Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final Weliton.pdf: 1767356 bytes, checksum: 32e43a1d913f35da45e4643c576ea69c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-25 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Anthopogenic Dark Earths (Terras Pretas de Indio) are soil horizons of dark color with high fertility and organic matter content. They could be found about different types of soils on the Amazon landscape, being more frequently next to water courses, presenting as a typical characteristic an anthropic horizon A, containing in its mass ceramic fragments, lithic material and charcoal. Understanding of its chemical characteristics and mineralogical composition could improve comprehension of it genesis, richness and sustainability. The present study was realized with the purpose of the evaluate the main chemical characteristics and mineralogical composition of clay and sand fractions of six soils in archeological sites with horizon A localized at the Sedimentary Basin of the Amazon and Solimões, between Coari-Manaus intervals, being those; Ena site, Comunidade S.J. Batista, Lago do Limão, Lauro Sodré, Jacuruxi and Pilão. Samples were collected prepared and submitted to granularymetric and chemical analysis realized at soil chemistry laboratories at UFAM and EMBRAPA, and mineralogical analysis at X-ray diffraction (XRD) UFAM laboratory. Results from chemical characterization has shown that in evaluated soils of archeological sites the pH in water varied between 5.1 and 7.05, displaying in most samples a moderate acidity; elements contents available and changeable as well presented high contents of P and Ca2+ and low potassium (K+) and aluminum Ca2+ contents. Meanwhile, in this study, soil from Jacuruxi site presented lower Ca2+ contents, high acidity, and high Al3+ contents, meantime, observed available P contents (mehlich-1) were high, varying from 42 to 113 mg kg-1 mineralogical soil composition evaluated by DXR has shown that argile from upland (terra firme) localized sites,(Comunidade S.J.Batista, ENA, Lago do Limão, Jacuruxi, and Pilão) are Kaolinite prevailed, wich is normally observed in soils of same geomorphologic surface in the Amazon. Anyhow, mineralogy of clay fraction at localized soil floodplain (várzea) ecosystem at Lauro Sodré, has shown a more heterogeneous mineral composition , composed by Kaolinite, goethite and type 2:1 minerals, enhancing current materials less intemperate in such environment. On the sand fraction there was a total predominance of quartz mineral in all evaluated soils independent of environment characteristic, meanwhile through mineral separation by dense liquid means in this fraction of two soils (Comunidade S.J. Batista and Jacuruxi), it was detected the appearance of hematite, rutile, anatase, ilmenite, zircon and maghemite ,and through magnetic separation , also on this fraction, in two soils (Comunidade S.J. Batista and Pilão) the analysis detected hematite (Hm) and maghemite (Mh) contents. The sulfuric acid attack done on evaluated samples has shown low iron contents, mainly at Jacuruxi site localized at hidromorphosis incidental area, that represents a removal environment of ferolise. The contents of P-total has shown the concentration magnitude of this elements on the anthropic soils horizons of archeological sites already evaluated, outstanding the floodplain site (Lauro sodré) with anthropic Horizon A beneath disposal layers of neo-soil at depth of 160 cm , achieving contents of 8840 mg kg-1 of P-total at this depth. / As Terras Pretas da Amazônia são horizontes de solo de cor escura, com elevada fertilidade e teor de matéria orgânica. Podem ser encontradas sobre várias classes de solos na paisagem amazônica, sendo mais freqüentes próximo aos cursos d água, apresentado como característica típica um Horizonte A antrópico, contendo em sua massa fragmentos de cerâmica e carvão. O entendimento de suas características químicas e da composição mineralógica pode melhorar a compreensão de sua gênese, riqueza e sustentabilidade. