Global ETD Search

11	Structural studies of Gαq signaling and regulation Shankaranarayanan, Aruna 07 November 2012 (has links) Gαq signaling is implicated in a number of physiological processes that include platelet activation, cardiovascular development and smooth muscle function. Historically, Gαq is known to function by activating its effector, phospholipase Cβ. Desensitization of Gαq signaling is mediated by G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRK) such as GRK2 that phosphorylates the activated receptor and also sequesters activated Gαq and Gβγ subunits. Our crystal structure of Gαq-GRK2-Gβγ complex shows that Gαq forms effector-like interactions with the regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) homology domain of GRK2 involving the classic effector-binding site of Gα subunits, raising the question if GRK2 can itself be a Gáq effector and initiate its own signaling cascade. In the structure, Gα and Gβγ subunits are completely dissociated from one another and the orientation of activated Gαq with respect to the predicted cell membrane is drastically different from its position in the inactive Gαβγ heterotrimer. Recent studies have identified a novel Gαq effector, p63RhoGEF that activates RhoA. Our crystal structure of the Gαq-p63RhoGEF-RhoA complex reveals that Gαq interacts with both the Dbl homology (DH) and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains of p63RhoGEF with its C-terminal helix and its effector-binding site, respectively. The structure predicts that Gαq relieves auto-inhibition of the catalytic DH domain by the PH domain. We show that Gαq activates p63RhoGEF-related family members, Trio and Kalirin, revealing several conduits by which RhoA is activated in response to Gq-coupled receptors. The Gαq effector-site interaction with p63RhoGEF/GRK2 does not overlap with the Gαq-binding site of RGS2/RGS4 that function as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). This suggests that activated G proteins, effectors, RGS proteins, and activated receptors can form high-order complexes at the cell membrane. We confirmed the formation of RGS-Gαq-effector complexes and our results suggest that signaling pathways initiated by GRK2 and p63RhoGEF are regulated by RGS proteins via both allosteric and GAP mechanisms. Our structural studies of Gαq signaling provide insight into protein-protein interactions that induce profound physiological changes. Understanding such protein interfaces is a key step towards structure-based drug design that can be targeted to treat diseases concerned with impaired Gαq signaling. / text Gαq signaling Gαq and Gβγ subunits Crystal structure Dbl homology Pleckstrin homology Effector binding site C-terminal helix GTPase activating proteins Regulator of G-protein signaling
12	Genetic analysis of grinder formation in Caenorhabditis elegans: regulation by RAB-6.2 and its GTPase activating protein EAT-17 Anselmo, Sarah Straud. January 2004 (has links) (PDF) Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2004. / Vita. Bibliography: 106-117.
13	Structural Determinants of Phosphoinositide Recognition by Grp1 Family Pleckstrin Homology Domains: a Dissertation Cronin, Thomas Charles 25 October 2005 (has links) Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains, which play an essential role in membrane trafficking and signal transduction, recognize phosphoinositides with a diverse range of affinities and specificities. The PH domains of the Grp1 family of Arf GTPase exchange factors recognize a select group of phosphoinositides with dramatic differences in specificity, despite 90% sequence identity. The work described in this thesis has focused on the structural basis for these differences. The structure of the Grp1 PH domain revealed structural determinants for phosphoinositide recognition. Through a wide range of crystallographic and biochemical means, the structural basis that accounts for the differential binding affinities amongst the Grp1 family PH domains has also been determined. Furthermore, examination of the structural details of these PH domains bound to different inositol phosphate groups have aided in understanding the structural mechanisms by which all PH domains recognize phosphoinositides. Membrane Microdomains GTPase-Activating Proteins Inositol Phosphates Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Alternative Splicing Academic Dissertations Dissertations, UMMS Life Sciences Medicine and Health Sciences
14	Characterization of regulatory mechanisms of CdGAP, a negative regulator of the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 Danek, Eric Ian. January 2008 (has links) No description available. cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein -- metabolism. Phosphorylation. rac1 GTP-Binding Protein -- metabolism.
