A aplicação de modelos matemáticos baseados em técnicas numéricas aumentou com o avanço da informática através da criação de microprocessadores mais velozes e periféricos de armazenamento de dados com grande capacidade. Buscando uma maior produtividade e a melhoria da qualidade final do produto solidificado, propõe-se neste trabalho, desenvolver um modelo computacional de origem físico para o crescimento de grão no Lingotamento Contínuo. O modelo é simulado utilizando o Método de Monte Carlo juntamente com o Método das Diferenças Finitas, com o objetivo de obter e caracterizar a transição colunar-equiaxial através desse método. As simulações foram realizadas utilizando a programação Fortran 90/95 no ambiente Linux através do software Developer Studio e aplicados nos aços SAE 1015 e 1020. A seguir, foram realizadas comparações entre as macroestruturas simuladas e as macroestruturas das amostras dos aços obtidas pelo Laboratório de Fundição (LAFUN) da UFRGS. Destas simulações observou-se que o modelo oferece a possibilidade da simulação de diferentes condições operacionais para prever a evolução macroestrutural de lingotes. / The application of mathematical models based on numerical techniques increased with the advancement of information technology by creating faster microprocessors and peripherals with high data storage capacity. Seeking for a major productivity and the improvement of the final quality of the solidified product. In this assignment, the development of a computational model with a physical origen for the growth of the continuous casting, is proposed. The model is simulated by using the Monte Carlo Method with the Finite Differences Method, the goal is to obtain and characterize the columnar-equiaxed transition through this method. The simulations were performed using the Fortran 90/95 programming in Linux environment using the Developer Studio software and applied to the steel SAE 1015 and 1020. Following it, comparisons were made between the macro and simulated macrostructures of the samples obtained by the Laboratory of Steel Casting - Laboratório de Fundição (LAFUN) at UFRGS. From these simulations, it was observed that the modified model offers the possibility of simulating different operating conditions to predict the evolution of macrostructural ingots.

A aplicação de modelos matemáticos baseados em técnicas numéricas aumentou com o avanço da informática através da criação de microprocessadores mais velozes e periféricos de armazenamento de dados com grande capacidade. Buscando uma maior produtividade e a melhoria da qualidade final do produto solidificado, propõe-se neste trabalho, desenvolver um modelo computacional de origem físico para o crescimento de grão no Lingotamento Contínuo. O modelo é simulado utilizando o Método de Monte Carlo juntamente com o Método das Diferenças Finitas, com o objetivo de obter e caracterizar a transição colunar-equiaxial através desse método. As simulações foram realizadas utilizando a programação Fortran 90/95 no ambiente Linux através do software Developer Studio e aplicados nos aços SAE 1015 e 1020. A seguir, foram realizadas comparações entre as macroestruturas simuladas e as macroestruturas das amostras dos aços obtidas pelo Laboratório de Fundição (LAFUN) da UFRGS. Destas simulações observou-se que o modelo oferece a possibilidade da simulação de diferentes condições operacionais para prever a evolução macroestrutural de lingotes. / The application of mathematical models based on numerical techniques increased with the advancement of information technology by creating faster microprocessors and peripherals with high data storage capacity. Seeking for a major productivity and the improvement of the final quality of the solidified product. In this assignment, the development of a computational model with a physical origen for the growth of the continuous casting, is proposed. The model is simulated by using the Monte Carlo Method with the Finite Differences Method, the goal is to obtain and characterize the columnar-equiaxed transition through this method. The simulations were performed using the Fortran 90/95 programming in Linux environment using the Developer Studio software and applied to the steel SAE 1015 and 1020. Following it, comparisons were made between the macro and simulated macrostructures of the samples obtained by the Laboratory of Steel Casting - Laboratório de Fundição (LAFUN) at UFRGS. From these simulations, it was observed that the modified model offers the possibility of simulating different operating conditions to predict the evolution of macrostructural ingots.