Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna studie är att, med utgångspunkt i ett genusteoretiskt perspektiv, öka kunskapen om normkritisk undervisning i ämnet idrott och hälsa. Studiens frågeställningar är -          Vad har genusmedvetna lärare för erfarenheter av och förhållningssätt till normkritisk undervisning? -          Hur arbetar de i praktiken? Metod Vi har utfört kvalitativa intervjuer genomförda med fyra olika lärare i ämnet idrott och hälsa från fyra olika skolor undervisande i olika årskurser. Ett bekvämlighetsurval genomfördes utifrån lärares egen uppfattning om genusmedvetenhet. Det teoretiska ramverk vi utgått från är genusteori för analys av empiri. Resultat Studiens resultat visar att medverkande lärare ser, bemöter och bedömer sina elever som individer, inte utifrån kön. Lärarna utgår från läroplanen och har samma krav och förväntningar på pojkar och flickor. Trygghet lyfts fram som en viktig faktor i lärarnas arbete för att bedriva en normkritisk undervisning, då trygghet ökar chansen att eleverna vågar utmana och utvecklas utanför den rådande normen. I det dagliga arbetet finns en tydlig progressionstanke i utformandet av praktiker och lärarna tillämpar pedagogiska regler i exempelvis lagidrotter. Detta för att alla elever ska ha möjlighet till att delta på lika villkor. Slutsats Slutsatser vi kan dra är att i studien deltagande lärare uppger liknande sätt att arbeta normkritiskt. Begrepp som trygghet och individuell förmåga är viktiga utgångspunkter i det normkritiska arbetet. Lärare som ser elever ur ett genusperspektiv ser också elevgrupper ur ett intersektionellt perspektiv där inte enbart kön lyfts fram som viktig faktor för att eleverna skall lyckas i ämnet idrott och hälsa. Lärare som aktivt arbetar normkritiskt med genomtänkta praktiker och val av innehåll upplever att könsnormer blir mindre synliga efter en längre tids sammanhängande undervisning, oavsett ålder på eleverna.

<p> This study was designed to investigate carbohydrate supplementation during cheerleading training and its effect on performance. Seventeen participants in four trials; one to gather anthropometric data and 1-repetition maximums, one familiarization trial, a carbohydrate trial, and a placebo trial. The exercises used were power snatches from a hang position, push jerks, front squats, and box squats. The exercises most mimicked a standard strength and conditioning practice for cheerleaders. Performance was measured by calculating the difference between pre- and post-training values in vertical jump repetitions, peak power, average power, peak velocity, and average velocity in a power snatch, and a 200-m shuttle sprint. Performance values for carbohydrate and placebo trials were analyzed using a paired sample t-test, which found no significant difference between the carbohydrate and placebo trials. </p><p>

<p> The purpose of this study was to determine if the strength and range of motion (ROM) of the calf, ankle and/or foot are related to the presence of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) in female athletes. A secondary analysis examined the efficacy of lower leg and/or ankle strengthening and stretching exercises on the presence and treatment of MTSS. The participants were measured for isometric strength of the dorsiflexors, plantarflexors, invertors and evertors, passive and active dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion and eversion ROM, anterior drawer test and weight-bearing lunge test. </p><p> Significant differences between the participants with and without MTSS were tested using two sample independent <i>t</i>-tests for the continuous variables and chi-squares for the categorical variables. Two-way ANOVA was used for the secondary analysis. No statistically significant results were found for the secondary analysis due to the sample size; however, the results of the <i>t</i>-tests and chi-squares showed a significant difference passive plantarflexion ROM, weigh<i>t</i>-bearing lunge test, Body Mass Index (BMI), sport and semesters playing at the collegiate level between participants without MTSS versus with MTSS. This investigation suggests that restricted dorsiflexion, increased plantarflexion, high BMI, type of sports and semesters playing at the collegiate level may be associated to the presence of MTSS in female athletes.</p><p>

<p> This study follows a year of mixed methods research that was conducted in partnership with Yoga Behind Bars and the Washington State Department of Corrections. The following study examines the utilization of yoga practices and observed trends with female inmates. While past research has produced groundbreaking work regarding the positive impact of inmate yoga practice and the noted decrease in recidivism rates and prison community conflicts (Bhushan, 1998; Landau &amp; Gross, 2008; Rucker, 2005), the nature of perceived personal transformation for participants and its practical programmatic implications have not been extensively researched, particularly in the case of a female population. </p><p> This longitudinal study employed a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative journal entries. Results suggest that after attending five or more classes, student focus shifts from the physical benefits of the yoga practice to the practical application and improvement of interpersonal relationships, including improved interactions with corrections officers.</p><p>

abstract: Athletes and sports seem impervious to criticism. Sports is one of the most popular forms of entertainment within popular culture. Since popular culture is one of the dominant forms of education, it is important to analyze and recognize the ideologies present. How do the images and portrayals of professional athletes in still images and video endorsements reflect and perpetuate hegemonic ideologies of race and gender? How do these portrayals intersect with issues of justice and representation? By using a cultural studies framework with emphasis on representation of race and gender in popular culture, an analysis of the representation of seven athletes in advertising for endorsements was conducted. The seven athletes were chosen based on name-recognition, popularity, success in their sport, and a need for a diversity of races and gender. Using semiotics, the advertisements were coded and themes were presented. Several themes presented in the advertisements: Including (1) white female athletes are presented as sexualized objects, (2) black female athletes are represented using masculine traits, (3) white male athletes are normalized, and (4) black male athletes are presented as successful because of their bodies. These representations are harmful because they do little to nothing to change dominant ideologies. The representation of athletes in advertising reinforce hetero-patriarchal ideologies of race and gender. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Justice Studies 2016

