Usando o modelo de ajustamento apresentado por Schaffrin (2001), este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para ajustamento de redes geodésicas GPS de densificação e extensão, a qual substitui com vantagem o tratamento clássico que utiliza um ajustamento livre seguido por uma \"transformação de Helmert\". A característica deste método é introduzir um procedimento estatisticamente ótimo, baseado no princípio dos mínimos quadrados, que permita ajustar a nova rede, vinculando-a a pontos fiduciais, e conectando-a a pontos de ligação com redes vizinhas de mesmo nível, considerados \"hierarquicamente superiores\" no processo. A técnica da \"propriedade reprodutora\" permite que esses pontos sejam ponderados em função das variâncias decorrentes de suas determinações, mas tenham suas coordenadas preservadas. Para a implementação dessa metodologia, foi desenvolvido um programa, em linguagem FORTRAN, que realiza o ajustamento vetorial da rede, utilizando o modelo paramétrico do método dos mínimos quadrados. O procedimento adotado consiste em fazer com que as variâncias dos pontos de injunção sejam introduzidas na nova rede, e que as coordenadas desses pontos, modificadas pelo ajustamento, sejam recuperadas. O programa apresenta também uma seqüência de testes que possibilitam a detecção, investigação e adaptação de possíveis erros encontrados. / By using the adjustment model presented by Schaffrin (2001), this work presents a methodology for the adjustment of GPS geodetic networks of densification and extension, which substitutes with advantage the classic treatment that uses a free net adjustment followed by a \"Helmert transformation\". The feature of this method is to introduce a statistically optimal procedure, based on least squares principle, that allows adjust the new network, linking it to fiducial points and connecting it to tiepoints with same level neighbor networks, all of them considered \"hierarchically superior\" in the process. The \"reproducing property\" technique allows that these points were weighed up as a function of the variances obtained in the preliminary determination, but they have their coordinates preserved. For this methodology implementation, a software in FORTRAN language was developed for the network vectorial adjustment, by using the linear parametric model of least-squares method. The adopted procedure allows the constraint point variances to propagate in the new network, but afterwards the coordinates of these points, changed in the adjustment, are retrieved. The software presents a sequence of tests to detect, to investigate and to analyze possible encountered errors, too.

O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver e propor um novo método para o planejamento de redes geodésicas. O planejamento (ou pré-análise) de uma rede geodésica consiste em planejar (ou otimizar) a rede, de modo que a mesma atenda a critérios de qualidade pré-estabelecidos de acordo com os objetivos do projeto, como precisão, confiabilidade e custos. No método aqui proposto, os critérios a serem considerados na etapa de planejamento são os níveis de confiabilidade e homogeneidade mínimos aceitáveis para as observações; a acurácia posicional dos vértices, considerando tanto os efeitos de precisão quanto os (possíveis) efeitos de tendência, segundo ainda um determinado nível de confiança; o número de outliers não detectados máximo admissível; e o poder do teste mínimo do procedimento Data Snooping (DS) no cenário n-dimensional, isto é, considerando todas as observações (testadas individualmente). De acordo com as classificações encontradas na literatura, o método aqui proposto consiste em um projeto combinado, solucionado por meio do método da tentativa e erro, além de apresentar alguns aspectos inéditos em seus critérios de planejamento. Para demonstrar a sua aplicação prática, um exemplo numérico de planejamento de uma rede GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System – Sistema Global de Navegação por Satélite) é apresentado e descrito. Os resultados obtidos após o processamento dos dados da rede GNSS foram concordantes com os valores estimados na sua etapa de planejamento, ou seja, o método aqui proposto apresentou desempenho satisfatório na prática. Além disso, também foram investigados como os critérios pré-estabelecidos, a geometria/configuração da rede geodésica e a precisão/correlação inicial das observações podem influenciar nos resultados obtidos na etapa de planejamento, seguindo o método aqui proposto. Com a realização destes experimentos, dentre outras conclusões, verificou-se que todo os critérios de planejamento do método aqui proposto estão intrinsecamente interligados, pois, por exemplo, uma baixa redundância conduz a um valor relativamente mais alto para a componente de precisão, e consequentemente, um valor relativamente mais baixo para a componente de tendência (mantendo a acurácia final constante), o que também conduz a um poder do teste mínimo nos cenários unidimensional e n-dimensional significativamente mais baixos. / The aim of this work is to develop and propose a new method for the design of geodetic networks. Design (planning or pre-analysis) of a geodetic network consists of planning (or optimizing) the network so that it follows the pre-established quality criteria according to the project objectives, such as accuracy, reliability and costs. In the method proposed here, the criteria to be considered in the planning stage are the minimum acceptable levels of reliability and homogeneity of the observations; the positional accuracy of the points considering both the effects of precision and the (possible) effects of bias (according to a given confidence level); the maximum allowable number of undetected outliers; and the minimum power of the test of the Data Snooping procedure (DS) in the n-dimensional scenario, i.e., considering all observations (individually tested). According to the classifications found in the literature, the method proposed here consists of a combined project, solved by means of trial and error approach, and presents some new aspects in their planning criteria. To demonstrate its practical application, a numerical example of a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) network design is presented and described. The results obtained after processing the data of the GNSS network were found in agreement with the estimated values in the design stage, i.e., the method proposed here showed satisfactory performance in practice. Moreover, were also investigated as the pre-established criteria, the geometry/configuration of the geodetic network, and the initial values for precision/correlation of the observations may influence the results obtained in the planning stage, following the method proposed here. In these experiments, among other findings, it was found that all the design criteria of the method proposed here are intrinsically related, e.g., a low redundancy leads to a relatively higher value for the precision component, and consequently to a relatively lower value for the bias component (keeping constant the final accuracy), which also leads to a minimum power of the test significantly lower in the one-dimensional and the n-dimensional scenarios.

