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This study examines the evolution of online news strategy in South African and American newspaper companies, and compares the approaches used in the two countries. The Internet has had a major effect on news worldwide, and has contributed to sweeping changes in the news industry in all media. This study looks at the changes and the evolving strategy wrought by online news in the newspaper industry in two countries. In order to do this comparison, a model of the US experience has been constructed, using material published in the US academic and professional journalism press. Since there is no equivalent published material available dealing with the South African experience, interviews were conducted with staff at two newspaper companies (Johnnic and Naspers), and a broad historical overview was created for each company. These “narrative histories” were then compared with the US model, and areas of commonality and difference were highlighted and discussed. Several structural and national differences be tween the two countries were also raised and analysed. Finally, a conclusion as to how applicable the US model is to the South African experience is drawn, and suggestions are made for further study.

This dissertation presents the social virtual interface (SVI) model, which was born out of a need to develop a viable model of the complex interactions, information flow and information seeking behaviors among undercover officers. The SVI model was created from a combination of various philosophies and models in the literature of information seeking, communication and philosophy. The questions this research paper answers are as follows: 1. Can we make use of models and concepts familiar to or drawn from Information Science to construct a model of undercover police work that effectively represents the large number of entities and relationships? and 2. Will undercover police officers recognize this model as realistic? This study used a descriptive qualitative research method to examine the research questions. An online survey and hard copy survey were distributed to police officers who had worked in an undercover capacity. In addition groups of officers were interviewed about their opinion of the SVI model. The data gathered was analyzed and the model was validated by the results of the survey and interviews.

This study examines activity induced articular facets and osteoarthritis in the ankle and foot complex of an Archaic hunter-gatherer population from the Gauthier (8BR-193) mortuary complex. To determine the frequency at which these characteristics occur, I scored the tibiae, tali, proximal phalanges, and metatarsals of adults and juveniles using methods developed by Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994) for scoring osteoarthritis and a synthesis of methods developed by Barnett (1954), and Boulle (2001a; 2001b), Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994). Molleson (1989), Ubelaker (1979), for scoring articular facets. Despite significant skeletal fragmentation observed, articular facets were remarkbly complete, allowing for analysis of joint degeneration. While there does not appear to be a correlation between characteristics, the high prevalence of activity induced articular facets and osteoarthritis is indicative of extreme hyperdorsiflexion. Habitual kneeling and squatting postures are characteristic of hunter-gatherer subsistence activities as suggested by researchers such as Ubelaker (1975), Molleson (1969), and Trinkaus (1975). / by Kassandra Nelson. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 200?. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T20:05:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 26 / Nenhuma / Esta Dissertação apresenta uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar os significados atribuídos à catação de resíduos sólidos recicláveis, por um grupo de crianças, estudantes de 2º ano de uma escola municipal (situada no Bairro Santa Marta) de São Leopoldo, RS, cuja existência está vinculada a essa atividade, examinando os jogos de linguagem que a constituem. O material de pesquisa foi composto por entrevistas realizadas com oito crianças com idades que variavam entre seis e onze anos, desencadeadas por desenhos que haviam realizado previamente; anotações de observações e falas registradas em diário de campo; desenhos e painéis feitos pelos alunos; e informações geradas numa visita ao Aterro Sanitário. A investigação serviu-se de ferramentas teóricas provenientes do pensamento de diferentes autores, entre as quais, assumiram uma posição privilegiada, as noções advindas das teorizações de Michel Foucault – tais como poder, resistência, discurso e enunciado; das idéias de Ludwig Wittgenstein da obra Invest / This Master Dissertation presents a research that has the aim to analyze the meanings assigned to the gathering of solid recycled waste – catação –, by a group of children, students from the second grade of a municipal school (situated in Santa Marta Neighborhood) at São Leopoldo, RS, who was involved in this activity, examining the language games which constitutes it. The research data was composed of interviews made with eight children with the average age of six to eleven years old, unleashed by drawings that have been done previously; observation notes and words registered in a field diary; drawings and panels made by the students and information generated from a visit to the Sanitary Landfill. The investigation was based on theoretical tools provided by different authors’ thoughts. Among them, assumed a privileged position notions coming from Michel Foucault’s theorizations – such as power, resistance, discourse and enunciation; of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s ideas of his book Philosophical Investigations

