Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da pesquisa que teve por objetivo analisar a percepção que as professoras têm de alunos e alunas encaminhados à recuperação paralela. O objetivo da pesquisa foi verificar se os motivos pelos quais meninos e meninas são encaminhados/as à recuperação paralela são semelhantes, ou se diferem de acordo com o sexo do/a estudante. A pesquisa baseou-se nos estudos sobre as relações de gênero e educação e em estudos sobre o fracasso e o sucesso escolar. As hipóteses iniciais eram de que os meninos seriam encaminhados por motivos não necessariamente ligados à sua real dificuldade de aprendizagem, seja por conta de indisciplina, seja por uma suposta culpabilização da família que não ajudaria o aluno nas tarefas escolares em casa, por exemplo. Já as meninas seriam encaminhadas por conta de dificuldades de aprendizagem geradas por timidez, apatia, deficiência mental, etc., ou seja, o motivo de encaminhamento das alunas seria por uma dificuldade intrínseca à menina, não havendo muita esperança de que a recuperação paralela contribuísse para que ela avançasse, já que sua dificuldade estaria atrelada a fatores psicointelectuais. A pesquisa de campo centrou-se em uma escola do Município do Embu que possuía um projeto de recuperação para alunos com dificuldades em leitura e escrita: o Projeto Letras e Livros e contou com observações e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com as professoras regentes de classe (que encaminham as crianças) e as professoras atuantes no Projeto Letras e Livros, além de observações das reuniões de conselho de classe ao longo do ano letivo de 2006. Tanto o Projeto analisado quanto a escola que serviu como campo para a pesquisa foram escolhidos devido à boa estrutura e organização e aos bons resultados que vinham mostrando nos anos de 2002 a 2006. Os resultados apontaram para a confirmação de que, independentemente de um trabalho articulado e reflexivo por parte das professoras, ainda se culpabiliza a família e a pobreza de algumas crianças, numa maioria de meninos, pela sua dificuldade de aprendizagem. Porém, esta questão não se apresentou tão forte quanto a literatura acadêmica vem mostrando. Na escola pesquisada, os aspectos referentes à não adequação da criança a um ofício de aluno valorizado pelas professoras - este ofício de aluno é tomado aqui como um modelo da maneira como o aluno ou a aluna deve se comportar, agir e ser dentro das dinâmicas escolares, ou seja, o não ajuste de algumas crianças ao que é esperado delas no momento de se organizar, se concentrar na aula, se comportar diante dos colegas e da professora, etc., - pode fazer com que a criança seja percebida como um/a aluno/a com dificuldade de aprendizagem. Algumas dificuldades citadas pelas professoras, entretanto, são percebidas mais em meninos e outras em meninas, evidenciando que as construções sociais sobre o masculino e o feminino contam muito ao avaliar quem precisa ou não de apoio extra na aprendizagem escolar. / This study presents the results of a research aimed at analyzing how teachers perceive male and female students who were referred to parallel studies. It intended to verify if the reasons why students are sent to those activities differ or not between male and female students. The research was based on gender and educational studies as well as studies on school failure and success. The first hypothesis was that boys were referred to parallel studies not necessarily because of their learning difficulties, but mostly as a result of indiscipline or due to a blaming the family discourse, which claims the child has difficulties because the family does not help him with the schoolwork. On the other hand, girls learning difficulties seemed to result from shyness, apathy or mental illness, that is, the reasons why teachers referred girls to parallel studies were mostly based on inner difficulties. Thus, as their difficulties were connected to psycho-intellectual issues, there was almost no hope those activities could facilitate their learning process. The field work was developed at a municipal school in Embu. The chosen school had a parallel study project to students with reading and writing difficulties: Projeto Letras e Livros (Letters and Books Project). The research was carried out with both classroom teachers (who would refer students to the project) as well as with the teachers of the project. The professionals were interviewed and observed during school council meetings throughout the year 2006. Both project and school were chosen because of efficient organization and positive results they showed between the years 2002 and 2006. The results of this research points out that even when there is a reflexive and articulated work among teachers at a school, it is still possible to hear them blaming family and poverty as the ones responsible for learning difficulties, especially for boys. However, those aspects were not as relevant to the teachers of the investigated school as they usually are in the academic literature. For those teachers, most important was the adequate performance of an approved role of the student. Here, this role consists of the way girls and boys must behave, act and be at school. The inadequate performance of this role students not meeting the expected attitude when they are asked to organize themselves, to concentrate or to behave with their teachers and classmates may lead teachers to perceive students as having learning difficulties. Moreover, some difficulties mentioned by the teachers were most perceived among boys whereas others were particularly mentioned about girls. This difference is evidence that the social construction of male and female greatly support the evaluation process of those who need or not parallel studies.