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de avaliar as principais características químicas e a composição mineralógica das frações argila e areia de seis solos de sítios arqueológicos com Horizonte A antrópico localizados na Bacia sedimentar do Amazonas e do Solimões, trecho Coari- Manaus, sendo eles: Sítio Ena, Comunidade S. J. Batista, Lago do Limão, Lauro Sodré, Jacuruxí e Pilão. As amostras foram coletadas, preparadas e submetidas a análises granulométrica e química realizadas nos Laboratórios de química do solo da UFAM e EMBRAPA, e mineralógicas realizadas no Laboratório de difração de raios-X da UFAM. Os resultados da caracterização química revelaram que nos solos de sítios Arqueológicos avaliados, os valores de pH em água variaram entre 5,1 e 7,05, revelando na maioria das amostras acidez moderada; os teores de elementos trocáveis apresentaram elevados teores de P e Ca2+ e baixos valores de alumínio trocável. Entretanto, neste estudo, o solo do sítio Jacuruxi apresentou menores teores de Ca2+, acidez elevada e altos teores de Al3+, enquanto os teores de P observados foram elevados, variando entre 42 e 113 mg kg-1. A composição mineralógica dos solos avaliados pela difratometria de raios-X, revelaram que a fração argila dos sítios localizados em ambiente de terra firme (Comunidade S. J. Batista, Lago do Limão, Jacuruxí e Pilão) é dominada por caulinita, à semelhança do que se observa normalmente nos solos de mesma superfície geomórfica na Amazônia. No entanto, a mineralogia dos sítios localizados em ambiente de várzea (Lauro Sodré e Ena), revela uma composição mineral mais heterogênia, composta por caulinita, goethita e minerais 2:1, realçando a presença de materiais menos intemperizados nesse ambiente. Na fração areia, houve o predomínio total do mineral quartzo em todos os solos avaliados independente das características do ambiente; entretanto, através da separação por líquido denso nesta fração em dois solos (Comunidade S. J. Batista e Jacuruxí), foi possível detectar além do mineral quartzo, também a presença de hematita, rutilo, anatásio, ilmenita, zircão e maghemita, e através da separação magnética também nesta fração em dois solos (Comunidade S. J. Batista e Pilão), detectou-se a presença de hematita e maghemita. O ataque sulfúrico realizado nas amostras avaliadas apresentou baixos teores de ferro, principalmente no sítio Jacuruxí localizado em área de ocorrência de Plintosso, que representa um ambiente de remoção de ferólise. Os teores de P-total revelaram a magnitude da concentração deste elemento nos horizontes antrópicos dos solos de sítios arqueológicos avaliados, destacando-se o sítio de várzea (Lauro Sodré) com Horizonte A antrópico enterrado sobre a camada de um Neossolo na profundidade de 160 cm, e que chegou ao teor de 8840 mg kg-1 de P-total nesta profundidade.

O objetivo de nossa pesquisa de mestrado é revelar as estruturas do sistema de sucessão patrilinear, segundo o qual o status de membro do grupo é outorgado pelo pai aos seus descendentes do sexo masculino, nas narrativas patriarcais da Torá, no livro de Gênesis. Pretendemos contemplar o lócus que este princípio ocupava no grupo patriarcal. Nossos estudos levantam a hipótese de que a patrilinearidade era decisiva nas relações de parentesco do Israel antigo, sendo esta, também, a viga mestra na qual se apoiava boa parte da estrutura do edifício social dos primeiros israelitas. / This research aims to present an analysis of the patrilineal principles in the Patriarchal narratives of the Book of Genesis. Our goal is to demonstrate how these set of principles mold important aspects of the Patriarchal family and clan and the ancient Israelite society as well , and also how it find expression in the world view of the various writers of the Scriptures. We also emphasize relevant aspects such as the succession process in the extended family and the blessing that confirms the successor in his privileged position.

