The Medina of Tripoli, Libya, is a very ancient walled city that has a history of change, development, deterioration, conservation, and preservation to its fabric. Influenced by various foreign groups (Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Muslims, Spanish, Ottomans, Karamanlis), its architectural styles include ancient and traditional structures, as well as modern Western style or acculturation architecture. The purpose of the Medina as a place of habitation has changed over the years because of many factors including residents moving out of the Medina, fluctuating preservation, the changes in government policy when each new ruling entity had its particular laws and regulations, and some distortion of the economy due to the oil revenues. The place has no long-term plan or vision applied to it--either from within or from without. This study, the first of its kind in North Africa to collect information by using surveys and mental maps, convert the information into geographic information system (GIS) data, and come to definite conclusions about the Medina's situation. The entire research focused on four areas (the Islamic buildings, common routes of transportation, areas of deterioration, and population densities within Tripoli's Medina), but this document focused on the deterioration in the city while analyzing its urban informality, the residents' rights to live in the city, and property categories. This study helped to clarify the current situation and provide input to planners in post-uprising Libya.

The water quality in the United States has greatly improved since the implementation of the Clean Water Act (CWA) in the early 1970s. Unfortunately, the Clean Water Act only addresses one kind of water pollution, point source pollution. The major problem that is present in the degradation of todays water quality has to deal with nonpoint source pollution. Agriculture is commonly regarded as the leading contributor to nonpoint source pollution in the United States. This study uses two analytical tools to try to determine the significant factors in the transport of pollutants in the Lower Kentucky Watershed, located in central Kentucky. Spatial analysis (GIS) coupled with the statistical analysis (SAS), allowed for significant factors to be identified within a small proximity of sampling sites throughout the watershed. The results suggest that although agriculture is commonly regarded as the largest contributor to nonpoint source pollution, other factors outside of agriculture were also found to be significant, such as resident land use and rainfall. The results generated from this study suggest that land managers in communities throughout the watershed should analyze agricultural factors, as well as, factors outside of agriculture, in an effort to protect their communities water quality.

Οι ρηξιγενείς ζώνες περιλαμβάνουν συνήθως ασυνεχή, υποπαράλληλα, κλιμακωτά ρηξιγενή τμήματα τα οποία χωρίζονται από ζώνες μεταβίβασης (relay zones). Καθώς οι ρηξιγενείς ζώνες εξελίσσονται, τα τμήματα των ζωνών αυτών, μπορούν να αλληλεπιδρούν μηχανικά και να ενώνονται σταδιακά, σχηματίζοντας έτσι δομές μεγαλύτερης κλίμακας με την αύξηση της παραμόρφωσης. Ο τρόπος με τον οποίο τα τμήματα αλληλεπιδρούν κατά τη διάρκεια της εξέλιξης των ζωνών, έχει γίνει αντικείμενο αρκετών ερευνών. "στόσο ακόμα και σήμερα οι γνώσεις μας για τις διεργασίες της αλληλεπίδρασης και της σύνδεσης των τμημάτων είναι περιορισμένες. Στην παρούσα εργασία, για τη μελέτη της τμηματοποίησης και τρόπου σύνδεσης κανονικών ρηγμάτων, επιλέχθηκαν οι ρηξιγενής