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The World Wide Web should become more important as technology advances. Because people use the Web differently to traditional media, media companies should investigate the new medium to fully reap its benefits and to understand its future impact on their revenue streams. British media companies have co-operated and invested heavily in the Internet for years and continue to do so through content portals, typically web sites for their newspaper titles. They initially did so to protect themselves from entrepreneurs who potentially threatened their classified advertising revenues with Web-only classified advertising directories. Classified advertising works better on the Web. A newspaper's website seems to have no adverse effect on its circulation. Via their websites, newspapers can reach and market to people who would otherwise not buy them. British advertisers are spending more on advertising online and on advertising in the regional press. Rapidly expanding Newsquest is the second-largest British regional publisher. Its management structure is hierarchial and it aggressively controls costs. Although the digital media department of Newsquest (London) has some flaws (notably when it comes to communication with other departments), its strategy is generally sound. Newsquest's newsrooms are multi-media and all journalists contribute to and maintain newspaper websites. Most of Newsquest's Internet revenue comes from charging classified advertisers more for uploading their adverts to the websites. The adverts are listed in Fish-t, a classified advertising database maintained by most UK regional publishers. Whereas Newsquest's regional policies are generally sound, national plans and software programmes are often not suitable for such a devolved corporation. Newquest's strategy of aggressive cost control by underpaying staff (and hence often not being able to retain top performers) jeopardises its classified advertising revenues, as the competition it faces on the Web is larger than in traditional circulation areas. Greater automation is necessary to bypass shortomings and errors made by low-performing staff. The Watford Observer's website is operated similarly to a free newspaper. Newsroom staff are encouraged to take ownership of it and emphasis lies on convincing online readers to buy The Watford Observer in print. The website plays an important role in marketing the newspaper and mainly generates profit by providing added value to advertisers. The newspaper's circulation has been falling for some time and some senior managers ascribe this to the Internet. By means of a home delivery system that allows people to subscribe to the printed newspaper online, circulation could be boosted through the website. The current subscriptions model is ineffective. With the exception of CaxtonlCTP, some major South African media companies with regional titles follow a pro-active newspaper website strategy. Although there is a critical mass of wealthy consumers and technological development is sufficient, government telecommunications policy and the telephone operator's monopoly seriously undermine Internet use and media companies' profits from it. As technology advances (portable, fold-up displays are not far off), newspaper content may in future be displayed exclusively online. This is problematic, as display advertising is ineffective on the Web. Newspaper publishers could acquire mobile telephone operators and Internet service providers to control these developments. Newspaper companies must (and many do) accept they need to be multimedia publishers in the future. South African media companies are forced to maintain low-key Internet operations until government telecommunications policy changes. Newsquest's online business model is an example what could potentially be achieved. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die web behoort belangriker te word soos tegnologie vooruitgaan. Omdat 'n mens dit anders gebruik as tradisionele media, behoort mediamaatskappye die nuwe medium te ondersoek om volle voordeel daaruit te trek en die volle impak daarvan op hullopende inkomste te verstaan. Britse mediamaatskappye het saamgespan en het jare lank in die Internet belê deur die handhawing van inhoudsportale en, meer spesifiek, koerantwebwerwe. Oorspronklik het hulle dit gedoen om hulself te beskerm teen entrepreneurs wat moontlik hul persoonlike advertensies met web-gebaseerde persoonlike advertensiegidse sou bedreig. Persoonlike advertensies werk beter op die web. 