Deep sea polymetallic nodules are concretions of manganese and iron oxides formed around a nucleus. They accrete either hydrogenetically - metals precipitate from the seawater - or diagenetically - metals precipitate from the sediment pore water. The accretion process affects both the nodules morphology and geochemistry. In this study, fourteen polymetallic nodules from four ocean regions, namely the Clarion-Clippertone Zone (Northeast Pacific Ocean), the Central Indian Basin (Central Indian Ocean), the Mascarene Basin (West Indian Ocean), and the Rio Grande Rise (Southwest Atlantic Ocean), were used to compare morphological and geochemical aspects between the different oceanic regions. Computed Tomography (CT) was applied to study the nodules internal structure. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to describe the micro layers within the nodules. Chemical composition of growth layers and nuclei was determined by both Micro X-ray Fluoscence (μ-XRF) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS). Finally, X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) was performed in order to determine the speciation (i.e., the oxidation state) of Mn and Fe. Polymetallic nodules from the Central Indian Basin are diagenetic and the ones from the Mascarene Basin and the Rio Grande Rise are hydrogenetic, while nodules from the Clarion-Clippertone Zone are of mixed type. However, the dominant accretion process varies across the nodules resulting in inhomogeneous layer textures and chemical composition. Strong Mn and Fe fractionation occurs in the diagenetic and mixed type nodules accompanied by fractionation of the trace elements Ni, Cu, Co and Ti. Mn and Fe are present in the nodules mainly as oxidized species Mn4+ and Fe3+, independently of the degree of fractionation. Schematic models of the nodules environment of formation are proposed, in which and the fractionation of Mn and Fe is possibly the result of the variation of the redox front depth through time. / Nódulos polimetálicos de mar profundo são concreções de óxidos de manganês e de ferro ao redor de um núcleo. Os nódulos crescem através da precipitação hidrogenética - precipitação de metais da água do mar - ou diagenética - precipitação de metais da água intersticial do sedimento. O processo de acreção reflete na morfologia e geoquímica dos nódulos. Neste trabalho, quatorze nódulos polimetálicos provenientes de quatro regiões oceânicas - Clarion-Clippertone Zone (Oceano Pacífico Nordeste), Bacia Central do Índico (Oceano Índico Central), Bacia Mascarene (Oceano Índico Oeste) e Elevação de Rio Grande (Oceano Atlântico Sudoeste) - foram usados a fim de se comparar os aspectos morfológicos e geoquímicos dos nódulos entre regiões diferentes. A estrutura interna dos nódulos foi avaliada através da Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios-X (CT). Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (SEM) foi usada para descrever as micro camadas. A composição química foi determinada por Micro Fluorescência de Raios-X (μ-XRF) e por ablação a laser acoplada a espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (LA-ICP-MS). Por fim, a Espectroscopia de Absorção de Raios-X próximo à borda (XANES) foi realizada a fim de se determinar a especiação (i.e., o número de oxidação) do Mn e do Fe. Os nódulos polimetálicos da Bacia Central do Índico são diagenéticos e os da Bacia Mascarene e Elevação do Rio Grande são hidrogênicos, enquanto que os da Clarion-Clippertone Zone são do tipo misto. Entretanto, o processo de acreção varia ao longo dos nódulos, resultando em textura das camadas e composição química heterogênea. Forte fracionamento entre Mn e Fe ocorre nos nódulos diagenéticos e do tipo misto, assim como entre os metais traço Ni, Cu, Co e Ti. O Mn e o Fe estão presentes nos nódulos principalmente na forma de espécies oxidadas Mn4+ e Fe3+, independentemente do efeito de fracionamento entre eles. Modelos esquemáticos do ambiente de formação dos nódulos são propostos e sugere-se que variações da profundidade da frente redox no sedimento ao longo do tempo são responsáveis pelo efeito de fracionamento entre o Mn e o Fe.

The present research project will explore a case study of the experiment of Pandrogeny as conducted by artists Genesis and Lady Jaye Breyer P-Orridge, arguing that it is best understood as art that performs religion. Utilizing behavior and body modification, this collaborative experiment was intended to create a third, androgynous being, coming into existence through a merging of their identities and referred to as “Breyer P-Orridge.” The experiment was conducted between 1993 and 2007, when Lady Jaye passed away; however, Genesis, in various ways, continues Pandrogynic explorations into the present. The case of this project being religious for Genesis will be made by examining a recent solo exhibition displaying Genesis’s work as well as the performative dimensions of Pandrogeny from its inception to the shift that occurred with Lady Jaye’s death.