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A difração de raios X e de elétrons retroespalhados, em escalas distintas, foram aplicadas para acompanhar mudanças microestruturais em dois aços ferríticos baixo carbono (2%Si e ABNT 1006), observando-se o desenvolvimento da textura nas etapas de laminação a frio (skin-pass) e recozimento a 760 oC. Para ambos os aços, os resultados permitiram afirmar que o fenômeno que ocorre após a laminação por skin-pass e tratamento térmico, nas condições deste trabalho, é a recristalização primária. A aplicação do skin-pass criou mais discordâncias em grãos com baixo fator de Taylor por sofrerem mais deformações. Observou-se a nucleação e crescimento de grãos em regiões de grande densidade de células de discordâncias. A presença do silício atrasou a recuperação favorecendo o aumento de subcontornos. Não foi observado o crescimento anormal de grãos, nem em função da presença de grãos Goss. Os contornos CSL não garantiram o crescimento do grão. Núcleos de crescimento de grãos deram origem a grãos com orientações distintas, indicando que o crescimento de grãos não dependeu da existência prévia de grãos com as orientações desenvolvidas, demonstrando que o crescimento anormal de grãos não está relacionado necessariamente com os grãos Goss. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09673.pdf: 6473990 bytes, checksum: f8b53c5c1d35245956acaf44b35ed078 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-01-21T10:14:57Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-21T10:14:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O Processamento e Análise Digital de Imagens é utilizado cada vez mais para agilizar processos, aumentar a precisão, segurança e confiabilidade de dados extraídos de imagens nas mais diversas áreas de pesquisa. No entanto, muitas vezes é necessário que o pesquisador faça, ele próprio, o pré-processamento das imagens, mesmo não sendo um especialista nesta área. Isto coloca em risco o próprio objetivo do uso do Processamento e Análise Digital de Imagens. Este trabalho analisa a relação dos dados extraídos de uma imagem (micrografia) através do software livre ImageJ com relação ao seu processamento final desejado, avaliando assim, a necessidade ou não, de uma ou mais sequencias de pré-processamento para adequar a imagem para o processamento final, indicando ainda quais fatores de influência apresentam informações irrelevantes ou incompletas para o processamento final utilizando ferramentas da Lógica Paraconsistente Anotada. Os resultados obtidos mostram que esta abordagem carece de informações diversificadas sobre a imagem original capturada que possam subsidiar a tomada de decisão quanto aos procedimentos necessários e, para o pré-processamento adequado ao objetivo desejado. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Rubens Caram Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T01:19:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Contieri_RodrigoJose_M.pdf: 6106126 bytes, checksum: c0a763660f171b211110a4237cfd34db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A aplicação de tratamentos térmicos de recozimento a materiais metálicos encruados pode resultar em fenômenos de recuperação, de recristalização e de crescimento de grãos. Tal tipo de tratamento térmico resulta na transformação da microestrutura e, portanto, das propriedades físicas e mecânicas do material. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar parâmetros característicos do processo de recristalização e de crescimento de grãos do titânio comercialmente puro (Ti C.P.) por meio do desenvolvimento e aplicação de um modelo teórico baseado no algoritmo autômatos celulares e em experimentos. Esse modelo teórico considera a redução da energia interfacial nos contornos de grão a cada intervalo de tempo como força motriz do processo, assim como a influência de uma barreira de potencial. Objetivando validar os resultados teóricos obtidos e também obter informações necessárias à simulação, foram executados experimentos associados à laminação, a tratamentos térmicos e à caracterização de amostras de Ti C.P. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o modelo concebido é capaz de simular processos de recristalização e de crescimento de grãos. Observou-se a dependência da cinética de crescimento em relação à energia de ativação, temperatura e energia interfacial nos contornos. Por outro lado, concluiu-se que a recristalização do Ti C.P. laminado à temperatura ambiente pode ser investigada através de análises quantitativas de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) e de microdureza. Finalmente, informações obtidas da aplicação do modelo teórico exibem boa concordância com dados obtidos experimentalmente e com outros disponíveis na literatura / Abstract: Application of annealing heat treatments to strain hardened metallic materials may give rise to recuperation, recrystallization