'n Koerant se sirkulasie blyk nie benadeel te word deur sy webwerf nie. Deur hul webwerwe kan koerante mense (ook vir bemarkingsdoeleindes ) bereik wat andersins nie die koerant sou koop nie. Britse adverteerders bestee meer aan aanlynadvertensies en adverteer toenemend m die streekspers. Newsquest groei vinnig en is die tweede-grootste Britse streeksuitgewer. Die maatskappy het 'n hiërargiese bestuurstruktuur en beperk agressiefbedryfskoste. Al het Newsquest (London) se digitale mediadepartement foute (veral wat kommunikasie met ander departemente betref), is strategie in die algemeen goed. Newsquest se nuuskantore is multimedia en alle joernaliste dra by tot die inhoud en onderhoud van koerantwebwerwe. Newsquest verdien sy meeste internet-inkomste deur meer te vra vir aanlyn-persoonlike advertensies op sy werwe. Advertensies word dan in Fish4, 'n persoonlike advertensiedatabasis, wat deur die meeste Britse streekskoerantuitgewers gebruik en versorg word, aangebied. Al is Newsquest se beleid op streeksvlak oor die algemeen goed, is nasionale planne en sagteware-programme baie keer nie toepaslik vir so 'n gedesentraliseerde maatskappy nie. Newsquest se strategie om agressief koste te beheer deur werknemers lae salarisse te betaal (en as gevolg daarvan dikwels nie top-presteerders te behou nie), stel sy persoonlike advertensie-inkomste in gevaar omdat die mededinging wat die maatskappy op die Internet in die gesig staar groter is as op tradisionele sirkulasie-areas. Groter outomatisering is nodig om tekortkomings en foute, wat deur sleg betaalde en onderpresterende werknemers veroorsaak word, te omseil. The Watford Observer se webwerf word soos 'n gratis koerant bestuur. Joernaliste word aangespoor om besit daarvan te neem en 'n klem word daarop geplaas om aanlyn-lesers te oortuig om die koerant te koop. Die webwerf speel 'n belangrike rol in die bemarking van die koerant en verhoog hoofsaaklik wins deur waarde by te voeg by persoonlike advertensies. Die koerant se sirkulasie val al vir geruime tyd en sommige senior bestuurders skryf dit toe aan die Internet. Deur 'n afleweringsdiens wat mense die moontlikheid gee om aanlyn in te teken vir die gedrukte koerant, kan sirkulasie egter deur die webwerf verbeter word. Die huidige intekenmodel in ondoeltreffend. Met die uitsondering van CaxtonlCTP volg sommige Suid-Afrikaanse mediamaatskappye met streekstitels 'n pro-aktiewe koerantwebwerf-strategie. Hoewel daar 'n voldoende aantal welvarende tegnologiese en verbruikersontwikkeling is, ondermyn die regering se telekommunikasiebeleid en die telefoonmaatskappy se monopolie ernstig Internetgebruik en mediamaatskappye se wins daaruit. Soos tegnologie vooruitgaan (byvoorbeeld draagbare, opvoubare skerms), mag koerantinhoud in die toekoms dalk uitsluitlik aanlyn aangebied word. Dit is problematies, omdat gewone advertensies ondoeltreffend op die web is. Koerantuitgewers mag dalk selfoonoperateurs en Internet-diensverskaffers aankoop om hierdie ontwikkelings te beheer. Suid-Afrikanse mediamaatskappye IS gedwing om lae vlak Internet-bedrywighede te handhaaf totdat die regering se telekommunikasiebeleid verander. Newsquest se aanlynmodel is 'n voorbeeld van wat bereik kan word.

Denna uppsats berör ämnet användarmedverkan som i den här uppsatsen definieras som “Användare är med och för fram krav, åsikter och information kring vad som ska finnas i ett befintligt system i syfte att det ska passa deras verksamhet.”. Det uppsatsen utforskar är om det går att göra generaliseringar från ett tidigare arbete från Rosenquist och Curovac (2017) som hade problem med just detta. Frågeställningen i studien är “Vad har användarmedverkan för positiv och negativ påverkan på kravinsamling?”. Datainsamlingen från praktiken sker med hjälp av kvalitativ metod och kvalitativa intervjuer där en deduktiv tematisk analys används för att sedan analysera innehållet. Det som inte utforskas är de andra delarna av systemutveckling och vad användarmedverkan kan ha för påverkan i dessa, som exempelvis design. Studien utforskar heller inte användarperspektivet utan endast leverantörens perspektiv. Den tidigare studien utforskar olika teman om vad användarmedverkan har för positiva och negativa effekter på kravinsamling för standardiserade system. Dessa teman utforskar hur empiri jämfört med praktiken definierar och ser på saker inom användarmedverkan. De teman som utforskas är Definitioner (av Användare, Användarmedverkan och Krav), vad det finns för Möjligheter med användarmedverkan vid kravinsamling (Exakta och precisa krav, Uppnå användarnas förväntningar), Problem med användarmedverkan (Bristfällig kunskap hos användaren, Tid/Kostnad, Orimliga krav och Motvilliga användare), möjligheten att Förutse påverkan med användarmedverkan vid kravinsamling, Hitta rätt användare och vad Användarnas roll är i kravinsamlingsprocessen. Det som kommer fram i uppsatsen som resultat är att det med hjälp av denna studie samt den tidigare studien som gjordes av Rosenquist och Curovac (2017) går det att dra generaliseringar på en del teman och dessa teman var Definitioner, Möjligheter med användarmedverkan vid kravinsamling och Problem med användarmedverkan. Det gick däremot inte att dra generaliseringar från de andra tre teman. / This thesis is diving into the subject of user participation that is defined as “Users are participating and comes up with requirements, opinion and information regarding what should be in a already existing system in purpose of getting the system to fit their organization”. What the thesis explores is if it is possible to do generalizations from an earlier work that was done by Rosenquist and Curovac (2017) which they had problems with. The framing of the question is “What positive and negative impact does user participation have on gathering of requirements?”