Cette recherche porte sur les activités d'aide ordinaire dans deux situations d'enseignement/apprentissage ; la première en face-à-face et la seconde instrumentée par un artefact numérique et asynchrone. L'aide ordinaire est entendue comme étant à la fois le processus et le produit d'ajustement, de modification, de redéfinition d'un objet de connaissance réalisés par et pour les acteurs d'une situation d'enseignement/apprentissage La présente recherche aborde donc l'aide en tant qu'activité interactionnelle, située et instrumentale. En partant d'une ethnographie multi-située de situations d'apprentissage du latin, elle a fait l'objet d'une observation participante d'un cours d'aide à la préparation d'un concours et de la conception d'une ressource numérique d'aide à la remise à niveau en langue latine. Ces deux moments de la recherche ont permis la réalisation d'un corpus composé de collections d'enregistrements audiovisuels de situations réelles d'apprentissage, d'entretiens et de notes ethnographiques. En nous appuyant sur ces données, nous analysons les processus interactionnels et instrumentaux d'aide inhérents à l'apprentissage. Nous en proposons la description de l'organisation, l'analyse des modalités de mobilisations des artefacts physiques et numériques et des interactions entre les apprenants et une ressource numérique d'aide. Enfin, nous préconisons d'articuler la conception de l'aide (dans la constitution de scénarios pédagogiques en ligne) à la prise en compte de la future genèse instrumentale des ressources et artefacts. / This research focuses on ordinary help activities both teaching and learning situations. The first one concerns help in a face-to-face situation, the second in a situation instrumented by a digital and asynchronous artifacts. The ordinary help is viewed as the process and the product of adjustment, modification and redefinition of a knowledge object. The latter is achieved by and to the actors in the situation. This research deals with the help as an interactional, situated and instrumented activity. Build on a multi-sited ethnography, this study was subjected to a participative observation of a Latin university course and to the design of one digital resource to assist Latin-language learning. Both research parts allowed the constitution of a corpus including audio-video records of learning real situation, interviews and ethnographic notes. From these data, I analyze the interactional and instrumented help processes in learning. I consider the interactional organization of help sequences, the conditions of physical and digital artifacts mobilization and interactions between learners and digital help resource. Finally, I suggest articulating the help design (e.g.: in curricula) to the probable future instrumental genesis of resources and artifacts.

D.Litt. et Phil. / This thesis combines Targum studies with Judaic studies. First, secondary sources were examined and independent research was done to ascertain the historical process that took place in the compilation of extant Pentateuchal Targums (Fragment Targum [Recension P, MS Paris 110], Neofiti 1, Onqelos and Pseudo-Jonathan). Second, a framework for evaluating Jewish exegetical practices within the age of formative Judaism was established with the scrutiny of midrashic texts on Genesis 1: 26-27. Third, individual targumic renderings of Genesis 1: 26-27 were compared with the Hebrew Masoretic text and each other and then juxtaposed with midrashic literature dating from the age of formative Judaism. Last, the outcome of the second and third step was correlated with findings regarding the historical process that took place in the compilation of the Targums, as established in step one. The findings of the summative stage were also juxtaposed with the linguistic characterizations of the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project (CAL) of Michael Sokoloff and his colleagues.The thesis can report the following findings: (1) Within the age of formative Judaism pharisaic sages and priest sages assimilated into a new group of Jewish leadership known as ‘rabbis’. Under the direction of these scholars, Pentateuchal Targums were collectively and purposefully redacted for use in liturgical, educational or halakhic contexts. This finding counters the alternative view that priestly groups remained distinct from rabbinic circles until the fourth century C.E. and that priests alone were responsible for the compilation of Targum Pseudo-Jonathan. (2) The analysis of midrashic literature revealed different modes of exegesis used by Tannaim and Amoraim, thus providing information on the time and context wherein midrashic passages were compiled. When midrashic passages were then juxtaposed with individual renderings of Genesis 1: 26-27, it became possible to obtain more specific information on the dating and purpose for which extant Pentateuchal Targums were compiled. (3) The comparison of targumic renderings of Genesis 1: 26-27 with the Hebrew Masoretic Text and each other challenges the assumption that all extant Targums were compiled for the Synagogue. In Fragment Targum and Neofiti 1, haggadic rendering goes together with the popular Aramaic dialect used in Synagogue services, while the use of Standard Literary Aramaic employed in the context of halakhic decision-making characterizes the literal rendering of Targum Onqelos. The use of different dialects in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (PJ) in conjunction with an expansive rendering of Genesis 1: 26-27, which concurs with rhetorical arguments of Palestinian Amoraim in the Palestinian Talmud and Genesis Rabbah, may be an indication that PJ was used for educational purposes.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD (Old Testament Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Old Testament Studies / unrestricted