O uso correto de todo instrumento topográfico e geodésico tem como objetivo principal garantir a qualidade das medições. Para este fim é necessário realizar uma série de procedimentos periódicos de verificação da qualidade denominados de calibração. Diante do exposto, neste trabalho são apresentados os principais conceitos relacionados à qualidade nas medições e ao processo de calibração, tendo como objetivo principal, re alizar uma análise e a descrição do uso do Método Compacto, como uma alternativa para calibração de estações totais em ambiente laboratorial. Durante a pesquisa, foi estabelecido um conjunto de padrões de calibração, aplicáveis a estações totais. Para garantir a aplicabilidade do método foi realizado um trabalho em conjunto com o laboratório de calibração de instrumentos topográficos da empresa Química Suiza, localizado na cidade de Lima, Peru, para relatar as dificuldades da instalação do Método Compacto naquela empresa, os recursos necessários e as vantagens do uso do método. Apresenta-se, também um exemplo prático do uso do Método Compacto, em que foram avaliados os resultados obtidos no laboratório, com os dados mostrados em uma planilha eletrônica desenvolvida com base na norma ISO 17123:2001. Mediante este processo de comparação foi estabelecida a viabilidade da utilização do Método Compacto em um laboratório de calibração de estações totais. / The correct use of all topographic and geodetic instrument aims to ensure the quality of the measurements. For this purpose it is necessary to perform a series of periodic quality checking procedures called procedures of calibration. According to it, this work presents the main concepts related to quality measurements and calibration process, having as main goal, to analyze and make a description of the use of the Compact Method, as an alternative to calibration of total stations in a laboratory environment. During the research, a set of calibration standards, applicable to total stations were established. To ensure the applicability of the method, the work was done among the laboratory of calibration of surveying instruments Química Suiza company, located in Lima, Peru, to report difficulties installing the Compact Method in that company, the res ources needs and advantages of using the method. Also, a practical example of using the Compact Method is being presented, in which the results obtained in the laboratory were evaluated with the data displayed in a spreadsheet developed based on ISO 17123:2001 standard. Through this comparative process, it was established the feasibility of using the Compact Method in a laboratory calibration of total stations.

