Cette recherche porte sur l’exploration et la qualification des dispositifs évolutionnaires appliquées à la conception architecturale. Ici, ce sont les qualités environnementales et plus particulièrement les qualités solaires passives de l’enveloppe de l’édifice qui guideront le processus évolutionnaire. Nous nous attachons plus particulièrement aux phases initiales de la conception, et nous cherchons à spécifier un outil d’assistance favorisant et stimulant une conception créative. Après avoir établi et structuré une connaissance sur les processus de conception, sur la créativité, sur les qualités thermiques et sur les méthodes évolutionnaires, nous proposons un outil prototypal, fondé sur un algorithme génétique et implanté dans un logiciel de type modeleur. Celui-ci a été expérimenté dans le milieu pédagogique, et nous a conduit à caractériser les modalités de création et de conceptualisation de la forme architecturale dans le cadre d’une instrumentation évolutionnaire.Ainsi nous notons le basculement cognitif d’une pensée implicite vers une pensée explicite comme caractéristique fondamentalement de l’instrumentation générative. De plus nous insistons sur l’importance de l’indétermination signifiante comme composante essentielle de la création. Enfin nous proposons la notion de « trans-forme » comme élément caractéristique d’une pensée du processus et de la multiplicité. Cette « meta-forme » serait issue de la description des conditions de mise en forme à travers la paramétrisation des comportements aux limites et des modalités d’émergence / This research tackles the exploration and the qualification of evolutionary mechanisms applied to the architectural design. Here, it is the environmental qualities and more particularly the passive solar qualities of the envelope of the building that will guide the evolutionary process. We become attached more particularly to the initial phases of the conception, and we try to specify a aided digital tool of facilitating and stimulating a creative design. Having established and structured the knowledge on the processes of conception, on the creativity, on the thermal qualities and on the evolutionary methods, we propose a prototypal tool, based on an genetic algorithm and implanted in a modeller software. This one was experimented in the educational environment, and led to us to characterize the modalities of creation and conceptualization of the architectural shape within the framework of an evolutionary instrumentation.So we note the cognitive fall of an implicit thought towards an explicit thought as a main characteristic of the generative tools. Furthermore we insist on the importance of the significant indecision as essential constituent of the creation. Finally we propose the notion of "transform" as characteristic element of a thought of the process and the multiplicity. This "meta-shape" would arise from the description of the conditions of shaping through the parameterisation of the behaviours at the limits and from modalities of emergence

A pesquisa parte-se da hipótese de que critérios quantitativos e qualitativos de desempenho ambiental são definidores da expressão formal da arquitetura paramétrica do edifício alto. Pretende-se comprová-la com a criação e a aplicação de um método de projeto arquitetônico que relacione avaliação paramétrica de desempenho ambiental e a geração da forma. Essa hipótese surgiu da utilização sem critérios claros e precisos de desempenho ambiental na geração das formas dos edifícios altos, e vem de encontro ao conceito contemporâneo de conforto, da adaptação, das respostas específicas. O objetivo geral do trabalho é propor uma metodologia de projeto arquitetônico que relacione avaliação paramétrica de desempenho ambiental com critérios qualitativos e quantitativos e a geração da forma. Ou seja, compreender como os critérios de desempenho ambiental podem informar a geração da forma utilizando para isso, ferramentas paramétricas como no caso do Rhinoceros e o seu plug-in Grasshopper. A pesquisa apresenta os edifícios ícones de desempenho ambiental, discutindo os parâmetros de projeto, o desempenho real e as novas questões do conforto adaptativo. Além disso, são apresentados os critérios de desempenho utilizados para informar a metodologia de projeto paramétrico de geração da forma. Discute-se o papel da ventilação natural e das áreas envidraçadas no projeto do edifício alto. A questão do projeto paramétrico e generativo é introduzida, apresentando-se os principais conceitos, as tecnologias, os processos e as ferramentas. Por fim, o método resulta em um conjunto de diretrizes de projeto e critérios de desempenho, desenvolvidos para a formulação dessa proposta de avaliação, podendo ser visualizado, no final, em um modelo teórico do edifício alto para a cidade de São Paulo. Os produtos da tese foram: (I) critérios qualitativos e quantitativos de desempenho ambiental do edifício alto, (II) metodologia de projeto paramétrico informada por critérios ambientais, (III) solução projetual para edifícios de escritórios que utilizem ventilação e iluminação natural como estratégia principal para atingir o conforto dos usuários e reduzir o consumo de energia. / The research starts from the hypothesis that quantitative and qualitative criteria for the environmental performance are defining the formal expression of parametric architecture of tall building. We intend to prove it with the creation and implementation of a method for architectural design that relates parametric evaluation of environmental performance and the generation of form. This hypothesis arose from the use without clear and precise criteria of the environmental performance in form generating of tal buildings, and comes against the contemporary concept of comfort, the adaptation of specific responses. The general objective of this work is to propose an architectural design methodology that relates parametric evaluation of environmental performance with qualitative and quantitative criteria and the generation of form. Understand how environmental performance criteria can inform the generation of form using, parametric tools as the Rhinoceros and its plug-in Grasshopper. The research presents icons of environmental performance buildings, discussing the design parameters, real performance and new issues of adaptive comfort. Moreover, the performance criteria used to inform the methodology of parametric design generation are presented. It discusses the role of natural ventilation and glazed areas in the design of tal building. The issue of parametric and generative design is introduced, presenting key concepts, technologies, processes and tools. Finally, the method results in a set of design guidelines and performance criteria developed to the formulation of this evaluation proposal, and could be viewed at the end, in a theoretical model of the tall building to the city of São Paulo. The products of the thesis were: (I) qualitative and quantitative criteria for environmental performance of tall building (II) parametric design methodology informed by environmental criteria, (III) design solution for office buildings using natural ventilation and daylight as the main strategy to achieve the user comfort and reduce energy consumption.