ζώνες της Αρκίτσας στο Ευβοϊκό κόλπο. Οι ρηξιγενείς αυτές ζώνες έχουν διεύθυνση ΔΒΔ. Η επιλογή της περιοχής έγινες με βάση την σημαντική τεκτονική της δραστηριότητα τα τελευταία 1,5 εκατομμύρια χρόνια και την σπουδαιότητά της στη νεοτεκτονική εξέλιξη της Κεντρικής Ελλάδας. Στην παρούσα διατριβή υπολογίστηκαν παράμετροι που αντανακλούν έμμεσα την κατανομή της τάσης γύρω από τα ρήγματα, όπως είναι η κατακόρυφη μετατόπιση (D), το μήκος των ρηγμάτων (L), ο αριθμός των ρηξιγενών τμημάτων κάθε ζώνης (n), η επικάλυψη (OL), η κλιμάκωση (S) και το μήκος της ζώνης μεταβίβασης (Lr). Οι παράμετροι αυτοί αποτελούν δείκτες του βαθμού σύνδεσης μεταξύ των ρηξιγενών τμημάτων καθώς και του βαθμού ωριμότητα μιας ενεργού ζώνης. Έτσι, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν αρχικά Ψηφιακά Μοντέλα Αναγλύφου (DEM) από τα οποία κατασκευάστηκαν τοπογραφικά προφίλ σε κάθε ρηξιγενή ζώνη, με σκοπό τον υπολογισμό της κατακόρυφης μετατόπισης των ρηγμάτων τόσο στα επί μέρους τμήματα όσο και στις ζώνες μεταβίβασης καθώς και η κατανομή της μετατόπισης κατά μήκος οροφής- βάσης των ρηγμάτων. Επίσης προσδιορίστηκε η γεωμετρία των ζωνών μεταβίβασης μεταξύ των ρηξιγενών τμημάτων, με σκοπό να εξετασθούν οι τρόποι σύνδεσης των τμημάτων με υπολογισμό του μήκους των μη επικαλυπτόμενων ζωνών (underlapping zone), των ζωνών επικάλυψης (overlap zone) και των κλιμακώσεων (separation/spacing). Τα μήκη των τμημάτων των ρηξιγενών ζωνών προβλήθηκαν σε διαγράμματα αθροιστικής συχνότητας με σκοπό την περιγραφή των πληθυσμών των ρηγμάτων. Τα διαγράμματα δηλώνουν μια πολυκλασματική κατανομή, που αντιπροσωπεύει διαφορετικούς πληθυσμούς ρηγμάτων που αλληλεπιδρούν ή μια εκθετική κατανομή που δείχνει ένα πρώιμο στάδιο κορεσμού των ρηγμάτων. Στη συνέχεια, κατασκευάστηκαν διαγράμματα της μέγιστης κατακόρυφης μετατόπισης των τμημάτων με το μήκος (D-L), με σκοπό να προσδιοριστεί σε ποιο στάδιο σύνδεσης βρίσκονται οι συγκεκριμένες ζώνες. Τέλος εξετάστηκαν και συσχετίστηκαν τα γεωμετρικά χαρακτηριστικά των ζωνών μεταβίβασης (μήκος κλιμάκωσης, μήκος επικαλυπτόμενων ή μη τμημάτων), με σκοπό την εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων για την ικανοποίηση ή μη κριτηρίων αλληλεπίδρασης των τμημάτων και της πιθανής σύνδεσης αυτών. Η κατανόηση του ρόλου της τμηματοποίησης και του τρόπου σύνδεσης των τμημάτων των ρηξιγενών ζωνών μπορεί να βοηθήσει σημαντικά στην εκτίμηση της σεισμικής επικινδυνότητας μιας περιοχής, στην κατανόηση των ιζηματογενών διαδικασιών μπροστά από τα ρήγματα και στον προσδιορισμό παγίδων ρευστής φάσης και της μετανάστευσής τους, μιας και οι ζώνες μεταβίβασης δύναται να αποτελούν περιοχές διαφυγής ή εμπόδια στη ροή των ρευστών. / The fault zones typically contain discontinuous, sub parallel, banded west fault segments separated by zones of transfer (relay zones). As fault zones evolve, sections of these zones can interact mechanically and gradually come together, forming larger structures with increasing strain. The way the parts interact during the development zones, has been the subject of several investigations. But even today our knowledge of the processes of interaction and connection of parts is limited. In this work, to study the segmentation and how to connect normal faults, fault zones were selected Arkitsa the Evian Gulf. The Rift these areas have WNW direction. The choice of region was based on the significant tectonic activity in the last 1.5 million years and its importance of Neotectonics evolution of Central Greece. In this thesis calculated parameters indirectly reflect the distribution of stress around the cracks, as