Garden of Eden imagery is ubiquitous in contemporary print advertising in North America, especially in advertisements directed at women. Three telling characteristics emerge in characterizations of Eve in these advertising reconstructions. In the first place, Eve is consistently hypersexualized and over-eroticized. Secondly, such Garden of Eden images often conflate the Eve figure with that of the Serpent. Thirdly, the highly eroticized Eve-Serpent figures also commonly suffer further conflation with the Garden of Eden itself. Like Eve, nature becomes eroticized. In the Eve-Serpent-Eden conflation, woman becomes nature, nature becomes woman, and both perform a single narrative plot function, in tandem with the Serpent. The erotic and tempting Eve-Serpent-Eden character is both protagonist and antagonist, seducer and seduced. In this dissertation, I engage in an ecofeminist narratological analysis of the Genesis/Fall myth, as it is retold in contemporary fashion magazine advertisements. My analysis examines how reconstructions of this myth in advertisements construct the reader, the narrator, and the primary characters of the story (Eve, Adam, the Serpent, and Eden). I then further explore the ways in which these characterizations inform our perceptions of woman, nature, and environmentalism. Using a narratological methodology, and through a poststructuralist ecofeminist lens, I examine which plot and character elements have been kept, which have been discarded, and how certain erasures impact the narrative characterizations of the story. In addition to what is being told, I further analyze how and where it is told. How is the basic plot being storied in these reconstructions, and what are the effects of this version on the archetypal characterizations of Eve and the Garden of Eden? What are the cultural and literary contexts of the reconstructed narrative and the characters within it? How do these contexts inform how we read the characters within the story? Finally, I examine the cultural effects of these narrative reconstructions, exploring their influence on our gendered relationships with each other and with the natural world around us.

Cette recherche est une comparaison des métaphysiques de Deleuze et de Whitehead. Deleuze et Whitehead ont en commun une approche philosophique où un certain empirisme, qu’il soit « transcendantal » ou « spéculatif », cherche à élucider la nature de l’expérience en tant que telle. Dans les deux cas il s’agit de rendre compte de l’expérience réelle en elle-même, pas seulement de ses conditions de possibilité. Les tâches de l’empirisme transcendantal comme de l’empirisme spéculatif peuvent être définies comme un essai pour expliquer la genèse de l’expérience ou d’une nouvelle sorte de subjectivité, qui remonterait bien plus haut et qui serait bien plus universelle que celle du sujet kantien. Ainsi, dans les philosophies de Deleuze et de Whitehead, ce n’est pas plus un sujet transcendantal et conscient qui est placé au fondement ou au commencement de toute expérience réelle, car chez l’un comme chez l’autre l’expérience humaine n’est plus qu’un cas qui peut être dérivé d’un processus beaucoup plus général, qui est le processus de la réalité elle-même. Pour Deleuze et Whitehead, ce qui est important devient alors d’expliquer la genèse ou l’individuation, par laquelle une expérience se produit. Empirisme transcendantal et empirisme spéculatif peuvent être caractérisés tous deux, chacun à sa façon, d’ « ontologies univoques », où l’intensité est liée à l’individuation / This research is a comparative study of the metaphysics of Deleuze and Whitehead. Deleuze and Whitehead share a common philosophical approach in which a certain empiricism, whether "transcendental" or "speculative", tries to elucidate the nature of experience as such. In both cases what matters is to explain the real experience for itself, not its conditions of possibility. The tasks of their empiricism, be it transcendental or speculative, may be defined as an essay to explain the genesis of experience or of a new kind of subjectivity which could be traced back to a much higher and universal stand than the Kantian subject’s one. Thus, in the philosophies of Deleuze and Whitehead, neither are a transcendental subject nor a conscious subject which is situated at the foundation or the start of any real experience, since, for both of them as well human experience is but a case or a result which can be derived from a much more general process, which is the very process of reality itself. For Deleuze as well as Whitehead, what was thus important was to explain the genesis or the process of individuation, by which experience is produced. Both transcendental empiricism and speculative empiricism can be characterized, each one in its own way, as "univocal ontologies", wherein intensity is linked to individuation.

