Si µ est une mesure de probabilité à support compact dans uns espace vectoriel ou affine de dimension finie, le barycentre (ou centre de gravité) de µ est un point bien défini de l’espace. Mais des difficultés surgissent lorsque l’espace est remplacé par une variété riemannienne M ; dans ce cas, même en se restreignant aux variétés convexes (c’est-à-dire deux dont points quelconques sont toujours joints par une géodésique et une seule) et aux mesures à support fini, il est en général impossible d'assigner à chaque probabilité un barycentre de façon que, d'une part,pour tous λϵ [0; 1] et x et y dans M, le barycentre de µ = (1- λ ) δˣ+ λ δy soit toujours le point γ(λ), sur la géodésique telle que γ (0) = x et γ (1) = y, et que, d'autre part, soit préservée la propriété d'associativité (pour faire une moyenne, on peut commencer par faire des moyennes partielles). Dés que la mesure µ est portée par au moins trois points non tous situées sur une même géodésique, il y a de multiples façons différentes de définir son barycentre comme barycentre de barycentres partiels de barycentres partiels etc., chaque opération élémentaire ne faisant intervenir que deux points. On obtient ainsi tout un ensemble de points de M, les barycentres itérés de µ . Pour des probabilités plus générales, on appelle barycentre convexe de µ l'ensemble b(µ) des points x de M qui sont limites d'une suite (xn), ou chaque xn est un barycentre itéré d'une probabilité µn à support fini, les mesures µn tendant vers µ. / If μ is a probability measure carried on a small in a finite-dimension vectorial or affine space, the μ- barycenter (center of gravity) is a well-defined point in space. Nevertheless, difficulties arise when space is changed by Riemannian manifold M. In this case, even if we limit to convex manifolds (i.e : when any two points are joined by one geodesic and just one) and to finite-support measures, it’s, in general impossible to attribute a barycenter to each probability, in such a way, on one hand, whetever λϵ [0; 1] and x and y in M, the barycenter of µ = (1- λ ) δˣ+ λ δy will be always the point γ(λ) of the geodesic such that γ (0) = x et γ (1) =y, and on another hand, the associative property will be maintained (to make a mean, we can begin by doing partial means). Once the measure μ is carried by at least three points which are not all localed on the same geodesic, there are different manners to define its barycenter as one of partial barycenters of partial barycenters and so on, in which each elementary operation includes only two points. Thus, we get a whole set of set of points of M, the iterated barycenters of μ. For more general probabilities μ, we call convex barycenter of μ, the set b(μ) of points x of M which are limit of sequence (xn), in which each xn is an iterated barycenter of a finite support probability μn, the measure μn tending to μ.

Le travail de cette thèse a pour objet les interactions entre deux approches d'étude des équations différentielles: la théorie des modèles des corps différentiellement clos d'une part et l'étude dynamique des équations différentielles réelles d'autre part. Dans le premier chapitre, on présente un formalisme d'algèbre différentielle, en termes de D-schémas à la Buium au-dessus du corps des nombres réels (muni de la dérivation triviale), qui permet de rendre compte de ces deux approches d'étude en même temps. Le résultat principal est un critère d'orthogonalité aux constantes pour le type générique d'une D-variétés réelle absolument irréductible, basé sur la dynamique topologique de son flot réel analytique associé. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré aux équations différentielles algébriques décrivant le flot géodésique de variétés algébriques réelles munies de 2-formes symétriques non-dégénérées. A l'aide du critère précédent, on démontre un théorème d'orthogonalité aux constantes "en courbure strictement négative'', s'appuyant sur les résultats d'Anosov et de ses successeurs concernant la dynamique topologique - la propriété de mélange topologique faible - du flot géodésique d'une variété riemannienne compacte à courbure strictement négative. En dimension 2, on conjecture en fait une description plus précise - son type générique est minimal de prégéométrie triviale - de la structure associée aux équations différentielles géodésiques unitaires. On présente, dans le troisième chapitre, des motivations et des résultats partiels concernant cette conjecture. / This thesis is dedicated to studying the interactions between two different approaches regarding differential equations: the model-theory of differentially closed fields on the one side and the dynamical analysis of real differential equations, on the other side. In the first chapter, we present a formalism from differential algebra, in terms of D-varieties à la Buium over the field of real numbers (endowed with the trivial derivation), that allows one to realise both approaches at the same time. The main result is a criterion of orthogonality to the constants, based on the topological dynamic of its associated real analytic flow. The second chapter is dedicated to the algebraic differential equations describing the (unitary) geodesic flow of a real algebraic variety endowed with an algebraic, non-degenerated symmetric 2-form. Using the previous criterion, we prove a theorem of orthogonality to the constants "in negative curvature'', that relies on the results of Anosov and of his followers, regarding the topological dynamic - the weakly mixing topological property - for the geodesic flow of a compact Riemannian manifold with negative curvature. In dimension 2, we conjecture a more precise description - its generic type is minimal and has a trivial pregeometry- for the structure associated to the unitary geodesic equation. In the third chapter, we present some motivations and partial results on this conjecture.