is the vertical displacement (D), the length of the fault (L), the number of sections of a Rift Zone (n), overlapping (OL) The scaling (S) and the length of the zone transfer (Lr). These parameters are indicators of the degree of association between the Rift and parts of the degree of maturity of an active zone. So, first used Digital Elevation Models (DEM) from topographic profiles constructed in each fault zone in order to calculate the vertical displacement of faults both in the individual sections and transfer zones and the distribution of displacement along the ceiling; base faults. We also determined the geometry of the zone transfer between the Rift segments in order to examine the ways to connect the parts to calculate the length of non-overlapping zones (underlapping zone), zones of overlap (overlap zone) and step (separation / spacing). The lengths of the parts of Rift zones were shown in cumulative frequency diagrams to describe the populations of faults. The charts indicate a multi-fractional distribution, representing different populations of faults that interact or an exponential distribution that shows an early saturation of the faults. Then constructed graphs of the maximum vertical displacement of the segments with the length (DL), in order to determine at what stage are the actual connection zones. Finally examined and correlated with the geometrical characteristics of the transfer belt (length scaling, length or non-overlapping segments) in order to draw conclusions on the satisfaction or non-interaction criteria section and the possible connection of these. Understanding the role of segmentation and how to connect the parts of the Rift zones can help considerably in assessing the seismic hazard of a region, an understanding of sedimentary processes in front of the faults and identify traps liquid phase and their migration, since the transfer zones may be areas of escape or barriers to the flow of fluids.

Τα μεσογειακά οικοσυστήματα, με τη δομή και σύνθεση που γνωρίζουμε, οφείλουν την ύπαρξή τους, στα επεισόδια των πυρκαγιών, που συμβαίνουν ανά τακτά χρονικά διαστήματα. Στις μεγάλες δασικές πυρκαγιές, οφείλεται το όλο και μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό της συνολικής καμένης έκτασης ανά έτος στη χώρα μας, και κυρίως, κατά τις τελευταίες δύο δεκαετίες, σε αυτές που συμβαίνουν, όταν επικρατούν ακραία μετεωρολογικά φαινόμενα το καλοκαίρι. Ο νομός Ηλείας, θεωρείται από τους πλέον πυρόπληκτους της Ελλάδας. Για τον λόγο αυτό, επιλέξαμε να μελετήσουμε μια περιοχή, μεσογειακού οικοσυστήματος του Νομού, η οποία έχει πληγεί πολλές φορές στο παρελθόν από τις πυρκαγιές και όλα τα επακόλουθα που τις συνοδεύουν, έκτασης 111.912.638 m . Αυτή η μελέτη, επιχειρεί να παρουσιάσει τις αλλαγές των χρήσεων γης, αλλά και της αναγέννησης μετά από πυρκαγιές, χρησιμοποιώντας τα δορυφορικά στοιχεία της τηλεπισκόπησης, που συλλέχθηκαν σε δύο διαφορετικές χρονικές στιγμές, σε συνδυασμό με τα Συστήματα Γεωγραφικών Πληροφοριών (GIS). Καταγράψαμε την επικρατούσα εικόνα της βλάστησης και αναγέννησης, καθώς και οποιαδήποτε άλλη χρήσιμη, οικολογικής σημασίας πληροφορία, σε 45 δειγματοληπτικές επιφάνειες. Μετά την ολοκλήρωση του προσδιορισμού των φυτικών taxa, όλες οι φυτοληψίες καταχωρήθηκαν στη βάση δεδομένων Turboveg for Windows. Για την ομαδοποίηση των δειγματοληψιών, χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μέθοδος Twinspan. Στη συνέχεια, μέσω του στατιστικού πακέτου PC-ORD 5.0, χρησιμοποιήθηκε, η μέθοδος Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) για τη δημιουργία της γραφικής