Esta pesquisa tem como tema a configuração das relações de gênero nas igrejas pentecostais, mediante um olhar mais atento às esferas familiar e sexual. Entender como homens e mulheres interagem neste grupo religioso, como ressignificam seus papéis sociais em família e em relação à própria igreja e como a instituição religiosa se coloca neste processo são aspectos que constituem o problema do trabalho. A nossa proposta é a de que tanto o processo de construção de ressignificações subjetivas por parte das mulheres e homens pentecostais a partir de sua conversão/ adesão religiosa, quanto seus reflexos na realidade objetiva, podem ter como fonte uma diversidade de formas de apropriação dos repertórios heterogêneos de bens e mensagens disponíveis, gerando “hibridações”. Assim, entendendo esse processo enquanto “passagens” entre diversas sub-culturas, justificamos o título do trabalho: Passagens Híbridas: relações de gênero e pentecostalismo. / The subject of this research is the configuration of gender relations in Pentecostal Churches, with a special attention to familiar and sexual spheres. Our aim is to understand first how both men and women interact in this specific religious group, second how they re-signify their social role in the family and in the church and, last, the importance of the religious institution in this process. For us, both the construction process of subjective re-significations from Pentecostal men and women since their religious conversion/adhesion, and their reflexes on the objective reality, may have as a source a diversity of appropriation forms of the heterogene repertory of goods and messages available, thus generating ‘hybridisations’. Therefore, understanding this process as ‘passages’ between different cultures, we justify the title of this work: Hybrid passages: gender relations and Pentecostalism.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-25T21:48:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RarielleRodriguesLima.pdf: 2176723 bytes, checksum: 2c1c8b2a77f1c30d395c0c898e513dcb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T21:48:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RarielleRodriguesLima.pdf: 2176723 bytes, checksum: 2c1c8b2a77f1c30d395c0c898e513dcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-21 / In this dissertation I propose understand gender concepts of teachers physical education, on the ways direct the systematization of the contents of the practical classes in the city of Pios XII, given the prominence it has practicality in discipline, differing attitudes and practices based on gender, since historically, the construction of the discipline was permeated by discourses that consider sexual difference as natural stuck on the genitals, in line discourses of biology, medicine, psychiatry etc. This delimitation has guided activities and content taugh in school physical education. I make use of the ethnographic method and participant observation techiniques, semi-open interveiwes and focus groups to acquire information on the break-in period in the city of Pius XII, which involved teachers, students and managers between August 2014 and March 2015. I use me of Scott's contributions (1995), Butler (2003, 2004), Louro (2002, 2003), Foucault (1987, 2012), Luz Jr (2001, 2002), Romero (1990; 2001) Daolio (1995), Oliveira (1996); Kunz (1993), Darido et. al. (2001) among others for discussions that permeate the spaces of school physical education highlighting the social relations of genres produced and reproduced in "doing physical education" at school. / Nesta dissertação proponho compreender as concepções de gênero dos (as) professores (as) de educação física, sobre os modos como direcionam a sistematização dos conteúdos das aulas práticas no Município de Pio XII, tendo em vista, o destaque que tem o aspecto prático na disciplina, diferenciando atitudes e práticas em função do gênero, uma vez que historicamente, a construção da disciplina esteve permeada por discursos que consideram a diferença sexual como natural fincada nos genitais, em consonância com discursos da biologia, da medicina, psiquiatria etc. Essa delimitação tem orientado as atividades e os conteúdos ministrados na educação física escolar. Faço uso do método etnográfico e de técnicas de observação participante, entrevistas semiabertas e grupos focais para a aquisição de informações no período de inserção no Município de Pio XII, que envolveu professores (as), alunos (as) e gestores (as) entre agosto de 2014 e março de 2015. Utilizo-me das contribuições de Scott (1995), Butler (2003; 2004), Louro (2002; 2003), Foucault (1987; 2012); Luz Júnior (2001; 2002), Romero (1990; 2001) Daolio (1995), Oliveira (1996); Kunz (1993), Darido et. al. (2001) entre outros (as) para as discussões que permeiam os espaços da educação física escolar evidenciando as relações sociais de gêneros produzidas e reproduzidas no ―fazer educação física‖ no espaço escolar.