A pesquisa parte-se da hipótese de que critérios quantitativos e qualitativos de desempenho ambiental são definidores da expressão formal da arquitetura paramétrica do edifício alto. Pretende-se comprová-la com a criação e a aplicação de um método de projeto arquitetônico que relacione avaliação paramétrica de desempenho ambiental e a geração da forma. Essa hipótese surgiu da utilização sem critérios claros e precisos de desempenho ambiental na geração das formas dos edifícios altos, e vem de encontro ao conceito contemporâneo de conforto, da adaptação, das respostas específicas. O objetivo geral do trabalho é propor uma metodologia de projeto arquitetônico que relacione avaliação paramétrica de desempenho ambiental com critérios qualitativos e quantitativos e a geração da forma. Ou seja, compreender como os critérios de desempenho ambiental podem informar a geração da forma utilizando para isso, ferramentas paramétricas como no caso do Rhinoceros e o seu plug-in Grasshopper. A pesquisa apresenta os edifícios ícones de desempenho ambiental, discutindo os parâmetros de projeto, o desempenho real e as novas questões do conforto adaptativo. Além disso, são apresentados os critérios de desempenho utilizados para informar a metodologia de projeto paramétrico de geração da forma. Discute-se o papel da ventilação natural e das áreas envidraçadas no projeto do edifício alto. A questão do projeto paramétrico e generativo é introduzida, apresentando-se os principais conceitos, as tecnologias, os processos e as ferramentas. Por fim, o método resulta em um conjunto de diretrizes de projeto e critérios de desempenho, desenvolvidos para a formulação dessa proposta de avaliação, podendo ser visualizado, no final, em um modelo teórico do edifício alto para a cidade de São Paulo. Os produtos da tese foram: (I) critérios qualitativos e quantitativos de desempenho ambiental do edifício alto, (II) metodologia de projeto paramétrico informada por critérios ambientais, (III) solução projetual para edifícios de escritórios que utilizem ventilação e iluminação natural como estratégia principal para atingir o conforto dos usuários e reduzir o consumo de energia. / The research starts from the hypothesis that quantitative and qualitative criteria for the environmental performance are defining the formal expression of parametric architecture of tall building. We intend to prove it with the creation and implementation of a method for architectural design that relates parametric evaluation of environmental performance and the generation of form. This hypothesis arose from the use without clear and precise criteria of the environmental performance in form generating of tal buildings, and comes against the contemporary concept of comfort, the adaptation of specific responses. The general objective of this work is to propose an architectural design methodology that relates parametric evaluation of environmental performance with qualitative and quantitative criteria and the generation of form. Understand how environmental performance criteria can inform the generation of form using, parametric tools as the Rhinoceros and its plug-in Grasshopper. The research presents icons of environmental performance buildings, discussing the design parameters, real performance and new issues of adaptive comfort. Moreover, the performance criteria used to inform the methodology of parametric design generation are presented. It discusses the role of natural ventilation and glazed areas in the design of tal building. The issue of parametric and generative design is introduced, presenting key concepts, technologies, processes and tools. Finally, the method results in a set of design guidelines and performance criteria developed to the formulation of this evaluation proposal, and could be viewed at the end, in a theoretical model of the tall building to the city of São Paulo. The products of the thesis were: (I) qualitative and quantitative criteria for environmental performance of tall building (II) parametric design methodology informed by environmental criteria, (III) design solution for office buildings using natural ventilation and daylight as the main strategy to achieve the user comfort and reduce energy consumption.

