<p>Stanje Zemljine kore određeno je istovremenim i suprotstavljenim uticajem<br />endodinamičkih i egzodinamičkih procesa. Povr&scaron;inski slojevi omotača<br />Zemljine kore su u stalnom pokretu pod dejstvom uticaja, kao &scaron;to su<br />promena nivoa podzemnih voda, tektonske pojave, klizi&scaron;ta itd. Značajne<br />deformacije mogu se javiti kao posledica niza regionalnih i lokalnih<br />naponskih stanja, posebno u graničnim zonama litosfernih ploča, gde se<br />akumuliraju naponi i javljaju nelinearne innterseizmičke deformacije. U<br />disertaciji je prikazano istraživanje pomeranja Zemljine kore regionalnog<br />karaktera sa geodetskog aspekta, na osnovu ponovljenih opažanja metodom<br />satelitskog pozicioniranja, čime je dat doprinos multidisciplinarnom<br />razumevanju stanja Zemljine kore.</p> / <p>The state of the Earth&rsquo;s crust is determined by the simultaneous and opposed<br />influence of the endodynamic and exodynamic processes. The surface layers of<br />the Earth&rsquo;s crust envelope are in the state of permanent moving due to divers<br />influences, such as the level variation of underground waters, tectonic<br />phenomena, landslides, etc. Significant deformations can arise as a consequence<br />of a number of regional and local strain states, especially in the boundary zones<br />of lithosphere plates where strains are accumulated and non-linear interseismic<br />deformations appear. The subject of the thesis is a study of movements of the<br />Earth&rsquo;s crust of regional character from the aspect of geodesy, on the basis of<br />repeated observations by applying the satellite positioning method. In this way a<br />contribution is given to a multidisciplinary concept of the state of the Earth&rsquo;s crust.</p>

The aim of the thesis is to summarize historical development of glassmaking in Bohemia and Moravia since the end of the eighteenth century until the beginning of the First World War and it contains detailed interpretation of microrelief of the deserted post medieval glassworks in Milovy (District of Žďár nad Sázavou). The thesis is focused on changes of technology of production and refining of glass, effects of glassmaking on land ecology and social development in pursued period. Geodetic-topographical plan of the deserted site, which served as main source material for functional interpretation of microrelief of the deserted glassworks in Milovy, is the inseparable part of the thesis.

Nos últimos anos, tem sido evidente a importância dos sistemas de cadastro territorial. Isso tem ocorrido, principalmente, devido à sua crescente função no desenvolvimento econômico, e no gerenciamento ambiental. Dentre os elementos fundamentais de um sistema cadastral, destaca-se o custo do cadastramento, o qual deve ser compatível com a utilidade de cada imóvel cadastrado. Nesse contexto, e considerando as exigências da Lei 10.267, este trabalho demonstra que certas características das redes geodésicas de apoio ao cadastro influenciam determinantemente nos custos do cadastramento dos imóveis rurais e, portanto, que tais características devem ser cuidadosamente consideradas quando da implantação e manutenção de sistemas cadastrais. É introduzido o conceito de operacionalidade, como mais um parâmetro a ser maximizado na elaboração de um novo projeto, ou na análise de uma rede já existente. A determinação dos parâmetros de operacionalidade fundamentou-se na identificação e atribuição de \"pesos\" às características dos vértices, através de uma pesquisa entre profissionais e estudiosos da área, e mediante o envio de dezenas de questionários. Dessa pesquisa foi possível inferir que os atributos relacionados ao acesso, monumentação do vértice, uso de receptores GPS e uso por estação total, têm o mesmo peso, sendo que uma importância menor foi atribuída às facilidades logísticas locais. Ficou demonstrado também que, além dos atributos dos vértices, a densidade da rede também influencia a operacionalidade. Utilizando-se de simulações, e tendo como referência uma região piloto, selecionada dentro do Estado de São Paulo, quantificou-se a influência da densidade que, agregada às características dos vértices, permitiu desenvolver um método para obtenção de um indicador numérico da operacionalidade, o qual denominou-se Índice de Operacionalidade. O trabalho permitiu, ainda, separar as redes em 4 classes de operacionalidade, de acordo com a expectativa de dispêndio de tempo para a implantação de uma base topográfica de apoio aos levantamentos cadastrais de imóveis rurais. / In the last few years, it has been noticeable the importance of territorial cadastre systems. This is happening mainly because of its increasing function in economic development, and in environmental managing. Among the fundamental elements of a cadastre system, the cadastral cost, which must be compatible with the utility of each cadastred land parcel, is emphasized. In this context, and considering the 10.267 Law demands, the present study shows that certain characteristics of reference geodetic networks have influence in a determinant way in the costs of rural cadastre, and for that, these characteristics must be carefully considered when implementing and maintaining cadastral systems. The functionality concept was