vector (EDGV) for systematic topographic mapping production in Brazil. In November of 2008 it was published the Decree n 6666, that established the National Spatial Data Infrastructure and ratified the use of standards approved by CONCAR. This work accomplishes two goals: (a) to provide a relational schema specification aligned with the EDGV and; (b) to provide an implementation of a prototype, for using in the photogrammetric restitution of topographic mapping in Brazil. The implementation is performed in an environment of free software, according to the GNU/GPL approch. It is also important to emphasize the educational character of the software to be implemented so that its use is also directed to the theoretical and practical studies of digital photogrammetry in the institutions of education and research.

No mês de outubro de 2007 a Comissão Nacional de Cartografia (CONCAR) lançou uma norma cartográfica composta de especificações técnicas para Estruturação de Dados Geoespaciais Digitais Vetoriais (EDGV) para a realização do mapeamento topográfico sistemático no Brasil. No mês de novembro de 2008 foi publicado o Decreto n 6666, que institui a Infra-Estrutura Nacional de Dados Espaciais e ratifica o uso das normas homologadas pela CONCAR, pelas instituições Federais. Este trabalho realiza dois requisitos, a saber: (a) fornece um esquema relacional alinhado as especificações da EDGV e (b) implementa um protótipo, com vistas a sua utilização no processo de restituição fotogramétrica nas instituições públicas responsáveis pelo mapeamento topográfico no Brasil. A implementação é realizada em ambiente de software livre. Também é importante salientar o caráter educacional da plataforma de software a ser implementada, para que o seu uso seja também direcionado para o ensino teórico e prático da fotogrametria digital nas instituições de ensino e pesquisa. / The National Commission of Cartography (CONCAR) in October 2007 launched a pattern composed of standard specifications for Structuring of Digital Geospatial Data Vector (EDGV) for systematic topographic mapping production in Brazil. In November of 2008 it was published the Decree n 6666, that established the National Spatial Data Infrastructure and ratified the use of standards approved by CONCAR. This work accomplishes two goals: (a) to provide a relational schema specification aligned with the EDGV and; (b) to provide an implementation of a prototype, for using in the photogrammetric restitution of topographic mapping in Brazil. The implementation is performed in an environment of free software, according to the GNU/GPL approch. It is also important to emphasize the educational character of the software to be implemented so that its use is also directed to the theoretical and practical studies of digital photogrammetry in the institutions of education and research.

<p>Arguably, the Schumpeterian ideology of “creative destruction” saying that eventually even the most secure monopoly will be destroyed by a new technology, a new idea, or a shift in tastes could be applied to open source software. Currently, the proprietary software holds a strong position in the software market. Nevertheless, one could see a surge in articles and acceptance among organisations concerning open source software.</p><p>Proprietary software companies like Microsoft are still gaining ground within the Swedish municipalities. Although one get the impression that municipalities generally are positive toward open source software, the decision-making process often results in choosing a proprietary software alternative. However, one could question which are the underlying factors and to what extent are these factors affecting the decision-making process of municipalities integrating or migrating into open source software?</p><p>In order to study this phenomenon, we chose a quantitative approach using a questionnaire as the tool for data gathering. The sample consisted of 100 randomly selected municipalities. A pre study was made through an interview in order to strengthen the accuracy of the questionnaire which later on was sent out to the IT manager at each municipality in the sample.</p><p>The organisational-, environmental-, user- and system level are four main factors affecting the decision-making process concerning open source software. Among these, the organisational factor was the only one which had a significant negative impact on the decision-making process concerning open source software. The importance of being able to integrate different software increases the need for compatibility which, according to the IT managers, is facilitated using a standardized software environment offered by for example Microsoft.</p>

En vue d’éviter ou de diminuer l’importance des dégâts causés par les accidents majeurs, il convient de modéliser les fonctions et les relations entre les composants d’un système industriel. Pour cela, dans cette thèse, on utilise la démarche de modélisation par la méthode STAMP (Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes) pour représenter la structure hiéarchique du système, ainsi que les mécanismes de contrôle nécessaire pour préserver la sécurité d’un processus industriel. Afin de traiter les problématiques liées aux contrôles de la sécurité industrielle, on propose l’utilisation de l’outil de simulation Anylogic. Cet outil, permet modéliser et de simuler le comportement du système en fonction du temps en mode normal et en mode dégradé.L’objectif de ces travaux est donc de proposer une démarche basée à la fois sur la modélisation et la simulation pour analyser les risques et prévenir les accidents d’un site de stockage et distribution de GPL (Gaz Pétrole liquéfié). / System thinking concepts and simulation tools are used to model the risk prevention plan and operational modes designed to enforce safety constraints at a French liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) storage and distribution facility. In France, such facilities are classified and the subject of special legislation and safety regulations. Their supervision is the responsibility of a control and regulatory body. A technological risk and prevention plan is provided, where all the dangerous phenomena likely to occur in addition to the safety control measures are listed in the safety report. Safety is therefore addressed through rules, and control mechanisms ensure that the system complies with safety constraints. Taking this facility as a case study, we use the STAMP theoretical framework together with AnyLogic simulation software to model technical elements and human and organizational behavior. We simulate how the system evolves over time and the strategies that are deployed in a loss of control scenario. The aim is to assess whether the prescribed safety program covers all of the system's phases; namely operations and audits. The results enrich other research that focuses on the contribution of system dynamics to risk analysis and accident prevention.

Arguably, the Schumpeterian ideology of “creative destruction” saying that eventually even the most secure monopoly will be destroyed by a new technology, a new idea, or a shift in tastes could be applied to open source software. Currently, the proprietary software holds a strong position in the software market. Nevertheless, one could see a surge in articles and acceptance among organisations concerning open source software. Proprietary software companies like Microsoft are still gaining ground within the Swedish municipalities. Although one get the impression that municipalities generally are positive toward open source software, the decision-making process often results in choosing a proprietary software alternative. However, one could question which are the underlying factors and to what extent are these factors affecting the decision-making process of municipalities integrating or migrating into open source software? In order to study this phenomenon, we chose a quantitative approach using a questionnaire as the tool for data gathering. The sample consisted of 100 randomly selected municipalities. A pre study was made through an interview in order to strengthen the accuracy of the questionnaire which later on was sent out to the IT manager at each municipality in the sample. The organisational-, environmental-, user- and system level are four main factors affecting the decision-making process concerning open source software. Among these, the organisational factor was the only one which had a significant negative impact on the decision-making process concerning open source software. The importance of being able to integrate different software increases the need for compatibility which, according to the IT managers, is facilitated using a standardized software environment offered by for example Microsoft.