The thesis focuses on Gallo-Roman temple sites in the Burgundy region, based on published and archive sources. It uses these sites to illustrate an exploration of interconnected themes relating to the study of temple sites, with a view to developing an integrated approach to site and surroundings. A gazetteer of sites is appended to the text. Discussion of these themes applies recent theoretical approaches to archaeology and draws on interdisciplinary work. Using a broad-based approach to the study of these sites, it considers the wider defining context of temple complexes as places for ritualised action and attempts to move away from categorisation of sites based on architectural form (for example 'temple' or 'spring' sites). Alternative approaches to the architecture of temple sites are suggested, ntegrating detailed discussion of bath buildings and theatres into analysis of the sites and considering their implications for multiple perspectives. Consideration is also given to the symbolic associations of water and the way in which bodily experience is used to effect transformation and structure interaction with the sacred. The work attempts to break down a perceived separation of site and structure through consideration of landscape context, the medium of water and processes such as pilgrimage. The use of the pilgrimage analogy for temple sites is examined; it is argued that the act of pilgrimage through the landscape would have created physical and conceptual links between temple sites and their surroundings. The study takes a long-term perspective and considers the evidence for the use of temple sites in the Iron Age and post-Roman periods and associated problems of interpretation. This long-term perspective reveals frequentation of these sites before and after the Roman period, stressing the importance of place and its associated memories.

The majority of Gallo-Roman reliefs were published in the early 1900s, and since that time there has been no major study undertaken solely on a peculiarly abundant and striking part of the corpus, namely the scenes of vending depicted on funerary monuments. Scholars have tended to concentrate their efforts on scenes of work in general, both in Gaul and in Italy, where another important series of work scenes is found, including vending scenes. Therefore, this thesis focuses on 61 Gallo-Roman reliefs depicting the sale or display of merchandise such as clothing, food, wine and specialty products. These transactions often take place in small, shop-like settings, consisting of a counter, and sometimes shelves or display racks The analysis of the iconography of the vending scenes is of central importance to our understanding of the various occupational roles of the merchants, who range from small scale shop-keepers to commercial wholesalers of products. As many of the reliefs are in relatively poor condition, the comparanda from the Italian series of vending scenes, epigraphic parallels, archaeological finds and literary sources are essential in dealing with problems of interpretation. One problem to be resolved is how closely the Gallo-Roman vending scenes follow the Italian models. Another problem concerns the visual and verbal evidence for the legal and social status of Gallo-Roman vendors. Where did these vendors fit into Gallo-Roman society? Additionally, what do the products displayed in these reliefs reveal about the economy of Roman Gaul? It is the intent of this thesis to demonstrate that the vendors wished to present themselves on their tombs in ways to show that they achieved prosperity and a relatively comfortable status in life through their endeavours in commerce and trade. The best evidence for the actual success of these vendors is given by the large, costly tombs upon which some of the vending scenes are carved. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This paper examines the changing attitudes of Gallo-Romans from the time of Caesar's conquest in the 50s BCE to the start of Vespasian's reign in 70-71 CE and how Roman prejudice shaped those attitudes. I first examine the conflicted opinions of the Gauls in Caesar's time and how they eventually banded together against him but were defeated. Next, the activities of each Julio-Claudian emperor are examined to see how they impacted Gaul and what the Gallo-Roman response was. Throughout this period there is clear evidence of increased Romanisation amongst the Gauls and the prominence of the region is obvious in imperial policy. This changes with Nero's reign where Vindex's rebellion against the emperor highlights the prejudices still effecting Roman attitudes. This only becomes worse in the rebellion of Civilis the next year. After these revolts, the Gallo-Romans appear to retreat from imperial offices and stick to local affairs, likely as a direct response to Rome's rejection of them.

This paper examines the changing attitudes of Gallo-Romans from the time of Caesar's conquest in the 50s BCE to the start of Vespasian's reign in 70-71 CE and how Roman prejudice shaped those attitudes. I first examine the conflicted opinions of the Gauls in Caesar's time and how they eventually banded together against him but were defeated. Next, the activities of each Julio-Claudian emperor are examined to see how they impacted Gaul and what the Gallo-Roman response was. Throughout this period there is clear evidence of increased Romanisation amongst the Gauls and the prominence of the region is obvious in imperial policy. This changes with Nero's reign where Vindex's rebellion against the emperor highlights the prejudices still effecting Roman attitudes. This only becomes worse in the rebellion of Civilis the next year. After these revolts, the Gallo-Romans appear to retreat from imperial offices and stick to local affairs, likely as a direct response to Rome's rejection of them.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 391-422). Also available via World Wide Web.