15	The Role of RIP1 in the TNFR1 Signal Transduction Pathway: a Dissertation Lee, Thomas H. 24 September 2004 (has links) The cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) stimulates the NF-кB, SAPK/JNK, and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways by recruiting Rip1 and Traf2 proteins to the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1). Genetic studies have revealed that Rip1 links the TNFR1 to the IкB kinase (IKK) complex, whereas Traf2 couples the TNFR1 to the SAPK/JNK cascade. We found TNFα-induced p38 MAP kinase activation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production is impaired in rip1-/- murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) but unaffected in traj2-/- MEF, demonstrating that Rip1 is also a specific mediator of the p38 MAP kinase response to TNFα. Moreover, we demonstrate that endogenous Rip1 associates with the MAP3K, Mekk3 in response to TNFα and that TNFα-induced p38 MAP kinase activation is impaired in mekk3-/- cells, indicating that Rip1 may mediate the p38 MAP kinase response to TNFα by recruiting Mekk3. We also demonstrate that Rip1 is phosphorylated and ubiquitinated in response to Tnfα and that Rip1 phosphorylation is not required for ubiquitination of Rip1. Furthermore, TNFα-induced ubiquitination of Rip1 is impaired in Traf2-/- cells, suggesting that Traf2 is the E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for the TNFα-dependent ubiquitination of Rip1. Finally, recruitment of the ubiquitinated Tak1 complex is dependent on the presence of Rip1, suggesting that Rip1 ubiquitination rather than its phosphorylation is critical in TNFR1 signaling. Antigens, CD GTPase-Activating Proteins Interleukin-6 MAP Kinase Signaling System NF-kappa B p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Phosphorylation Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I Ubiquitin Academic Dissertations Life Sciences Medicine and Health Sciences
16	Electrostaticanalisys the Ras active site Khan, Abdul Kareem 05 March 2009 (has links) La preorganització electrostàtica del centre actiu s'ha postulat com el mecanisme genèric de l'acció dels enzims. Així, alguns residus "estratègics" es disposarien per catalitzar reaccions interaccionant en una forma més forta amb l'estat de transició, baixant d'aquesta manera el valor de l'energia dactivació g cat. S'ha proposat que aquesta preorientació electrostática s'hauria de poder mostrar analitzant l'estabilitat electrostàtica de residus individuals en el centre actiu.Ras es una proteïna essencial de senyalització i actúa com un interruptor cel.lular. Les característiques estructurals de Ras en el seu estat actiu (ON) són diferents de les que té a l'estat inactiu (OFF). En aquesta tesi es duu a terme una anàlisi exhaustiva de l'estabilitat dels residus del centre actiu deRas en l'estat actiu i inactiu. / The electrostatic preorganization of the active site has been put forward as the general framework of action of enzymes. Thus, enzymes would position "strategic" residues in such a way to be prepared to catalyze reactions byinteracting in a stronger way with the transition state, in this way decreasing the activation energy g cat for the catalytic process. It has been proposed thatsuch electrostatic preorientation should be shown by analyzing the electrostatic stability of individual residues in the active site.Ras protein is an essential signaling molecule and functions as a switch in thecell. The structural features of the Ras protein in its active state (ON state) are different than those in its inactive state (OFF state). In this thesis, an exhaustive analysis of the stability of residues in the active and inactive Ras active site is performed. dinàmica centre actiu relacions d'estructura activitat preorganització reorganització estat de transició estat actiu estabilitat electrostàtica interacción proteïna-proteïna test de ranks de Wilcoxon P-loop G1 motif HVR metastability RMSD substrate assisted catalysis sequence alignment beta sheet helix Z-test wilcoxon rank test protein-protein interactions electrostatic stability active state dynamics signal transduction electrostatic stabilization ras effectors guanine exchange factor GTPase-activating proteins quantum mechanics/molecular PDLD/S-LRA X-ray crystallography solvation energy free energy perturbation statistical analysis GTP hydrolysis guanosine diphosphate guanosine triphosphate computer simulation thermodynamics protein conformation electrostatics interruptor II interruptor I llaç P motiu G1 HVR (regions altament variables) metaestabilita RMSD catàlisi assistida pel substrat aliniament de seqüència fulla beta hèlix test Z transducció del senyal estabilització electrostàtica efectors de ras factor de bescamvi de guanina proteïnes activadores de l'activitat mecànica quàntica/mecànica PDLD/S-LRA cristalografia de raigs X energia de solvatació perturbació de l'energia lliure anàlisi estadística hidròlisi de GTP difosfat de guanosina trifosfat de guanosina simulació computacional termodinàmica conformació proteïca electrostàtica switch-I switch-II 537 576

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