<p> Male childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a traumatic experience that is prevalent, under-reported, and under-treated. CSA leaves males with feelings of shame, low self-esteem, and interpersonal problems, which put them at risk of developing mental health disorders that persist into adulthood. Although expressive arts therapy has been used as a treatment for trauma in children and adolescents, existing literature on the use of expressive arts with adult CSA survivors is limited to female survivors. The current study aims to explore the experiences of male CSA survivors who have participated in expressive arts therapy, including the effects that expressive arts has on their sense of self, relationships, and trauma symptoms. Participants (<i>N</i> = 8) were recruited from the Greater Los Angeles area, and included in the study if they were male CSA survivors and had previously been in expressive arts therapy. A mixed-methods approach was used, using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) as the primary research approach, which generated emergent themes that were supported with concurrent measures, including the Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 and a demographics measure. Results suggested that male survivors perceived expressive arts to be a positive experience and useful tool in the therapeutic process. The study provided exploratory findings on the use of expressive arts as a way for male survivors to release emotions, find their voice, rediscover their self, reconnect interpersonally with others, and facilitate a sense of empowerment. Results also suggested that male survivors perceive judgment and limited art modalities to be negative experiences in expressive arts therapy. Since the sample included primarily ethnic minority men, this study also provided contributions to the literature on the use of expressive arts with ethnic minority male survivors. Due to these findings, it is recommended that further research be conducted on the use of expressive arts with male survivors.</p><p>

<p> Despite the growing body of research on the health of transgender individuals, there is still a paucity of literature on the gynecological health care needs of transmasculine individuals. Specifically, no studies have examined whether the Minority Stress Model can help explain cervical cancer screening behaviors among this population. Thirty-two qualitative interviews were conducted with transmasculine individuals (age range = 21-56; 78% White) as part of a larger study examining barriers and facilitators to cervical cancer screening among transmen. Using thematic analysis, results demonstrate that participants experienced various distal stressors, including gender identity and sexual orientation discrimination within health care settings relevant to cervical cancer screening and in general. Participants used several coping and social support resources, including calming and relaxation techniques, individual avoidance of cervical cancer screening, and group-level coping mechanisms and support. Participants also discussed proximal stressors, including experiences of rejection and concealment, as well as health issues that affected their cervical cancer screening behaviors such as anxiety and physical abuse. Transmasculine people of color described their concerns related to provider competence around the intersection of transgender and racial/ethnic minority health issues, whereas several White transmasculine individuals discussed their perceptions of privilege when seeking gender-affirming health care. Higher socioeconomic status also often provided privileges when seeking health care. Analyses demonstrated the need for additional training for health care providers to address competency concerns around cervical cancer screening for transmasculine individuals, as well as changes in policies related to insurance coverage for gynecological services for this population.</p><p>

<p> This quantitative study examines how attachment and masculinity influence men in their participation in social groups and support or therapy groups as measured by the ECR-RS (Fraley, Brumbaugh, Heffernan, &amp; Vicary, 2011) and the MRNI-SF (Levant, Hall, &amp; Rankin, 2013). An online survey was given to 308 U.S. male adults asking questions about their attachment to their primary partner, their family of origin, social groups they participate in, support or therapy groups they participate in, and their endorsement of traditional masculine gender norms. The results from this study suggest the following: that men will have the same level of attachment to their family of origin as they do to both romantic dyadic relationships and to social groups they participate in, men are more securely attached the more they participate in groups, more traditionally masculine men are more drawn to competitive type social groups, more traditionally masculine men tend to have a more avoidant attachment to groups, and masculinity endorsement doesn&rsquo;t affect men&rsquo;s level of participation in groups. Keywords: men, attachment, masculinity, groups, gender, norms</p><p>

Jag har med denna uppsats undersökt vilka framställningar av våldtäktsmannen som återfinns i samtida nyhetstexter och hur dessa diskurser konstruerar förståelsen av honom. Syftet var att medvetengöra vilka beskrivningar av våldtäktsmannen som är återkommande i materialet och förklara hur dessa kan förstås i relation till maskulinitetsteorier och våldsteorier. Dessa framställningar är relevanta att undersöka eftersom makt och språk samverkar med varandra, vilket resulterar i en allmän uppfattning, identifikation och tolkningsåterskapande av olika fenomen. För att uppnå syftet använde jag mig av en tematisk diskursanalys vilket innebär att jag delade upp analysen i utmärkande och upprepande diskursteman från materialet. Resultatet visade på en stereotypisering och därmed stigmatisering av våldtäktsmannen där han bland annat avvikelseförklaras och/eller andragörs till en enad fiende. Studien visade också att materialet innehöll ett skapande av flera olika maskuliniteter och hur dessa relationer samspelar med varandra i det maskulina görandet. Mediers stereotypiserande framställningar av våldtäktsmannen befästs och reproducerar normativa föreställningar om honom vilket gör att han i första hand ses som  abnorm och avvikande, istället för att tolka honom från ett bredare perspektiv och som en effekt av en maktobalans mellan könen.

<p> This study had two purposes: to determine whether or not biological sex and/or gender identity impacted the way an individual would customize a video game avatar, and to focus on the components&mdash;length of time and number of customizations&mdash;of avatar design. In addition, an individual&rsquo;s experience with video games&mdash;novice, casual, and hardcore&mdash;was considered throughout this study to determine a relationship between individuals and their avatars. This study was based on previous studies about how gender identity impacted individuals in virtual worlds. The video game <i>Dark Souls </i> (2011) was used for the stimulus and the (30-item) Bem Sex Role Inventory&mdash;a scale that measures gender identity&mdash;was used as the measure. While the research questions provided resulted in no correlation between sex, gender, and player experience, further research is needed to determine how the evolution of the gaming community and the gaming industry continues to impact both players and gaming research.</p><p>