and grain growth phenomena. This heat treatment leads to microstructure transformation and hence, changes in physical and mechanical properties. The aim of this work is to determine parameters of recrystallization and grain growth processes of commercially pure titanium (C.P. Ti) by means of the development and application of a theoretical model based on Cellular Automata algorithm as well as on experiments. This model considers the decrease in the interfacial energy at grain boundaries every time step as the process driving force. In addition, it takes into account the influence of potential barrier. To validate theoretical results as well as to obtain essential information for the simulation, experiments related to rolling, heat treatments and characterization of C.P. Ti samples were carried out. The results obtained show the developed model is able to simulate recrystallization and grain growth processes. It was observed the growth kinetic depends on activation energy, temperature and interfacial energy at the boundaries. Also, it was concluded that recrystallization of the room temperature rolled C.P. Ti may be investigated by using results of differential scanning calorimetry and microhardness. Finally, information obtained by using the theoretical model well agrees with data experimentally obtained and with other available in literature / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Titanium alloys are strong candidates for the aerospace industry and biomaterial applications because of their low density, high strength-to-weight ratio and very high strength even at temperatures up to 600°C. Like many other engineering alloys, titanium alloys are prone to strong preferred crystallographic orientation development during thermomechanical processing. Part of the titanium processing route is to heat treat the material above the β transus for the purpose of homogenization and associated phase transformation. This heat treatment dramatically affected the microstructure and texture evolution. Theoretically, such heat treatment should result in a nearly random texture if all variants during α→β→α phase transformation are active. In reality, significant textures are observed after such a heat treatment process. The present project aims at developing a detailed understanding of the root cause for this relatively strong texture by means of EBSD and in-situ neutron diffraction studies. The effect of β grain growth on variant selection during β to α phase transformation has been investigated by using two variants of Ti-6Al-4V with and without 0.4 wt% yttrium addition. The aim of adding yttrium was to control β grain growth above the β transus by pinning grain boundaries with yttria. Both materials were first thermomechanically processed to generate a similar starting microstructures and crystallographic textures. Subsequently, both materials were solution heat treated above the β transus followed by slow cooling to promote growth of the α lath structure from grain boundary α. Detailed EBSD and in situ neutron diffraction analysis were carried out to study microstructure and texture evolution. The variant selection calculation suggests that more variant selection occurred in convectional material with a large grain size compared to material with yttrium addition. In situ measurements showed that β texture strengthened significantly above the β transus with increasing β grain size. There was no significant variant selection during α→β transformation; variant selection noticeably increased during β→α transformation with increasing β grain size. Additional interrupted cooling experiments followed by EBSD analysis showed early nucleation of α variants with a 'butterfly morphology' from β grain boundaries that have a pair of β grain with a common <110> pole. These observations suggest reduced nucleation energies for α formation in such circumstances allowing extensive growth of these α variants into unoccupied β grains making it a dominant variant. The influence of rolling temperatures (i.e. at 800 ºC and 950 ºC) to produce different starting texture, on texture evolution and variant selection during α→β→α transformation was also investigated. Laboratory X-ray, EBSD and in-situ neutron diffraction texture analyses were carried out. Even though the transformation texture is stronger at 800 ºC, the degree of variant selection is stronger in materials rolled at950 ºC compared to material rolled at 800 ºC. Here, the enhanced variant selectionfor the material rolled at 950 ºC was related to the different β texture. It is suggested that the combination of a particular β texture components promote variant nucleation that can increase the likelihood of having β grain pairs with a common <110> pole.