. The data that was collected from the practice was done with the qualitative method and qualitative interviews, to analyze the gathered data a deductive thematic analysis was done. This thesis does not take in consideration what impact user participation can have on other parts of system development for example design. This thesis does not explore any other perspective than the supplier, therefore it does not explore the user perspective of the matter.  The earlier thesis explores different themes that regards what positive and negative impact user participation has on gathering of requirements for standardized systems. These themes explore how the empiricism and the practice look at Definition (of Users, User Participation and Requirements), what Opportunities user participation has on gathering of requirements (Exact and precise requirements, Achieve the users expectations), Problems with user participation (Inadequate knowledge from the user, Time/Cost, Unreasonable requirements and Reluctant users), the possibility to Forsee the effect that user participation has on gathering of requirements, Find the correct users and what The users role is in the process of gathering requirements. This thesis presents a result with the help of the earlier study that was done by Rosenquist and Curovac (2017) that it is possible to do generalizations on some of the themes that was presented, and these themes were Definitions, Opportunities user participation has on gathering of requirements, Problems with user participation. It was not possible to do generalizations on the other three themes due to that too much data that contradicts each other.

The United States, as well as other nations, is experiencing an increase in the older adult population. As a result of older adults living longer, mobile devices can be a major component in improving older adults' quality of life. However, older adults may encounter difficulties when using the mobile devices. This research examined the requirements in addressing the needs of older adults when using a mobile device. Specifically, the research focused on gathering the task and feature requirements for a mobile device tutorial for older adults. The approach was accomplished by the development of a mobile device questionnaire, which was first administered to a pilot group of older adults, to determine the questionnaire's comprehensiveness, then to an adequate sample size of older adults at four senior activity centers, located in Prince George's County, Maryland. Based on the responses to the specific research questions from the total population, two focus groups, consisting of a total of ten individuals, were selected. The focus groups, identified as focus group A and B, were created, based on how likely or unlikely the respondent would use a mobile device tutorial. Following the collection of the questionnaires from the total population and the two focus groups, the results of the data were analyzed. The quantitative findings for the total population for the task requirements found that e-mail had the highest mean (4.40%), followed by health, shopping, restaurant, and financial. The findings for the feature requirements found that photos had the highest mean (4.21%), followed by camera, contacts, reminders, and FaceTime. The researcher developed findings based on the qualitative analysis from the total sample population. The major qualitative findings consisted of the benefits, to include access, availability, accuracy and usefulness. The drawbacks consisted of ease of use, user concerns, and the inability to ask questions. In the analysis of the quantitative findings for the task requirements, focus group A was slightly different from the total population, with shopping having the highest mean (6.80%), followed by health, restaurants, e-mail and financial. The findings for the task requirements for focus group B, were similar to the total population, with e-mail and health having the highest means (1.60%), followed by restaurants and financial (equal), and shopping. The findings for the feature requirements for focus group A, were similar to the total population, with photos and reminders (6.80%), followed by camera, and FaceTime and contacts. The findings for the feature requirements for focus group B, were also similar to the total population and focus group A, with photos having the highest mean (1.80%), followed by reminders, and contacts, camera, and FaceTime (equal). In the analysis of the qualitative analysis for focus group A some of the benefits included availability and encouragement. For focus group B, some of the benefits included working at one's own pace, and understandability of the device. The qualitative analysis for the total population findings for the benefits of a mobile device tutorial included access to a tutorial, availability, skill set for a tutorial, and usefulness. The main responses pertaining to why the respondent would use a mobile device include the device's availability, ease to use, use at one's leisure, and using the device at one's own pace. In examining the qualitative findings for the two focus groups, the