The diploma thesis covers a design and an assesment of a timber bearing structure of sports hall. The plan of the hall is round, i.e. the object is shaped as a dome. The structure is designed in two ways: geodesic and ribbed dome. Both options are made of glued laminated timber and structural timber.

In this thesis we study the properties of exoplanetary atmospheres. The first part describes methods and instruments for searching exoplanets, statistics of discovered exoplanets and the sampling factor. The second part describes the properties of chosen planets and moons in the Solar system (Venus, Mars and Titan) and also possible properties of the exoplanetary atmospheres that are only briefly understood. The third part describes the atmospheric models which incorporate full 3D model of the atmosphere, dynamical core, shallow-water model and 1D spherically-symmetric model. We also show the results of exoplanetary atmospheric models published in the scientific journals. This part also describes the icosahedral geodetic grid that is advantageous for the global climatic models, and also discretisation on sphere and the application of the operators (gradient, divergence, vorticity) on geodetic grid. The fourth part discusses results of the numerical solution of the atmospheric circulation with the forcing on geodetic grid. In this part we also show global maps of the variables after a particular time of the numerical integration and also the evolution of the variables at chosen points in time. In the discussion part we examine the results of our program. The results of the numerical integrations (chosen...

The aim of this thesis is to construct exact, axially symmetric solutions of Einstein- Maxwell(-dilaton) equations, which possess a discrete translational symmetry along an axis. We present two possible approaches to their construction. The first one is to solve Einstein-Maxwell equations, the second one relies on a dimensional reduction from a higher dimension. We examine the geometry of the solutions, their horizons and singu- larities, motions of charged test particles and compare them. 1

This PhD thesis is comprised of 3 results in computational geometry and graph theory. In the first paper, I demonstrate that the piercing number of a set S of pairwise intersecting convex shapes in the plane is bounded by O(\alpha(S)), where \alpha(S) is the fatness of the set S, improving upon the previous upper-bound of O(\alpha(S)^2). In the second article, I show that anagram-free vertex colouring of a 2\times n square grid requires a number of colours that increases with n. This answers an open question in Wilson's thesis and shows that even graphs of pathwidth 2 do not have anagram-free colouring with a bounded number of colours. The third article is a study on the geodesic anagram-free chromatic number of chordal and interval graphs. \emph{Geodesic anagram-free chromatic number} is defined as the minimum number of colours required to colour a graph such that all shortest paths between any pair of vertices are coloured anagram-free. In particular, I prove that the geodesic anagram-free chromatic number of a chordal graph G is 32p'w, where p' is the pathwidth of the subtree intersection representation graph (tree) of G, and w is the clique number of G. Additionally, I prove that the geodesic anagram-free chromatic number of an interval graph is bounded by 32p, where p is the pathwidth of the interval graph. This PhD thesis is comprised of 3 results in computational geometry and graph theory.