τους απεικόνισης, ενώ για τον προσδιορισμό των σχέσεων μεταξύ των περιβαλλοντικών μεταβλητών και των μονάδων βλάστησης της περιοχής, έγινε χρήση της μεθόδου Canonical Correspondence analysis (CCA). Οι περιβαλλοντικές μεταβλητές που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν είναι: υπόστρωμα, υψόμετρο, κλίση, προσανατολισμός, αριθμός πυρκαγιών. Με τη χρήση του ArcGIS 9.3 έγιναν θεματικοί χάρτες των καλύψεων/χρήσεων γης πριν και μετά την φωτιά του 2007. Επίσης, έγινε απεικόνιση του ανάγλυφου της περιοχής μελέτης, με τη χρήση ισοϋψών καμπύλων. Έτσι δημιουργήθηκε το Ψηφιακό Υψομετρικό Μοντέλο Εδάφους (ΨΥΜΕ ή DEM: Digital Elevation Model) για την περιοχή. Επίσης παράχθηκε το ΤΙΝ της περιοχής (Triangulated Irregular Network ή Δίκτυο ακανόνιστων τριγώνων). Από το ΤΙΝ παράχθηκαν ο χάρτης κλίσεων, ο χάρτης εκθέσεων και ο χάρτης υψομέτρων. Για να πραγματοποιηθούν τα παραπάνω χρησιμοποιήθηκε η εφαρμογή 3D Analyst στο περιβάλλον του ArcMap, πρόγραμμα ArcGIS 9.3. Τέλος, έγινε Μεταταξινομική σύγκριση (POST- CLASSIFICATION COMPARISON) δορυφορικών εικόνων του Landsat 7 από την περιοχή μελέτης, των ετών 2006 και 2011. Χρησιμοποιήσαμε τα Γεωγραφικά Συστήματα Πληροφοριών και την Τηλεπισκόπηση, επειδή συνιστούν ένα πολύ σημαντικό εργαλείο στη διαχείριση του περιβάλλοντος. Η διαχρονική παρακολούθηση των μεταβολών που συμβαίνουν, μέσω αυτών των συστημάτων, προσφέρει σημαντικά πλεονεκτήματα στον καθορισμό των μελλοντικών δράσεων. Τα αποτελέσματα, μέσα από τη χρήση αυτών των τεχνολογιών, έδειξαν αλλαγές στην εικόνα της βλάστησης πριν και μετά από τις καταστροφικές πυρκαγιές του 2007. Προέκυψε ότι, η αναγέννηση της Χαλεπίου πεύκης (Pinus halepensis) είναι ιδιαιτέρως ικανοποιητική, γεγονός που αποδίδεται αφενός, στους προσαρμοστικούς μηχανισμούς που διαθέτει το συγκεκριμένο είδος και αφετέρου, στις ευνοϊκές συνθήκες ανάπτυξης που επικρατούν στην περιοχή. / Mediterranean ecosystems, with their known structure and composition, owe their existence to the repeated at regular intervals fires. Large forest fires contribute to the increasing percentage of the total area burned per year in our country, especially those of the last two decades which occur when extreme weather conditions prevail in summer. The prefecture of Ilia is considered as one of the most fire affected regions in Greece. For this reason we chose to study an area of a prefecture’s Mediterranean ecosystem expanding over 111.912.638m2, which has been affected several times in the past by fires and all the consequences that accompany them. This study attempts to present the changes in land uses and forest regeneration after fires, using satellite remote sensing data collected at two different times in combination with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). We recorded the prevailing vegetation and regeneration status, as well as any other useful information of ecological importance, by means of 45 sampling plots. After the plant taxa identification, all samplings data were registered in the Turboveg for Windows database and the Twinspan (Two-way indicator species analysis) method was used in order to group the plots. Furthermore, the DCA (Detrended Correspondence Analysis) method was used for the creation of a graphic display of the vegetation data, while, in order to determine the relationships between environmental variables and vegetation units of the area, the CCA (Canonical Correspondence analysis) method was used, both through the statistical package PC-ORD 5.0. The environmental variables used are: substrate, elevation, slope, exposure and number