introduced as one more parameter to be maximized when elaborating a new project, or in the analysis of an already existing network. The determination of functionality elements was based in the identification and attribution of \"weighs\" to the network stations characteristics through an investigation by mailing questionnaires to surveyors and researchers. From this investigation, it was possible to infer that the attributes related to the network stations access, monuments, functionality for GPS and total station surveys have the same weigh, however local logistics facilities have been attributed with less importance. It was also demonstrated that, besides the network stations attributes, the network density also influences the functionality. Using simulations, and having as reference a pilot area, selected within São Paulo state, it was quantified the density influence that, together with the network stations characteristics, allowed the development of a method to obtain a numerical indicator of the functionality, which was called Functionality Index. This study also permitted to separate the networks into 4 classes of functionality, according to the time wasting expectation to establish 2 control points to support cadastral surveys.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / In this dissertation we present complexity results related to the hull number and the convexity number for P3 convexity. We show that the hull number and the convexity number are NP-hard even for bipartite graphs. Inspired by our research in convexity based on paths, we introduce a new convexity, where we defined as convexity of induced paths of order three or P&#8727; 3 . We show a relation between the geodetic convexity and the P&#8727; 3 convexity when the graph is a join of a Km with a non-complete graph. We did research in geometric convexity and from that we characterized graph classes under some convexities such as the star florest in P3 convexity, chordal cographs in P&#8727; 3 convexity, and the florests in TP convexity. We also demonstrated convexities that are geometric only in specific graph classes such as cographs in P4+-free convexity, F free graphs in F-free convexity and others. Finally, we demonstrated some results of geodesic convexity and P&#8727; 3 in graphs with few P4âs. / In this dissertation we present complexity results related to the hull number and the convexity number for P3 convexity. We show that the hull number and the convexity number are NP-hard even for bipartite graphs. Inspired by our research in convexity based on paths, we introduce a new convexity, where we defined as convexity of induced paths of order three or P&#8727; 3 . We show a relation between the geodetic convexity and the P&#8727; 3 convexity when the graph is a join of a Km with a non-complete graph. We did research in geometric convexity and from that we characterized graph classes under some convexities such as the star florest in P3 convexity, chordal cographs in P&#8727; 3 convexity, and the florests in TP convexity. We also demonstrated convexities that are geometric only in specific graph classes such as cographs in P4+-free convexity, F free graphs in F-free convexity and others. Finally, we demonstrated some results of geodesic convexity and P&#8727; 3 in graphs with few P4âs.

Nos últimos anos, tem sido evidente a importância dos sistemas de cadastro territorial. Isso tem ocorrido, principalmente, devido à sua crescente função no desenvolvimento econômico, e no gerenciamento ambiental. Dentre os elementos fundamentais de um sistema cadastral, destaca-se o custo do cadastramento, o qual deve ser compatível com a utilidade de cada imóvel cadastrado. Nesse contexto, e considerando as exigências da Lei 10.267, este trabalho demonstra que certas características das redes geodésicas de apoio ao cadastro influenciam determinantemente nos custos do cadastramento dos imóveis rurais e, portanto, que tais características devem ser cuidadosamente consideradas quando da implantação e manutenção de sistemas cadastrais. É introduzido o conceito de operacionalidade, como mais um parâmetro a ser maximizado na elaboração de um novo projeto, ou na análise de uma rede já existente. A determinação dos parâmetros de operacionalidade fundamentou-se na identificação e atribuição de \"pesos\" às características dos vértices, através de uma pesquisa entre profissionais e estudiosos da área, e mediante o envio de dezenas de questionários. Dessa pesquisa foi possível inferir que os atributos relacionados ao acesso, monumentação do vértice, uso de receptores GPS e uso por estação total, têm o mesmo peso, sendo que uma importância menor foi atribuída às facilidades logísticas locais. Ficou demonstrado também que, além dos atributos dos vértices, a densidade da rede também influencia a operacionalidade. Utilizando-se de simulações, e tendo como referência uma região piloto, selecionada dentro do Estado de São Paulo, quantificou-se a influência da densidade que, agregada às características dos vértices, permitiu desenvolver um método para obtenção de um indicador numérico da operacionalidade, o qual denominou-se Índice de Operacionalidade. O trabalho permitiu, ainda, separar as redes em 4 classes de operacionalidade, de acordo com a expectativa