Le but premier de ce travail est de préciser l’importance des productions végétales au sein des agglomérations secondaires gallo-romaines du centre bassin parisien. Le corpus est motivé par des choix chronologiques et géographiques : l’ensemble des sites est localisé au sein du bassin parisien et occupé entre le Ier et le Ve siècle ap. J.-C. Qu’entendons-nous par productions végétales ? Nous percevons trois cas différents : les productions végétales agricoles et donc alimentaires, que nous retrouvons par exemple dans les contextes urbains sous la forme des céréales produites, en l’état actuel de nos connaissances, dans les exploitations agricoles ; les productions vivrières, toujours alimentaires, produites directement dans les agglomérations (comme les potagers et les vergers) ; les productions végétales qui servent non pas à l’alimentation mais à l’artisanat. C'est le cas du bois du noisetier en vannerie. Le raisonnement autour des productions vivrières est une question centrale : que produisaient les urbains ? Où ? Quelle pouvait être l’importance de ces productions végétales alimentaires ? Afin d'y répondre, notre réflexion se porte sur les espaces non couverts des agglomérations secondaires. Il est certain en effet que la mise en culture des espèces végétales potagères et fruitières nécessite une source de lumière : elle n’est donc praticable que dans des espaces non couverts ou « non bâtis ». / The original intention of this work is to specify the importance of the vegetable productions within the Gallo-Roman small town of the center Paris region. The corpus is justified by chronological and geographical choices: the whole of the sites is localised within the Paris region and occupied between 1th and 5 th century. What we hear by vegetable productions ? We perceive three different cases : vegetable productions agricultural and thus food; productions food, directly produced in the small town (like the kitchen gardens and the orchards); the vegetable productions which are used not for the food but for the craft industry. The reasoning around the food productions is a key question : what produced the urban? Where? Which could be the importance of these vegetable food productions ? In order to answer it, our reflexion goes on not covers spaces of the small towns.

Cette étude à pour objectif de mieux mesurer la place et l'importance du culte des eaux au sein du paysage religieux de l'est de la Gaule, en proposant des scenarii d'évolution du phénomène et des pratiques qui lui sont liées. Au-delà, il s'agira aussi d'aborder plus généralement la question des mutations qui touchent la géographie sacrée de la Gaule suite à son intégration dans la Romanitas. Le cule des eaux en Gaule est un concept nourri par les contradictions. Nous nous sommes donc efforcés de forger notre propre opinion sur ce concept équivoque. Tout d'abord, nous avons exploré ce tour d'horizon par une relecture des sources antiques, ce qui a achevé de nous convaincre que le culte des eaux devait être perçu comme un concept religieux flexible. En Gaule, les communautés se seraient appropriées ce concept et l'auraient adapté à leurs besoins, même si un certain nombre de conventions religieuses paraissaient transcender les époques et les cultures. Afin de vérifier le bienfondé de cette hypothèse, nous l'avons éprouvée face aux données archéologiques sur une sélection de sites centrés sur l'est de la Gaule, ce qui nous a permis d'identifier deux grandes phases chronologiques importantes rythmant l'évolution du culte des eaux en Gaule.La première phase s'étend du Ier siècle avant notre ère à la première moitié du Ier siècle, au moment où cette nouvelle facette du culte est en plein essor. Avant que le discours religieux n'atteigne une forme de maturité, lors de la seconde phase chronologique qui débute au cours du troisième quart du Ier siècle. / This study aims to evaluate the importance of sacred water and cults connected with waters as part of eastern Gaul religious landscape, through the evolution of cult places and ritual practices. By extension, our goals is toprovide a better understanding of the transformations impacting religious activities and how it connects to the promotion of Romanitas by Gallic communities.The religious history of Gaul is well-known for conveying problematic concepts such as "naturist cults" or, in our case, "water cults". Therefore, we strived to study modern literary sources in order to deconstruct historiographical myths. Then, we completed this overview through a diligent re-reading of ancient sources. At this point, we were convinced that "water cult" was a flexible religious concept. Gallic communities would seize the idea of sacred water and cults connected with waters, and adapt it to their needs, even is shared religious norms seem to transcend time and cultures. In order to put this hypothesis to test, we challenged it against archaeological data through a selection of cult places from eastern Gaul, which, in return, allowed us to identify two main chronological phases forming the pattern of the evolution of water cults in Gallo-Roman religious landscape. The first chronological phase stretch from the first century B.C. to the first half of the first century A.D., when this new facet becomes an increasingly growing trend. Afterwards, that new religious discourse reaches a form of maturity starting from the second half of the first century.

After a brief survey of the changing definitions of Aquitanica I itself, the conceptual evolution of the 'villa' will be examined; and since a reliance upon toponymy to locate late Roman and early Merovingian estates is central to the debate surrounding their nature and composition, a detailed analysis of its limitations will follow. In the process, several common generalisations about this period will be tested for eastern Aquitaine: the extent of depopulation, land abandonment, Germanic settlements, and the change from a pattern of dispersed to nucleated settlements, from Roman farmsteads to mediaeval agricultural villages, Finally, a brief summary of the 'archaeology' of the late Roman villa in eastern Aquitaine will be compared with that of its Merovingian counterpart; and the overwhelming conclusion reached, that the problem Is due to past shortcomings in archaeological retrieval rather than the transformation of the villa into village, which is probably a late rather than early Merovingian process, and which certainly cannot be demonstrated for late Roman central Gaul.

Thesis--Paris IV, 1973. / Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

Thesis--Paris IV, 1973. / Includes bibliographical references and indexes.