of fires. Using ArcGIS 9.3 we made thematic land use/cover maps before and after the fire of 2007. The 3-D reconstruction of the study area was also made using contour curves, and from this the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the study area was derived. The TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network, Network jagged triangles) of the study area was also created as well as the derived slope-, exposure- and altitude maps. To accomplish all the above, we used the 3D Analyst application in the environment of ArcMap, program ArcGIS 9.3. Finally, we compared images (post-classification comparison) of the Landsat 7 from the study area for the years 2006 and 2011. We used Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing, since they are very important technologies, used as tool for environmental management. Monitoring through these systems the changes that occur over time, we obtain significant advantages in determining future actions. The results obtained through the use of these technologies, have shown changes in the vegetation before and after the devastating fires of 2007; furthermore, the regeneration of Pinus halepensis is very satisfactory, due both to the adaptive mechanisms of the species and to the favorable growing conditions prevailing in the study area.

Οι δορυφορικές εικόνες ASTER αποτελούν το πιο πρόσφατο προϊόν της διαστημικής τεχνολογίας, Έχει πολύ μεγάλη φασματική διακριτική ικανότητα σε σημείο που να χαρακτηρίζεται από αρκετούς επιστήμονες σαν ένα υπερφασματικό καταγραφικό σύστημα στο υπέρυθρο. Έτσι δίνονται νέες δυνατότητες για την ερμηνεία είτε ποιοτικά είτε ποσοτικά καλύψεων γης και φυσικών καταστάσεων της γήινης επιφάνειας. Ο σκοπός είναι η περιβαλλοντική χαρτογράφηση της θαλάσσιας ζώνης από δορυφορικές εικόνες ASTER προκειμένου να χαρτογραφηθούν μεταβολές στην ανακλαστικότητα που μπορεί να οφείλονται είτε σε διάφορα στο βάθος της θάλασσας είτε σε φαινόμενα ευτροφισμού, ρύπανσης και άλλα. Μετά τις διορθώσεις (αποζωνοποίηση, μετατροπή σε τιμές ενέργειας, κ.α.) η ταξινόμηση της δορυφορικής εικόνας μας επέτρεψε να διακρίνουμε ζώνες διαφορετικής ανακλαστικότητας στο θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον και να δημιουργήσουμε ένα θεματικό χάρτη, ταυτοποίηση του οποίου απαιτεί εργασίες υπαίθρου. / -

The Yorkshire Dales National Park contains some of the UK’s most extensive and well-preserved prehistoric landscapes. Of particular interest are a number of coaxial field systems, which cover hundreds of hectares and exhibit significant time-depth, yet remain little studied and poorly understood in relation to comparable resources elsewhere in Britain and north western Europe. This research aims to address this situation, bringing together existing disparate source materials for the first time, alongside supplementary field observation, to develop a detailed record of the coaxial landscapes. Using a Geographic Information System to manage, interpret and interrogate the combined datasets, analysis focuses on form and character, and explores prehistoric use of the iconic landscape. The study seeks to enhance our knowledge and understanding of the landscapes’ place in space and time, setting them against the backdrop of systems elsewhere, and attempts to place them within the context of later prehistoric society. The research, conducted in association with the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority, also informs the management and public understanding of the archaeological resource of the Dales via the Historic Environment Record.