de dispêndio de tempo para a implantação de uma base topográfica de apoio aos levantamentos cadastrais de imóveis rurais. / In the last few years, it has been noticeable the importance of territorial cadastre systems. This is happening mainly because of its increasing function in economic development, and in environmental managing. Among the fundamental elements of a cadastre system, the cadastral cost, which must be compatible with the utility of each cadastred land parcel, is emphasized. In this context, and considering the 10.267 Law demands, the present study shows that certain characteristics of reference geodetic networks have influence in a determinant way in the costs of rural cadastre, and for that, these characteristics must be carefully considered when implementing and maintaining cadastral systems. The functionality concept was introduced as one more parameter to be maximized when elaborating a new project, or in the analysis of an already existing network. The determination of functionality elements was based in the identification and attribution of \"weighs\" to the network stations characteristics through an investigation by mailing questionnaires to surveyors and researchers. From this investigation, it was possible to infer that the attributes related to the network stations access, monuments, functionality for GPS and total station surveys have the same weigh, however local logistics facilities have been attributed with less importance. It was also demonstrated that, besides the network stations attributes, the network density also influences the functionality. Using simulations, and having as reference a pilot area, selected within São Paulo state, it was quantified the density influence that, together with the network stations characteristics, allowed the development of a method to obtain a numerical indicator of the functionality, which was called Functionality Index. This study also permitted to separate the networks into 4 classes of functionality, according to the time wasting expectation to establish 2 control points to support cadastral surveys.

<p>U doktorskoj disertaciji je prikazan postupak optimizacije podzemne mreže<br />za potrebe izgradnje beogradskog metroa. U postupku optimizacije kori&scaron;ćen<br />je metod prethodne ocene tačnosti. Na osnovu građevinskih standarda<br />izvr&scaron;en je proračun zahtevane tačnosti proboja tunela, kao osnovnog<br />kriterijuma tačnosti za razvijanje podzemne tunelske mreže. U postupku<br />optimizacije analizirani su različiti planovi opažanja, kao i dobijeni rezultati<br />prethodne analize za svaki plan pojedinačno. Na osnovu zadatog kriterijuma<br />maksimalne poprečene gre&scaron;ke proboja tunela usvojen je konačan plan<br />opažanja.</p> / <p>The docotoral thesis presents an optimization method of the underground<br />network for the construction of the Belgrade metro. In the process of<br />optimization, method of preanalysis has been used. Based on the<br />construction standards, the calculation of the required breakthrough<br />accuracy, as the fundamental criteria of accuracy for the development of the<br />underground tunnel network, has been made. In the process of optimization<br />different plans of observations have been analyzed, as well as the results<br />obtained from the preanalysis for each plan individually. Based on the<br />required criteria of maximal transverse error of the tunnel breakthrough, the<br />final plan of observations has been adopted.</p>

<p>Praćenje promena, odnosno, monitoring terena i objekata je zadatak od<br />izuzetnog značaja, jer omogućava, u prvom redu, pravovremeno<br />reagovanje i time smanjenje materijalne štete i ljudskih žrtava.<br />Primena modernih tehnologija u oblasti senzora i komunikacija<br />obezbeđuje monitoring terena i objekata u realnom vremenu. Prostorno<br />distribuirani senzori &ndash; geosenzorska mreža, prikupljaju podatke, koji<br />se na računarima skladište i analiziraju. Disertacija se bavi<br />modelom geosenzorske mreže, kao opštim rešenjem za monitoring<br />terena i objekata, koje predstavlja polaznu osnovu od koje se može doći<br />do sistema koji zadovoljava postavljene zahteve.</p> / <p>Observing of changes, that is, monitoring of terrain and objects, is very<br />significant task, since it enables timely response and thus decreasing of<br />material damage and human casualties. Usage of modern sensor and<br />communication technologies provides real-time monitoring of terrain and<br />objects. Spatialy distributed sensors, i.e. geosensor network, gather the data<br />which are then stored and analyzed. In this disertation a model of geosensor<br />network is proposed as a generalized solution for monitoring of terrain and<br />objects which can represent a basis in creating a system that can be altered<br />to meet the requirements in certain cases.</p>