Le développement des cultures commerciales (cacao, café), exclusivement destinées à l’exportation dès la fin du XIXème siècle, a transformé la physionomie des campagnes du Cameroun, mais aussi les structures sociales et économiques des sociétés qui les ont adoptées. Dans les sociétés bamiléké et béti, l’agriculture était fondée sur le principe de la division sexuelle du travail laissant aux femmes une place centrale dans la production alimentaire. Le travail de la terre constituait l’une des composantes de l’identité féminine et conférait aux femmes un rôle économique majeur dans ces sociétés. L’introduction des cultures d’exportation pendant la période coloniale a entraîné une transformation des systèmes agraires et affecté le rôle des femmes. Notre étude analyse l’évolution des rapports de genre à travers notamment la cohabitation entre les cultures vivrières (féminines) et d’exportation (masculines) dans les exploitations familiales. Elle explore la manière donc les politiques coloniales ont influencé d’une part les systèmes familiaux de production agricole et d’autre part les rapports sociaux (aînés-cadets, hommes-femmes), en ce qui concerne notamment l’accès aux ressources de production. Elle met en évidence les luttes des femmes Bamiléké pour la préservation de leurs droits sociaux et économiques à la fin de la période coloniale / The development of commercial crops such as cocoa and coffee exclusively for export at the end of the nineteenth century deeply transformed Cameroon's rural areas as well as the social and economic structures of the societies that adopted them. In the Bamileke and Beti societies, agriculture was based on the principle of a sexual division of labor in which women had a central role in food production. Agricultural work was one of the components of female identity and gave women a major economic role in these societies. The introduction of export crops during the colonial period led to a transformation of agrarian systems that affected the role of women. This study analyzes the evolution of gender relations, notably through the coexistence of food (female) and export (male) cultures on family farms. It explores the way in which colonial policies influenced both family systems of agricultural production and social relations (elders-cadets, men-women), especially with regard to access to productive resources. It highlights the ways Bamileke women struggled to preserve their social and economic rights at the end of the colonial period

The aim of this study is to examine socio-economic transformation and gender relations in Lao PDR after the adoption of economic liberalization by the Lao government in the late 1980s. Against a background of general socio-economic transformation in Laos the main focus of the study is on the local level, with emphasis on how people in their everyday lives have engaged with and handled the changes. The application of economic liberalization shaped new conditions for people in local communities, and various livelihoods strategies were adopted under the new circumstances. The study examines gender relations, livelihoods and actors of change in two different contexts of globalization. The first context is the case of foreign direct investment in the Sepone mine, the largest gold-copper mine in the country located in Vilabury district, Savannakhet province. Five villages located close to the mine and directly affected by the operation were chosen as research site. The second case is the context of international tourism development in the small town of Vang Vieng, situated halfway between Vientiane Capital and the world heritage town of Luangprabang. The purpose with the two case studies is to examine how changes take place in different places of the same country under the same political direction and development policy. The study is inspired by theories of space and place and the view that phenomena are place-based and different places are constituted by different socio-spatial relations. The findings show that profound changes took place both in the economic and social-cultural spheres, including in gender relations. The two contexts experienced different processes of changes: in the context of Vilabury district, the transformation was produced through top-down development and created a dependency pattern where new social inequalities and social stratification emerged through unequal access to the new resources of the villagers. In the context of Vang Vieng and the expansion of international tourism, the development process proceeded more through a bottom-up pattern; the villagers perceived they were important actors of development, had more equal access to resources and could define livelihood strategies by themselves.