O crescimento desordenado das cidades favorece o surgimento de cenários urbanos que não asseguram aos cidadãos necessidades básicas reconhecidas pela Constituição Brasileira. A descoberta e a exploração de petróleo na Bacia de Campos a partir de 1974 fizeram com que o município de Macaé (RJ) sofresse profundas mudanças em sua configuração espacial, acompanhadas de acelerado aumento e concentração populacional. O objeto da presente pesquisa consiste no desenvolvimento de aplicação apoiada por um Sistema de Informação Geográfica, possibilitando mapeamento temático dinâmico, com foco principal no acompanhamento multitemporal do crescimento urbano, localizado na zona litorânea desse município e em suas proximidades, utilizando uma série histórica de imagens, composta por sete épocas, relativas aos anos de 1956, 1966, 1976, 1989, 1999, 2001 e 2004. Desta forma foi realizado processamento digital das imagens aerofotográficas e do sistema Quickbird, com o propósito de validação do potencial do SPRING, com exploração pautada nas etapas de segmentação e classificação supervisionada, sendo obtidos resultados referentes ao crescimento da área urbana do município, dentro de um período de 48 anos, aproximadamente. O SPRING se apresentou como ferramenta importante nesse processo, com potencial utilização em estudos relevantes para a gestão de cidades. Observando-se assim, efetiva possibilidade de aplicação em fases de elaboração de itens do plano diretor e atividades relativas a projetos executivos, tanto em seu planejamento, quanto em sua execução. / The disorderly growth of cities leads to the emergence of urban settings which do not provide citizens with basic needs recognized by the Brazilian Constitution. The discovery and exploitation of oil in the Campos Basin in 1974 made the municipality of Macaé (RJ) suffered profound changes in its spatial configuration, accompanied by accelerated growth and population density. The aim of this research is to develop application supported by a Geographic Information System, enabling dynamic thematic mapping with main focus on multi-temporal accompaniment of urban growth, located in the coastal zone of the municipality and its vicinity by using a series of historical images, composed of seven times, for the years 1956, 1966, 1976, 1989, 1999, 2001 and 2004. Thus, it was done digital processing of aerial photography and Quickbird system images, in order to validate the potential of SPRING, with operation guided through the steps of segmentation and supervised classification, obtaining results for the growth of the urban area council, within a period of 48 years approximately. SPRING is presented as an important tool in this process, with potential use in studies relevant to the management of cities. So, it was observed the possibility of effective implementation in stages of preparation of the master plan items and activities related to executive projects, both in its planning, and in its implementation.

Submitted by Aline Kuramoto Gonçalves null (aline587@gmail.com) on 2016-04-12T01:55:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANÁLISE AMBIENTAL E MORFOMÉTRICA DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO CÓRREGO SANTO ANTÔNIO.pdf: 3184169 bytes, checksum: 39ad05593a6316980716277c02cf7fef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-13T14:22:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_ak_me_bot.pdf: 3184169 bytes, checksum: 39ad05593a6316980716277c02cf7fef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T14:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_ak_me_bot.pdf: 3184169 bytes, checksum: 39ad05593a6316980716277c02cf7fef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O uso do geoprocessamento é o ponto de partida para a realização deste trabalho, cujo objetivo principal é desenvolver uma análise ambiental e morfométrica na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Santo Antônio, no distrito de São Francisco Xavier, São José dos Campos, São Paulo. A área de estudo situa-se geograficamente entre as coordenadas 22º53’2062”S a 46º00’1663”W e 22º52’4774”S a 45º59’0233” W apresentando área de 520,7 hectares. Nesta perspectiva, o uso das geotecnologias permite identificar, monitorar e minimizar os problemas ambientais, uma vez que a obtenção de um banco de dados organizado auxilia com a representação cartográfica, visando detalhar e caracterizar o meio físico, uso e ocupação e aplicação de leis ambientais para futuras decisões de planejamento da bacia hidrográfica. O processamento e avaliação dos dados obtidos para a elaboração dos mapas temáticos foram elaborados pelo programa ArcGis, de maneira a gerar um plano de informação, como: uso e ocupação da terra, drenagem, hipsometria, declividade, área de preservação permanente