Hlavním cílem této diplomové práce byl popis závislosti kritické hustoty (tj. hustota, při které se tubulární póry zcela přemění na póry izolované a uzavřené) a průměrné velikosti zrn při této hustotě na rozdílných rychlostech ohřevu během druhého stádia slinovacího procesu. Dosažené výsledky jsou velice důležité, např. pro produkci transparentních balistických pancířů, vysoce výkonných řezných nástrojů či kostních a kloubních implantátů, jelikož poskytují informace pro výběr nejvhodnější slinovací metody, jejímž výsledkem jsou vzorky v předslinutém stavu s minimální velikostí zrn pro následnou metodu izostatického lisování za tepla (post –HIP). Bylo zjištěno, že kritická hustota všech studovaných oxidových materiálů (Al2O3, tetragonální ZrO2 a kubické ZrO2) není významně závislá na rychlosti ohřevu v rozmezí od 2°C/min do 200°C/min a průměrné hodnoty kritických hustot jsou 96.3 %; 92,4 % a 93,0 % pro Al2O3, t- ZrO2 a c-ZrO2. Výsledky z dosavadní literatury prokázali, že kritická hustota není taktéž závislá na mikrostruktuře keramického polotovaru, a tedy je možné usuzovat, že kritická hustota je materiálovou konstantou závislou na dihedrálním úhlu materiálu. Slinovací trajektorie (tj. závislost průměrné velikosti zrn na relativní hustotě) byly vyhodnoceny jak pro všechny tři způsoby slinování lišící se rychlostí ohřevu (2, 10 a 200 °C/min s dobou výdrže 5 min), tak pro takzvaný způsob slinování- long-dwell (nízké slinovací teploty s dobou výdrže 5 – 10 h). Výsledky nepotvrdily, že by některá z alternativních metod slinování vedla ke snížení průměrné velikosti zrn při kritické hustotě materiálu, a tudíž v současnosti nejvyužívanější metoda pro přípravu materiálů v předslinutém stavu, tzv. metoda konvenčního slinování (rychlost ohřevu 10 °C/min, doba výdrže 5 min), zůstává i nadále vhodnou metodou pro přípravu vzorků s optimální mikrostrukturou pro následný post-HIP proces.

Olivine is the most abundant mineral in Earth's upper mantle and is one of the major minerals discovered in extraterrestrial objects. Its physical properties govern the dynamics of the upper mantle. The most dynamic regions of the upper mantle are sites where melting and melt segregation occurs. These regions are also the most variable in terms of their oxygen fugacity. We therefore conducted piston cylinder experiments to determine the intergranular melt distribution, and explore a range of oxygen buffers. We annealed olivine aggregates in metallic and graphite capsules to determine the oxygen fugacities set by the capsule materials. These experiments show that oxygen fugacities are below their corresponding metal-oxide buffers. The oxygen fugacity in nickel80-iron20 and graphite capsules most closely represents the intrinsic oxygen fugacity of Fo90 olivine, while iron capsules are too reducing perhaps explaining the formation of "dusty" olivine in chondrites. We annealed olivine-basalt aggregates in order to determine the melt distribution. The results show that the length of olivine grain boundaries wetted by melt (grain boundary wetness) increases with increasing melt content to values well above those predicted by a simplified model which is commonly applied to this system. At fixed melt content the grain boundary wetness increases with increasing grain size. These observations emphasize that the dihedral angle of the simplified system is not adequate to characterize the melt distribution in partially molten rocks. Our observations indicate that at upper mantle grain sizes the shear viscosity of partially molten rocks is one order of magnitude lower than predicted by the simplified model. Naturally partially molten rocks exist in the form of olivine-rich troctolites or plagioclase dunites, but the conditions for their formation are not entirely clear. We therefore conducted step-cooling experiments that indicate that slow cooling of samples with a steady-state microstructure reproduces the interstitial geometry observed in natural samples. The grain boundary wetness determined from the interstitial phases is somewhat reduced during slow cooling relative to samples quenched from high temperature. The microstructural similarity of experimental and natural samples suggests that mush zones identified beneath mid-ocean ridges may have lower melt contents than previously envisioned. / 2016-11-18T00:00:00Z

The influence of grain boundary and interphase junctions on the thermodynamics and kinetics of grain growth in nanocrystalline materials is considered. The presented results of current experimental measurements of the grain boundary and grain boundary – free surface triple junctions give the opportunity to estimate quantitatively the influence of the junctions on the kinetics of the grain growth and on the evolution and stability of nanocrystalline systems.