Background: Women and men in Sweden are in paid work to almost the same extent, but are found in different occupations and positions in the labour market. Still, women perform the bulk of the unpaid domestic work at home. Gendered inequalities in these respects leave women and men exposed to different work environments and responsibilities, which in turn can have gendered health consequences. In public health research there is a lack of studies on domestic work that include women and men, as well as a lack of qualitative studies exploring individuals’ experiences of domestic work and mental health. At the workplace level, few attempts have been made to analyse how several dimensions of gender equality at workplaces are related to health status and there is a lack of studies with a contextual approach combining many different variables that are at play simultaneously. Because of the cross-sectional design of previous studies on paid and domestic work there is a lack of analyses taking possible health-related selection into account, which makes it difficult to ascertain whether gender equality leads to better health or if good health is a prerequisite for gender equality. Aim: The aim of this thesis was to analyse gender relations of work (at workplaces and at home) in relation to mental illness among women and men. Methods: The thesis was based on data from the Northern Swedish Cohort. The baseline survey was conducted in 1981 when the participants were 16 years old (n= 1080, 574 boys and 506 girls), with follow-up at age 18, 21, 30 and 42. The response rate was 94 % throughout the last follow-up in 2007. Data from the Northern Swedish Cohort were supplemented with register data about the employees at the participants’ workplaces. The analysis methods for the questionnaire and register data were logistic regression analysis and cluster analysis. Interviews were performed with four women and four men in the Northern Swedish Cohort and were analysed with a Grounded Theory approach. Results: Women had overall greater responsibility for domestic work. Gender inequality in responsibility for domestic work and perceptions of gender inequality in the couple relationship (after adjustments for background variables and previous psychological distress) were associated with psychological distress among women and men. However, among men the relation between domestic work inequalities and psychological distress was affected by socioeconomic position relative to the partner. Having less responsibility for domestic work and a partner with higher socioeconomic position was associated with psychological distress among men. The qualitative analysis showed that gender relations were an important part of how the domestic work was unequally organised and related to experiences of mental illness among women and men. Among women the high burden of domestic work was experienced as an obstacle to experiencing good health. Among men the experience of being trapped in an outmoded masculinity was related to feelings of stress. At the workplace level, patterns of gender inequality were associated with psychological distress among women, but not among men. However, the most gender-equal pattern was related to lower as well as more similar levels of mental illness among women and men, which supports a convergence in health when women’s and men’s work conditions become more similar. Conclusion: Gender equality at home and at work is central for reducing mental illness among both women and men, but also for achieving a good average health status in the population, which is a central public health target. When investigating social inequalities in health, gender perspectives are of great importance for deepening the understanding of how and why gender inequalities in paid and domestic work are related to mental illness. Integrating gender perspectives