Deep sea polymetallic nodules are concretions of manganese and iron oxides formed around a nucleus. They accrete either hydrogenetically - metals precipitate from the seawater - or diagenetically - metals precipitate from the sediment pore water. The accretion process affects both the nodules morphology and geochemistry. In this study, fourteen polymetallic nodules from four ocean regions, namely the Clarion-Clippertone Zone (Northeast Pacific Ocean), the Central Indian Basin (Central Indian Ocean), the Mascarene Basin (West Indian Ocean), and the Rio Grande Rise (Southwest Atlantic Ocean), were used to compare morphological and geochemical aspects between the different oceanic regions. Computed Tomography (CT) was applied to study the nodules internal structure. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to describe the micro layers within the nodules. Chemical composition of growth layers and nuclei was determined by both Micro X-ray Fluoscence (μ-XRF) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS). Finally, X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) was performed in order to determine the speciation (i.e., the oxidation state) of Mn and Fe. Polymetallic nodules from the Central Indian Basin are diagenetic and the ones from the Mascarene Basin and the Rio Grande Rise are hydrogenetic, while nodules from the Clarion-Clippertone Zone are of mixed type. However, the dominant accretion process varies across the nodules resulting in inhomogeneous layer textures and chemical composition. Strong Mn and Fe fractionation occurs in the diagenetic and mixed type nodules accompanied by fractionation of the trace elements Ni, Cu, Co and Ti. Mn and Fe are present in the nodules mainly as oxidized species Mn4+ and Fe3+, independently of the degree of fractionation. Schematic models of the nodules environment of formation are proposed, in which and the fractionation of Mn and Fe is possibly the result of the variation of the redox front depth through time. / Nódulos polimetálicos de mar profundo são concreções de óxidos de manganês e de ferro ao redor de um núcleo. Os nódulos crescem através da precipitação hidrogenética - precipitação de metais da água do mar - ou diagenética - precipitação de metais da água intersticial do sedimento. O processo de acreção reflete na morfologia e geoquímica dos nódulos. Neste trabalho, quatorze nódulos polimetálicos provenientes de quatro regiões oceânicas - Clarion-Clippertone Zone (Oceano Pacífico Nordeste), Bacia Central do Índico (Oceano Índico Central), Bacia Mascarene (Oceano Índico Oeste) e Elevação de Rio Grande (Oceano Atlântico Sudoeste) - foram usados a fim de se comparar os aspectos morfológicos e geoquímicos dos nódulos entre regiões diferentes. A estrutura interna dos nódulos foi avaliada através da Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios-X (CT). Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (SEM) foi usada para descrever as micro camadas. A composição química foi determinada por Micro Fluorescência de Raios-X (μ-XRF) e por ablação a laser acoplada a espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (LA-ICP-MS). Por fim, a Espectroscopia de Absorção de Raios-X próximo à borda (XANES) foi realizada a fim de se determinar a especiação (i.e., o número de oxidação) do Mn e do Fe. Os nódulos polimetálicos da Bacia Central do Índico são diagenéticos e os da Bacia Mascarene e Elevação do Rio Grande são hidrogênicos, enquanto que os da Clarion-Clippertone Zone são do tipo misto. Entretanto, o processo de acreção varia ao longo dos nódulos, resultando em textura das camadas e composição química heterogênea. Forte fracionamento entre Mn e Fe ocorre nos nódulos diagenéticos e do tipo misto, assim como entre os metais traço Ni, Cu, Co e Ti. O Mn e o Fe estão presentes nos nódulos principalmente na forma de espécies oxidadas Mn4+ e Fe3+, independentemente do efeito de fracionamento entre eles. Modelos esquemáticos do ambiente de formação dos nódulos são propostos e sugere-se que variações da profundidade da frente redox no sedimento ao longo do tempo são responsáveis pelo efeito de fracionamento entre o Mn e o Fe.