This thesis assumes the architectural design process as a systematic study, in which knowledge is stored, organized and operated on by computational methods. From this perspective, the study explores the efforts for systemizing the architectural design process. Firstly, the focus is on the early approaches of systemizing design in the Design Methods Movement. The thesis identifies and evaluates the use of a number of critical concepts in this movement and in recent architecture practice, in order to see the development and transformation of design methods in terms of computing knowledge in a systematic way. The thesis evaluates the features that make design systematic within the Design Methods Movement and inquires whether such features like complexity, hierarchy, feedback loops and selection are influential in recent computational design methods of architecture. The thesis looks into two generative design methods, namely evolutionary design and shape grammars, which have been studied by designers since the 1960s, the start of the Design Methods Movement. These two methods exemplify current systematic approaches to design and according to the thesis these are the instances of how recent architecture employs the features discussed as characteristic in the Design Methods Movement.

This thesis is an investigation focusing on the adaptability of generative systems in a dynamic design problem, where the problem definition changes according to the changing conditions of the environment and transforming needs of the architectural space. This thesis, instead of discussing the dynamicity of the design processes, investigates the use of an adaptable generative system in a case-specific dynamic design problem to sustain its changing problem definitions. The research mainly looks into the potentials of generative systems in terms of adaptability and develops a generative system that is able to transform its structure in accordance with the dynamic constraints of a complex design process.

How can you create new letterforms using sound as input? In Sound meets Type, have I studied the form generating qualities of sound as input for a new typography. Through history the technological development has provoked new approaches to type design, which in turn has evolved letterforms. By using generative systems to search for letterforms in a contemporary and technological context, I have created a customized software that uses the data inherent in sound as a form generator for possible new letterforms. The software is developed by using a language called Javascript.  The thesis consist of a written part and a creative part. The creative part is documented within this thesis.

This PhD by project is an examination of process-based architectural design. It offers an examination of one approach to undertaking process-based experimentation in architecture - based on reflection of my own practice and body of work - through which I have been able to consider a complex array of questions and issues that are associated with working in this way. By

Being an architect means dealing with data. All architectural thinking—whether it is done with pen and paper or the most advanced modeling softwares—starts with data, conveying information about the world, and ultimately outputs data, in the form of drawings or models. Reality is neither the input nor the output. All architectural work is abstractions of reality, mediated by data. What if data, the abstractions of reality that are crucial for our work as architects, was to be used more literally? Could data actually be turned into architecture? Could data be turned into, for example, a volume, a texture, or an aperture? What qualities would such an architecture have?  These questions form the basis of this thesis project. The topic was investigated first by developing a simple design method for generating architectural forms from data, through an iterative series of tests. Then, the design method was applied to create a speculative design proposal for a combined data center and museum, located in Södermalm, Stockholm.

Juxtaposing in art and design is a commonly used method of creating something new by recomposing already existing elements. The hybrid outcome allows the spectator to re-evaluate the elements merged, and the new relationship set up between them. Hybrids is an attempt to find such meetings through investigating possible material combinations through a series of fabric manipulating techniques, with the aim to generate volume and expression. Parts of the development, with emphasis on print making, have been conducted in a generative methodological way, using randomization and the computer as an autonomous co-creator. Two fabric manipulating techniques were developed during the course of the work; laser cutting mesh and combining stretchy with stiff materials. The common feature of these techniques is their ability to transform from 2D to 3D. Hybrids questions the hierarchy of the traditional fashion design process where form dictates the choice of material. Instead, material comes first, while form relating to body follows. The result is expressive and bold, positioning itself at the intersection of fashion and textile design.