into public health policy could be a way to acknowledge power relations that hinder good public health. / Bakgrund: Kvinnor och män i Sverige yrkesarbetar i nästan samma sträckning, men återfinns i olika yrken och positioner på arbetsmarknaden. Samtidigt utför kvinnor merparten av det obetalda arbetet i hemmet. Könade orättvisor i dessa avseenden innebär att kvinnor och män utsätts för olika arbetsmiljöer och ansvarsområden, vilket kan medföra könade hälsokonsekvenser. Dock är det få folkhälsovetenskapliga studier om obetalt arbete i hemmet och hälsa som inkluderar både kvinnor och män. Det är också en brist på kvalitativa studier som undersöker individers upplevelser av det obetalda arbetet i hemmet och psykisk hälsa. På arbetsplatsnivå har det gjorts få försök att analysera hur olika dimensioner av jämställdhet på arbetsplatser är relaterade till hälsostatus, och det är en brist på studier med en kontextuell metod som tar hänsyn till hur flera olika variabler samspelar. Tidigare folkhälsovetenskapliga studier som undersökt förvärvsarbete och hemarbete har framförallt använt sig av en tvärsnittsdesign, vilket gjort det svårt att utreda riktningen av samband mellan jämställdhet och psykisk hälsa, det vill säga om jämställdhet leder till bättre hälsa eller om god hälsa är en förutsättning för jämställdhet. Syfte: Syftet med denna avhandling var att analysera genusrelationer i arbete (på arbetsplatser och i hemmet) i förhållande till självskattad psykisk ohälsa bland kvinnor och män. Metod: Avhandlingen bygger på data från Luleåkohorten. Baslinjeundersökningen genomfördes år 1981 då deltagarna var 16 år (n=1080, 574 pojkar och 506 flickor). Uppföljningar har genomförts vid 18, 21, 30 och 42 års ålder och svarsfrekvensen var 94% under det senaste uppföljningen år 2007. Data från Luleåkohorten kompletterades med registerdata om anställda på deltagarnas arbetsplatser. Analysmetoder för enkät- och registerdata var logistisk regressionsanalys och klusteranalys. Intervjuer har genomförts med fyra kvinnor och fyra män i kohorten och analyserats med grundad teori. Resultat: Kvinnor hade totalt sett ett större och män ett mindre ansvar för det obetalda arbetet i hemmet. Upplevelse av bristande jämställdhet i ansvar för obetalt arbete i hemmet och i parrelationen hade ett samband med psykisk ohälsa bland kvinnor och män (även efter justering för bakgrundsvariabler och tidigare psykisk ohälsa). Att ha mindre ansvar för det obetalda arbetet i hemmet och en partner med högre socioekonomisk klass hade även ett samband med psykisk ohälsa bland män. Den kvalitativa analysen visade att genusrelationer var en viktig del i en ojämställd organisering av hemarbete och relaterade till upplevelser av psykisk ohälsa bland kvinnor och män. En hög belastning av hemarbete var ett hinder för kvinnor att uppleva en god hälsa. Upplevelser av att vara instängd i en omodern maskulinitet innebar en stressfull situation bland män. Mönster av ojämställdhet på arbetsplatser hade ett samband med psykisk ohälsa för kvinnor, men inte för män. Däremot visade sig de mest jämställda arbetsplats-mönstern vara relaterade till lägre och mer liknande nivåer av psykisk ohälsa bland kvinnor och män, vilket stödjer en konvergens i hälsa när kvinnor och mäns arbetsplats förhållanden är likvärdiga. Slutsats: Jämställdhet på arbetsplatser och i hemmet är viktigt för att minska psykisk ohälsa både bland kvinnor och män, men också för att uppnå en god genomsnittlig hälsa i befolkningen, något som är ett centralt folkhälsomål. Vid analyser av social ojämlikhet i hälsa är genusperspektiv av stor betydelse för att fördjupa förståelsen om hur och varför ojämställdhet i på arbetsplatser och i hemmet är relaterat till psykisk ohälsa. Att integrera genusperspektiv i folkhälsopolicy kan vara ett sätt att ta hänsyn till de maktrelationer som förhindrar en god folkhälsa.