major areas for the benefits for focus group A, are similar to the total population. These areas include availability, encouragement, and listening to the tutorial several times. The major areas for focus group B, are similar to the total population and focus group A, to include listening to the tutorial several times. In exploring deeper into the focus groups' responses, the participants addressed specific questions regarding the task and feature requirements. For the specific task or feature requirements for which a respondent would likely use a mobile device tutorial for assistance, focus group A's responses were the features of FaceTime and the tasks of e-mail, photos, and contacts. Focus group B responses were the task requirement of health care and financial and feature requirements of camera and photos. The mixed method analysis supports the premise that older adults would desire instructions on the identified task and feature requirements for a mobile device tutorial. The recommendations of the research consisted of additional examination of collecting data across multiple senior activity centers, the Baby Boomer generation, and older adult computer classes. Designing a mock-up tutorial, using another mobile device, and the use of current Siri feature, are other possible research investigations. Lastly, the implications of the study, filled the gap regarding senior adults and mobile devices, by contributing to the research pertaining to mobile device tutorials that would accommodate older adults.

The research reported here arose from perceived lacunae regarding archaeological understanding of mesolithic settlement in eastern Scotland. Historically this area, for a number of reasons, has seen 1ittle archaeological research in comparison to the maritime west of the country, a bias that requires redressing. The characteristics, problems and potentials of available data are assembled for the first time and critically assessed. Discussion of methodologies appropriate to this material is developed, and small-scale fieldwork undertaken within this framework presented. Any introduction of a new range of data is, in part, a construction of that data, and the particular interpretative and thematic stresses of the thesis arise from the argument that narratives of gatherer-hunter communities in the past have objectified those groups, consequently hindering comprehension of them. To this end an approach to a social archaeology of the mesolithic is developed, stressing the importance of examining skills and routines that, through thei; extension in particular contexts, may have structured an agent's experience of landscapes in the past. In order to flesh out these arguments and introduce the material evidence in more detail, a series of overlapping case studies is developed exploring in turn, the relationships between mesolithic folk and woodlands, the significance of salmon fishing, the inhabitation of the coast, and stone tool procurement, production and discard. These varied narratives incorporate the results of a range of small-scale desktop projects and fieldwork designed to test the potential of this approach to a social archaeology of the period. Whilst these studies are at present fragmentary, it is contended that they demonstrate that accounts of gatherer-hunter communities in the east of Scotland can aspire to a meaningful level of engagement with human lives in the past. The project scholarship was funded by Historic Scotland.

My dissertation focuses on the ways the Orochen-Evenki reindeer herders and hunters living in the taiga and villages of the northern part of the Zabaikal’ia responded and adapted to a post-Soviet environment.  This environment featured the collapse of a centralized system of resource redistribution and the privatization of collective property.  One important response by people was to appropriate taiga territories for subsistence, as well as increase their reliance on taiga resources.  Hence, vernacular notions of mastery (R. <i>khoziian</i>) and luck (O. <i>kutu</i>, R. <i>udacha</i>) have become important Orochen concerns shaping their interactions with other persons as well as taiga places or achieving hunting and herding success.  Drawing on ethnographic and comparative sources, this thesis investigates the underdeveloped concept of mastery in Siberian ethnography.  Orochen mastery describes relational forms of power intrinsic to interactions among humans, animals and spirits associated with different places, material objects and experiences of luck.  Luck is achieved because of the good will of master-spirits and because the hunter is strong enough to win his contests with animals.  Hunters and herders engage in complex relations of cooperation with other persons aiming to gain luck and maintain well-being, while at the same time relying on aggression to achieve hunting success.  They creatively re-enact old forms of rituals for gaining success in subsistence, securing their territories as well as reassessing their identities.  This study also is critical of statements founding countless ethnographies that animals give themselves to hunters as long as they are treated with respect.  Rather it is here suggested that these interactions are based on complex relations as well as experiences infused with anxiety, ambiguity and doubt.