Denna rapport syftar till att ta fram ett modulärt dropout-system till en cykel, ett system som kopplar bakhjulet till ramen (det saknas en bra svensk översättning). Ett modulärt dropout-system gör det möjligt för en cykelram att använda flera olika typer av dropouts, vilket betyder att cykelramen kan anpassas efter olika användningsområden. Systemet består av ett fäste för dropoutsen och själva dropoutmodulerna. Det finns flera typer av modulära dropouts system idag men ingen standardisering av dem. Vid framtagning av systemet används generativ design i form av topologioptimering och en utvärdering av dess effekt på cykeldesign görs. System modellerades i CAD-programmet Solid Edge och innefattar ett fäste och tre typer av moduler, vilka utgår ifrån uppdragsgivarens krav. Systemet ska vara kompatibelt med bakhjul som har 120 mm och 135 mm breda nav där axeldiametern är 9 mm, samt 142 mm breda nav med en 12 mm axeldiameter, vilka motsvarar de tre olika modulerna. Designen var till en början enkel och främst fokuserad på de olika navens kompabilitet samt modulernas infästning. Anledningen till det var att Solid Edges inbyggda generative design-funktion valdes att användas. Denna funktion optimerar designen topologiskt utifrån användarens givna geometriska begränsningar samt de laster som designen utsätts för. Detta genererar en design av komplex geometri och används därför som en mall för hur den grova designen ska förbättras. Den förbättrade designens hållfasthetsegenskaper verifierades med FEM analyser som genomfördes med Discovery, vilket är inbyggd i CAD-programmet. Beräkningar på skruvförbandet mellan dropoutmodulerna och deras fäste utfördes, samt svetsförbandet mellan cykelramen och systemet, för att säker ställa att inga oönskade effekter på cykelns prestanda eller säkerhet uppkommer. Det resulterande systemet bedöms uppfylla kraven och ha tillräckliga hållfasthetsegenskaper, men det bedöms inte vara ett optimalt system. Det finns osäkerheter i det lastfall som användes för analyser av systemet och har därför dimensionerats mot en säkerhetsfaktor som tagits fram enligt Pugsley safety factor approach. Dessutom görs ett antal antagande vid beräkning av skruvförbandet. Det finns många fördelar med att använda Generative Design för att designa cyklar, men data på de laster som cykeln utsätts för och additiv tillverkning måste utvecklas mer för att nå sin fulla potential. / This report aims to develop a modular dropout system for a bicycle. A modular dropout system allows a bike frame to use various types of dropouts, enabling customization for different usage scenarios. The system consists of a dropout mount and the dropout modules themselves. While there are several types of modular dropout systems available today, there is no standardization for them. In the development of the system, generative design is used in the form of topology optimization, and an evaluation of its effect on bicycle design is conducted. The system was modelled in the CAD program Solid Edge and includes a mount and three types of modules based on the client's requirements. The system is designed to be compatible with rear wheels with 120mm and 135mm wide hubs with a 9mm axle diameter, as well as 142mm wide hubs with a 12mm axle diameter, corresponding to the three different modules. Initially, the design was focused on the compatibility of the different hubs and the attachment of the modules, before utilizing Solid Edge's built-in generative design function. This function optimizes the design topologically based on user-defined geometric constraints and the loads the design will experience, resulting in a complex geometry design, which was used as a template for improving the initial design. The improved design's strength properties were verified using FEM analysis conducted with Discovery, an embedded function in the CAD program. Calculations were performed on the screw connections between the dropout modules and their mounts, as well as the welds between the bike frame and the system, to ensure that there were no adverse effects on the bike's performance or safety. The resulting system is deemed to meet the requirements and has adequate strength properties, but it is not considered an optimal system. There are uncertainties in the load cases used for analysing the system, and it has, therefore, been dimensioned with a safety factor according to Pugsley safety factor approach. Additionally, several assumptions were made when calculating the screw connections, making the results unclear. There are many advantages to using GD to design bicycles, but data on the forces acting on the bike as well as additive manufacturing needs to be further developed to reach its full potential.