Esta dissertação de mestrado propõe técnicas de Cartografia Digital para um melhor embasamento técnico do Estado na defesa do patrimônio imobiliário estadual em ações judiciais que versem sobre questões relacionadas ao direito de uso e ocupação de terras públicas, em grande parte situadas em áreas de preservação ambiental e que resultam, muitas vezes, em indenizações milionárias contra o Estado. Segundo COSTA NETO (2006), a confusão que predomina na documentação da propriedade imobiliária em unidades de proteção integral favorece a ocorrência de ações ilegais e dificulta a resolução de conflitos, constituindo um dos principais obstáculos às ações governamentais para implantação e proteção dessas unidades. Favorece, ainda, a existência da denominada \"indústria das desapropriações\", por meio de uma corrida em busca de grandes somas de indenizações pelo poder público. Desta forma, torna-se fundamental a adoção de procedimentos técnicos que incorporem metodologias modernas de Cartografia Digital a fim de que possam ser compatibilizadas plantas, escrituras e memoriais descritivos antigos à bases cartográficas georreferenciadas e unificadas, a fim de agilizar trabalhos de defesa dos interesses do Estado, poupando o erário público de indenizações improcedentes. Para tanto, tomou-se como objeto de estudos a Reserva Florestal do Curucutú, imóvel do Governo do Estado de São Paulo, com características técnicas bastante diversificadas, e que bem serviu de paradigma para o estabelecimento e aplicação dos procedimentos nos demais imóveis. / This master thesis proposes techniques of Digital Cartography for the enhancement of the technical bases of the State in the defense of its real state patrimony in judicial actions regarding the issues related to the right of use and occupation of public lands, in great part located in areas of environmental preservation resulting, many times, in millionaire indemnifications against the State. According to COSTA NETO (2006), the predominant confusion on the real state property documentation in units of whole protection favors the occurrence of illegal actions and turns the conflicts resolution difficult, constituting one of the main hindrances to the governmental actions for the implementation and protection of those units. It favors yet the existence of the so called \"Power to Seize Industry\", through a rush in search of great sum of indemnifications by the Public Power. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance the adoption of technical procedures which incorporate modern methodologies of Digital Cartography so the plans can be compatible, deed and old descriptive memorials to cartographic bases geo-referred and unified, in order to streamline the work in defense of the State interests, saving the treasury from unsuitable indemnifications. For in such a way, the Forest Reserve of the Curucutú was overcome as object of studies, property of the Government of the State of São Paulo, with characteristics techniques sufficiently diversified, and that it served of paradigm for the establishment and application of the procedures in the excessively immovable ones well.

Unter dem Eindruck einer zunehmenden Einengung finanzieller Spielräume entwickelt die öffentliche Hand Strategien zur Haushaltskonsolidierung, die über den Einsatz des Neuen Steuerungsmodells hinausgehen. Eine zentrale Bedeutung im Rahmen der Verwaltungsoptimierung nehmen aufgaben- und organisationskritische Ansätze ein. Letztgenannte umfassen Überlegungen, wie durch eine Ablösung hergebrachter behördlicher Strukturen nachhaltige Entlastungseffekte ausgelöst werden können. Das Organisationsrecht kennt hierfür auf allen Verwaltungsebenen grundsätzlich zahlreiche Ausgestaltungen von der Beleihung Privater Dritter über Beteiligungsgesellschaften, Anstalten oder Stiftungen bis hin zu Regiebetrieben. Die verbleibenden Möglichkeiten einer Einflussnahme durch Politik und Verwaltung gestalten sich. Im Interesse einer hinreichenden Steuerung durch politische und administrative Leitungsinstanzen erfahren Landesbetriebe nach § 26 der Landeshaushaltsordnungen in den letzten Jahren in vielen Landesverwaltungen eine Renaissance. Obgleich die betreffende Ermächtigung seit 1969 im Haushaltsrecht verankert ist und bereits Gegenstand der Reichshaushaltsordnung war, liegen kaum systematisierte Erkenntnisse über den Einsatz dieser Organisationsform vor. In den Rechts-, Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungswissenschaften finden sich praktisch keine über den Wortlaut des Gesetzes und hierzu kaum ergangene Verwaltungsvorschriften hinausgehenden Hilfestellungen. Die Arbeit widmet sich dem Modell „Landesbetrieb nach § 26 LHO“, indem sie damit verbundene Entwicklungspotenziale für ein betriebswirtschaftliches Handeln und Rahmenbedingungen seines Einsatzes beleuchtet. Sie stellt den Landesbetrieb dabei in ein Verhältnis zu Behörden, welche unter Anwendung von Elementen des Neuen Steuerungsmodells geführt werden und privatrechtlich ausgestalteten Unternehmen. Zu diesem Zweck erfolgt eine vertiefte empirische Untersuchung der Landesbetriebe im amtlichen Geoinformationswesen, welche eine breite Aufgabenpalette aufweisen. Die in diesem Rahmen vollzogene Primäranalyse wird im Interesse einer Verbreiterung der Aussagekraft der Ergebnisse ergänzt um ausgewählte Sekundäranalysen zur praktischen Ausgestaltung weiterer Landesbetriebe insbesondere in den Bereichen Bau- und Liegenschaftsmanagement, Mess- und Eichwesen und der Datenverarbeitung. Ergänzend zu den deskriptiven Darstellungen der empirischen Betrachtung werden normative Betrachtungen für die einzelnen betriebswirtschaftlichen Funktionalbereiche vorgenommen