Das in diesem Beitrag beschriebene automatische Verfahren findet bei klassischen geodätischen Berechnungsaufgaben ausgehend von gegebenen Startgrößen (z. B. Festpunktkoordinaten, Messwerte) Berechnungsmöglichkeiten für alle anderen relevanten Größen. Bei redundanten Startgrößen existiert meist eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Berechnungsmöglichkeiten, die alle gefunden und deren Ergebnisse berechnet werden. Wenn die Berechnung mehrdeutig ist, aber nur endlich viele Lösungen existieren, werden alle Lösungen gefunden und berechnet. Durch den Vergleich unterschiedlicher Berechnungsergebnisse besteht die Möglichkeit, grobe Fehler in den Startgrößen aufzudecken und ein robustes Endergebnis zu generieren. Das Verfahren arbeitet nicht stochastisch, setzt also kein stochastisches Modell der Messwerte voraus. Die Beschreibung wird mit Beispielen illustriert. Das Verfahren wurde als Webserver-Script realisiert und ist frei im Internet verfügbar. / This contribution describes an automatic method, which can be applied to classical geodetic computation problems. Starting from given input quantities (e. g. coordinates of known points, measurements) computation opportunties for all other relevant quantities are found. For redundant input quantities a multitude of different computation opportunties exists, which are all found automatically, and their results are computed. If the computation is non-unique, but only a finite number of solutions exist, then all solutions are found and computed. By comparison of the different computation results there is the opportunity to detect gross errors in the input quantities and to produce a robust final result. The method does not work stochastically, so no stochastic model of the observations is required. The description of the algorithm is illustrated with the help of examples. The method was implemented as a webserver script and is available for free in the internet.

The issue of this diploma thesis is measurement of pavement roughness with an alternative means of data acquisition and evaluation by geodetic methods. In the beginning there is an overview of current state of actual roughness measurement methods. The main work is concerned with data acquisition with passive reflection of the laser rangefinder and laser scanner and standard deviations that arise in measuring on asphalt and concrete road surfaces. The aim of the work is to formulate the process of data acquisition, specification of standard deviations in the process of measuring, evaluation of pavement roughness according to ČSN 73 6175 standard, and their applicable graphic interpretation. Based on the analysis of accuracy of the methods applied, their usefulness is evaluated in comparison with the straightedge test.

The design of several variants of the structure of the planetarium in Brno is the subject of the diploma thesis . The building has a ground plan size of 30x30 meters. The main supporting material is S235 steel. The bearing structure of the object consists of columns, joists and beams. The bearing structure of the dome consists of a spatial structure, which is formed as a half-globe above the diameter of 18 meters. 3 versions of this dome have been processed. The resulting design is Geodetic Dome. Part of the work is an assessment of the main structural elements and selected details. The Scia engineer 2016 version 16.1.3033 was used to calculate internal forces.

Diploma thesis describes geodetic works in the construction of a subway under the railway track in Trenčín. Foundation for geodetic works in the construction is decree 300/2009 from the body of laws. The thesis describes these works in the order in which they were executed during the construction process. These works are: prepration of project documents, stake-out, control measurement, measurement of real building execution, quantification of executed building works, creation of real building execution documents. Part of the thesis describes the stake-out evaluation of each building phase and the evaluation of the building execution. The subway is a part of the railway modernization Nové Mesto nad Váhom – Púchov in city Trenčín.

The main goal of the diploma thesis is the description of geodetic and construction activities and work processes dealing with reconstruction of the D1 highway surface in the section Rosice – Brno. The thesis is focused within the sphere of engineering geodesy and address the issue of creation of point field, stake-out, control measurement and the measurement of real building execution documents. Used survey procedures are analyzed in the context of the standard deviation listed in the project documentation or ČSN. The geotetic documentation is compiled for the chosen measured data.

This diploma thesis is about measuring of family house, creating drawings and visualization of results. The family house is located in the Brno-Žabovřesky The house was surveyed by the classical geodetic method using a survey net built using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System). The results of field measurements were processed in the Groma program, graphic outputs (footprints of individual floors, sections and 3D model) in the MicroStation application. The documentation can be used mainly for the planned reconstruction of the family house and other related purposes.

The aim of the thesis is to design and implement a GIS tool for mobile devices. The beginning of the thesis informs about the theoretical background of GIS and mapping. Subsequently, the thesis deals with the concept of a mobile mapping tool. The thesis describes the architecture and processes within the tool, as well as some details regarding its implementation. A mapping of a selected geographical location and a protocol summarising the mapping are also included within the thesis.