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The new and forthcoming generation of mobile networks intend to operate at considerably higher frequencies than the previous systems. This lift in frequency of operation alleviates today’s communication systems’ crowded bandwidth and allows for faster data rates than previously possible. However, the suggested increase in frequency of operation introduces new challenges and new antenna solutions are required. One possible candidate for the future communication systems is the Luneburg lens antenna that offers high gain, a simple feeding network and wide-angle scanning. Scanning of lens antennas occurs by placing several feeds along its focal line, but where the width size of the feed place a major constraint on the achievable crossover level between beams. In this thesis, we aim to increase the crossover level between beams in a geodesic Luneburg lens antenna. The importance of a high crossover level is to ensure a more equal performance in terms of data rate transfer to all end users. Here, we investigate two different methods on achieving a higher crossover level. The first method is to utilize a near-field lens while the other method concerns the usage of a generalized Luneburg lens that allows to displace the focal point outside the lens’ contour. A comparison study of these two alternatives are made where it is shown that a generalized Luneburg lens is the preferable choice. A generalized geodesic Luneburg lens is thereafter designed that attains a crossover level of -3:87 dB at the central frequency 62 GHz for the center port. The lens performs well with a bandwidth of 15% and a scanning range between ±52°. The reflection coefficient is below -13 dB in the frequency range of interest and the cross-talk is below -17:9 dB. The realized gain is simulated to 19:01 dBi at 57 GHz, 20:85 dBi at 62 GHz and 21:34 dBi at 67 GHz for the central port. / Den nya och de kommande generationerna av mobilnät avser att fungera på betydande högre frekvenser än tidigare system. Det här lyftet i frekvens minskar den trånga bandbredden i dagens kommunikationssytem och tillåter för snabbare datahastigheter än tidigare möjligt. Däremot, den förslagna ökningen av frekvens introducerar nya utmaningar och därmed behövs nya antennlösningar. En möjlig kandidat för det framtida kommunikationssystemet är Luneburg linsantennen som erbjuder en hög antennförstärkning, ett enkelt matningsnätverk och en bred vinkelskanning. Vinkelskanning av linsantenner sker genom att placera flera matningar längs dess fokallinje, men där bredden på matningarna utgör en stor begränsning för den nåbara korsningsnivån mellan strålningsfält. Det här examensarbetets syfte är att öka korsningsnivåerna mellan strålningsfälten i en geodetisk Luneburg linsantenn. Betydelsen att ha höga korsningsnivåer mellan strålningsfält är att säkerhetsställa en mer jämn prestanda av datahastigheter för alla slutanvändare. Vi undersöker två olika metoder för att uppnå högre korsningsnivåer. Den första metoden använder en närfältslins medan den andra metoden använder sig av en generaliserad Luneburg lins som tillåter att förflytta fokalpunkten utanför linsens kontur. En jämförelsestudie mellan dessa två metoder är genomförd där det visas att den generaliserade Luneburg linsen är det fördelsaktiga valet. En generaliserad Luneburg lins är därefter designad som uppnår korsningsnivåer på -3:87 dB på den centrala frekvensen 62 GHz för center porten. Linsen fungerar väl med en bandbredd på 15% och vinkelskanning mellan ±52°. Reflektionskoefficienten är under -13 dB i frekvensområdet av intresse och kopplingen mellan olika portar är under -17:9 dB. Den realiserade antennförstärkningen är simulerad till 19:01 dBi vid 57 GHz, 20:85 dBi vid 62 GHz och 21:34 dBi vid 67 GHz.

Cette thèse est divisée en trois parties. Dans la première partie, nous commençons par décrire des résultats très connus en théorie du contrôle géométrique tels que le théorème de Chow-Rashevsky, la condition de rang de Kalman, l'application Entrée-Sortie et le test linéaire. De plus, nous définissons et nous étudions brièvement la contrôlabilité locale au voisinage d'un contrôle de référence au premier et au second ordre. Dans la deuxième partie, nous donnons une preuve élémentaire du lemme de Franks linéaire pour les flots géodésiques qui utilise des techniques basiques de théorie du contrôle géométrique. Dans la dernière partie, étant donnée une variété Riemanienne compacte, nous prouvons un lemme de Franks uniforme au second ordre pour les flots géodésiques et on applique le résultat à la théorie de la persistance. Dans cette partie, nous introduisons avec plus de détails les notions de contrôlabilité locale au premier et au second ordre. En effet, nous donnons un résultat de contrôlabilité au second ordre dont la preuve est longue et technique. / This thesis is devided into three parts. In the first part we begin by describing some well known results in geometric control theory such as the Chow Rashevsky Theorem, the Kalman rank condition, the End-Point Mapping and the linear test. Moreover, we define and study briefly local controllability around a reference control at first and second order. In the second part we provide an elementary proof of the Franks lemma for geodesic flows using basic tools of geometric control theory. In the last part, given a compact Riemannian manifold, we prove a uniform Franks' lemma at second order for geodesic flows and apply the result in persistence theory. In this part we introduce with more details notions of local controllability at first and second order. In fact, we provide a second order controllability result whose proof is long and technical.