soweit hier spezifische Problemstellungen in der Praxis der Landesbetriebe bekannt geworden sind. Im Ergebnis kommt die Arbeit zu der Erkenntnis, dass Landesbetriebe ein Entwicklungspotenzial über das Neue Steuerungsmodell hinaus bergen, dieses aber weniger als erwartet im Bereich der Finanzwirtschaft und damit in der tatsächlichen Haushaltskonsolidierung liegt, als vielmehr in der strukturellen Optimierung der Verhältnisse zwischen, Betriebsleitung, Kunden sowie administrativer und politischer Spitze und der Gestaltungsräume der einzelnen Akteure. / Due to a lack of financial flexibility the public sector develops strategies of budget consolidation, which go beyond the implementation of New Public Management. Doing this there is a focus on optimization by task and organisational criticism. Concerning organisational criticism this includes considerations, how it is possible to reach financial ease by replacing former official structures. Organisational law knows different possibilities on the administrative levels of the states and municipalities with different opportunities of influence by political and administrative leadership. In this context public utilities like mentioned in § 26 of budget laws became more and more important in the last years. Although they are known as an organisational option for years now, there is a lack of experience and systematic knowledge on this kind of administrative units. The dissertation lays emphasis on the possibilities of developing economic usage in these units and necessary or practised general conditions for their implementation. Public utilities in the sense of § 26 of budget laws are compared to authorities lead by the principles of New Public Management and private enterprises. There is at first an empirical examination of these kind of units established in the field of geodetic survey and spatial data, because of their broad spectrum of different kinds of tasks by primary analysis. It is completed by a sec-ondary analysis of practicism in further public utilities being responsible for example for real estate management, measuring and adjusting or technological infrastructures. The descriptive parts are supplemented by normative considerations on special economical, legal and organisational aspects in these public utilities like they are seen or known by affected people involved in the change from authorities to public utilities. As a result it is emphazised, that public utilities in the sense of § 26 of budget laws offer potencials for development going further than authorities lead by the principles of New Public Management. Never the less it is not the field of finance but organisation and steering, where the most important possibilities of structural redesign have to be seen. This concerns mostly the relationship between management, customers, stakeholder and politician or administrative leadership as far as flexibility of each individual participants.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2356282 bytes, checksum: ad31e25717381ce2f02be29b6927aafe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-06 / This paper deals with the monitoring of a slope of land under landslide risk in the Serra de São Geraldo, in the Zona da Mata Mineira. Anterior indications were taken during earthmoving work to repair deformations on a stretch of road that runs through Serra. The work was monitored by a second network of points located near the cracks detected in the soil, at three different times; this was made using a network of support, installed in an area that was not affected by slip assumption. In order to collect data it was used conventional survey associated with trigonometric leveling with total station and GPS survey. After adjustment of observations and the processing of the network, the ground shifts were identified. Through the analysis it was possible to identify displacements with values between 1 and 281 mm and with the aid of geostatistics it was possible to assess the spatial dependence of movements for periods of 50 and 61 days. Finally, displacement maps were generated using Kriging. / O presente trabalho trata do monitoramento de uma encosta de terra na Serra de São Geraldo, região da Zona da Mata mineira, cujo terreno apresentava risco de instabilidade. Os primeiros indícios de instabilidade do terreno se deram durante um trabalho de terraplenagem para correção de deformações em um trecho de estrada que segue através da Serra. A partir de uma rede de pontos de apoio, instalados em área não afetada pelo pressuposto deslizamento, foi monitorada uma segunda rede de pontos implantada próximo às fissuras detectadas no solo em três diferentes épocas. Para a coleta dos dados, utilizou-se levantamento convencional associado ao nivelamento trigonométrico com estação total e levantamento por GPS. Após o processamento e ajustamento das observações em rede, foram identificados deslocamentos do solo. Por meio das análises foi possível identificar deslocamentos com valores entre 1 e 281 milímetros e com o auxílio da geoestatística ainda foi possível avaliar a dependência espacial dos movimentos para períodos de 50 e 61 dias. Finalmente, foram gerados, a partir de Krigagem, os mapas de deslocamento, que representaram a instabilidade detectada na área.