e conflito do uso e ocupação com áreas de preservação permanente. Os resultados indicaram que a bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Santo Antônio tem seu formato alongada, favorecendo o escoamento superficial, maior energia erosiva e baixa propensão a ocorrência de inundações devido a um baixo grau de desenvolvimento da rede de drenagem. Quanto aos seus elementos físicos naturais abarcados pelo uso e ocupação da terra apresentam conservados diante da importância da Área de Proteção Ambiental, assegurando uma menor intervenção. A realização deste trabalho teve como suporte a lei ambiental, Código Florestal. Os uso e ocupação da terra na bacia hidrográfica são área urbana, sedes rurais, estrada rural, área agrícola, pastagem e vegetação natural, sendo o uso mais significante a vegetação natural (470 ha) representando 90,2% e seguido pela pastagem (40 ha) representando 7,68% da área total da bacia hidrográfica. Quanto as áreas de preservação permanente constataram-se que ela não está totalmente protegida de acordo com a legislação. Tais resultados podem ser utilizados a auxiliar em tomadas de decisões para o planejamento e gerenciamento dos recursos naturais, diante das diversas legislações ambientais. / The use of geoprocessing is the starting point to accomplish this research whose main objective is to develop an environmental and morphometric analysis of the watershed of Santo Antonio stream, urban district of São José dos Campos, São Fancisco Xavier, São Paulo State, Brazil. The area of study is geographically located between the coordinates 22º53’2062”S to 46º00’1663”W to longitude and 22º52’4774”S to 45º59’0233” W to latitude, with an area of 520,7 ha. In this perspective, the use of geotechnologies allows to identify, monitor and minimize the risks of future environmental problems, since the obtaining of an organized database enables the use of cartographic representation, aiming to characterize the physical environment, land and its use, as well as the implementation of environmental laws. The processing and evaluation of data generation of thematic maps were prepared by ArcGis, in a way that information layers to land use and land cover, storm, hypsometry, slope, permanent preservation areas and conflicts of land use in permanent preservation areas were generated. The results of this watershed of Santo Antonio showed an elongated shape, which favors a superficial run-off, with erosive tendency and low potential for floods due to the low development of drainage network. As for the natural physical elements covered by the land use are in better condition and protection because of the importance of environmental protection area ensure less intervention. This work had the environmental legislation support Código Florestal. The land use in watershed are: urban area, rural area, rural roads, agricultural area, pasture, natural vegetation, and the most significant use refer to natural vegetation (470 ha) representing 90,2% and followed by pasture (40 ha) representing 7,68% of total watershed. The areas of permanent preservation have not been fully preserved according to the legislation. The results would be used for an effective decision and fundamental instrument for planning and for management of the natural resources, considering different environmental legislation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 peres_rmp_me_fca.pdf: 2436230 bytes, checksum: 5fb7fc77c77fb16e3520bf6c8a18b152 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A formação de bases de dados digitais municipais contribuem diretamente para análises das mais diversas áreas do conhecimento. Gerando fontes confiáveis de informações geográficas. Com o objetivo de gerar as representações computacionais do espaço físico geográfico territorial de Botucatu-SP e de construir uma base de dados digital dos aspectos físicos - culturais do município de Botucatu foram utilizados ferramentas, métodos, comandos e procedimentos de geoprocessamento no SPRING (Sistema para Processamento de Informações Georreferenciadas). Foram utilizadas as grades altimétricas de radar da missão SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) para elaboração de planos de informações temáticos e imagens de satélites de diferentes formatos para a confecção do mapa de uso e cobertura do solo e foram feitas comparações entre métodos tradicionais de entrada de dados (digitalização) e método automáticos (geração de isolinhas por imagens de radar). Os resultados evidenciaram a correlação entre os dados gerados através de digitalização e das grades de radar da missão SRTM. Também conclui-se que a classificação digital das terras mostrou-se mais eficiente quando houve segmentação da imagem do que quando feita por supervisionamento com máxima