Although interpersonal communication studies have focused on various aspects of interpersonal relationships, research on the player identity and gendered emotional manipulation in romantic relationships has received little attention. This narrative research inquiry was undertaken to explore perceptions of men and women related to the player identity and gendered emotional manipulation. This investigation used social construction as a theoretical perspective to understand three areas of investigation that include: the existence and relevance of the player identity, the player’s relation to emotionally manipulative behaviour, and the connection between socially constructed gender conventions and the player identity. Hesse-Biber’s (2006) feminist interviewing approach guided semi-structured interviews with six male and six female participants. Respondents reported the existence and relevance of the player identity in romantic relationships today, connecting this identity to emotionally manipulative behaviour, as well as relating this identity to traditional gender conventions. Finally, implications for men and women in romantic relationships today and future areas of research are discussed in light of these findings.

Although interpersonal communication studies have focused on various aspects of interpersonal relationships, research on the player identity and gendered emotional manipulation in romantic relationships has received little attention. This narrative research inquiry was undertaken to explore perceptions of men and women related to the player identity and gendered emotional manipulation. This investigation used social construction as a theoretical perspective to understand three areas of investigation that include: the existence and relevance of the player identity, the player’s relation to emotionally manipulative behaviour, and the connection between socially constructed gender conventions and the player identity. Hesse-Biber’s (2006) feminist interviewing approach guided semi-structured interviews with six male and six female participants. Respondents reported the existence and relevance of the player identity in romantic relationships today, connecting this identity to emotionally manipulative behaviour, as well as relating this identity to traditional gender conventions. Finally, implications for men and women in romantic relationships today and future areas of research are discussed in light of these findings.

<p>In this study, I explored the experiences of gender and power relations among a group of black women holding leadership positions in six government departments in the Western Cape. South Africa is in a process of transition and, to create a departure from the past, key objectives focus around the transformation of gender disparities and the eradication of racism and other forms of inequality and discrimination in all spheres of this society. There are many methods utilized to increase the number of women in leadership positions in the private and public sectors. However, there is a lack of research regarding the social environment for women once they have entered into these structures (Angevine, 2006). This study made use of a feminist qualitative methodology which guided the research. Six semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted in order to carry out an in-depth exploration of participants&rsquo / experiences. After the participants had given consent, the interviews were audio-recorded, then transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed in accordance with qualitative thematic analysis. All standard ethical considerations to protect the participants and the researcher were taken into account and practised throughout the research. The findings show evidence that black African women leaders in government departments have internalized learnt subservient characteristics / and that this serves to undermine their authority as leaders. Specifically, larger social power relations and traditional forms of authority undermine their capacity to express authority in work environments. They also experience both subtle and blatant racist and sexist prejudice in the form of stereotypes and hostility in the workplace. A minority of women managers actively oppose the gendered notions that undermine their leadership. Ultimately, black African women managers are not accepted or supported as legitimate leaders in the workplace. Women leaders are perceived to be incapable of performing effectively as leaders because of gender and racial stereotypes that serve as hindrances to their expression of leadership. The study found that some participants conform to the socially constructed notion of maintaining a work-life balance and this poses a challenge for such leaders. Those who are married attempt to balance career and life by maximizing on their management of their time. A number of women had made the personal decision to remain single in order to focus explicitly on their careers.</p>

This study attempts to better understand gender relations in the process of resettlement among families of Afghan forced migrants in Turkey. In addition it tries to gain an insight into whether those gender relations have been changed by this migration. In order to ascertain these possible changes a field study including participant observation, in depth interviews and interviews with experts was conducted in a city in Central Anatolia to which Afghan migrants are assigned. Since 2007 Afghan asylum-seekers represent a new event in Turkey. They have admitted the right to seek asylum in Turkey very recently. Furthermore, as their population has risen to become the third largest of the non-European asylum seekers in Turkey / there is a need for more research about them and the associated issues. The research findings demonstrate patterns of changes concerning gender relations. Changes can be explained by using the concepts of liminality. Those changes sometimes accommodated emancipation for women / alongside this the opposite occurred too. Liminality produced different patterns of gender relations.