verossimilhança. / The formation of municipal digital database contributes directly for many analyses in several areas of knowledge, generating trustworthy source of geographical information. Tools, methods, commands and procedures of geoprocessing at SIG-SPRING have been used in order to generate the computer representations of the geographical area of Botucatu- SP and building a digital database of physical and cultural aspects of the city of Botucatu-SP. Radar altimeter grids of the SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) mission have been used to make the thematic information plans and satellite imagery of different formats in order to make the map and soil coverage and comparisons among traditional methods of data entry (digitalization) and automatic data (generation of isolines per radar images) have also been made. The results showed the correlation among generated data through digitalization and the radar grids of the SRTM mission. It is also concluded that the digital classification of areas has proved to be more efficient when there was a segmentation of image instead the supervising using maximum verisimilar process.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:22:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 antonangelo_a_dr_botfca.pdf: 985791 bytes, checksum: 758933643aba0ab908595d59166ff6f4 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A rede viária do setor florestal é a principal base de toda a atividade, mas, no entanto, as estradas de uso florestal têm sido uma das principais causas da erosão e do assoreamento dos cursos d'água nas florestas plantadas, pois promove a retirada da cobertura vegetal, a movimentação do solo e a compactação de seu leito, tornando tais vias muito vulneráveis à erosão causada pela chuva. Até hoje, apesar das grandes transformações tecnológicas ocorridas na silvicultura brasileira e da relevância do transporte para as empresas florestais, há poucos trabalhos que estudem a otimização do transporte da madeira, principalmente, no que se refere à questão da erosão. Além disso, as ferramentas disponíveis têm se mostrado ineficientes para o uso em situações específicas fora do local onde foram desenvolvidas. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi desenvolver um critério para a identificação dos riscos de erosão em estradas de uso florestal baseado no fator topográfico LS, que considera a declividade e o comprimento das rampas. Como resultados, obteve-se que a utilização do SIG GRASS para a aplicação do critério proposto para a identificação dos riscos de erosão em estradas é um instrumento viável na prevenção e controle da erosão. Além disso, tanto a análise qualitativa quanto a quantitativa mostraram que as rampas se comportaram conforme o indicado pelo mapa gerado pelo GRASS com a identificação dos riscos de erosão em estradas de uso florestal classificadas de acordo com o fator topográfico LS. Quanto à comparação das redes de estradas ortogonal e em curva de nível através do critério de identificação de erosão que utiliza o fator topográfico LS, na área reformada, ou seja, na rede em curva de nível de estradas, houve melhores resultados no que se refere ao controle da ocorrência da erosão. / The forest road network is the principal support for the whole activity, but, however, the forest use road have been one of main motive of soil erosion and the rivers filling up in cultivated forests, because it is answerable for the vegetable cover removed, soil movement and its compaction, making this roads very susceptible for the erosion caused by precipitation. Until today, although the great technologic changes occurred in the Brazilian forestation and the transport to the forest enterprise, there are few works that study the wood transport optimization, mainly, about erosion. Besides, the available tools have showed inefficient to the in specific situation out of local where were developed. The objective of this work was develop a criterion to erosion risks identification in forest use road based in LS topography factor, that consider the ramps slope and length. As results, it got that use of SIG GRASS to the application of the offered criterion to identification of erosion risks in forests roads is a possible tool in the erosion prevention and control. Besides, as quantitative analyses as the qualitative one showed that ramps behaved as according to the indicated through the map created by GRASS with erosion risks identification in forest use road arranged through LS topography factor. About comparison between orthogonal and level curve forest roads networks through LS topography factor criterion, in the reformed road area, by the way, in the level curve roads networks, there were best results concerning erosion occurrence control.