CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The Geoparks around the world are geological and paleontological sites that represent a significant part of the natural heritage biodiversity history culture archeology and other elements of a region having the same active role in sustainable development and economic development of their territory. Policies for the preservation of historic and cultural heritage are located within a radius of action of Geopark Araripe associated with this promotion are being worked on historical cultural activities in the areas of education in communication and social development. The present research proposes the direction of Geopark Araripe implementing a geographic information system - GIS aimed at streamlining and improving the methods of analysis representation and presentation of diagnostic information and searched the area using as a reference for the development of this project geographical studies and their application through geo. The geo-technologies are essential not only in the execution of mapping and monitoring of geographical space but also in organizing and structuring information in a single geographical properly georeferenced digital database facilitating the execution of analysis manipulation and query of spatial data. They have been constituted a fundamental allowance for diffusion of geographical knowledge decision-making strategy and actions in various areas. The proposed deployment of GIS will provide the project Geopark an improvement in technical and scientific knowledge a process of interdisciplinary work that has been applied in various fields of science providing researchers and scholars to discover information. The geography is included in the group of sciences that has been providing various segments of society the ability to streamline and enhance the information found and dispersed geographic area, geographic analysis tools over the years has evolved considerably this development is associated with technological and scientific development that man has been providing. The need to build display and disseminate instruments that can provide a full development potential of a city region or state is a tool that will provide a social and economic development more effectively. The participation of various segments of society in the elaboration of a major project such as the International Geopark presupposes the importance of environmental conservation oriented development and Geographic Information System contributes significantly in the development of a region the scene of numerous projects research and scientific works / Os Geoparks no mundo sÃo sÃtios geolÃgicos e paleontolÃgicos que representam uma parte relevante do patrimÃnio natural da biodiversidade histÃria cultura arqueologia entre outros elementos de uma regiÃo tendo o mesmo papel ativo no desenvolvimento sustentÃvel e econÃmico do seu territÃrio As polÃticas de preservaÃÃo do patrimÃnio histÃrico e cultural estÃo inseridas no raio de atuaÃÃo do Geopark Araripe associada a esta promoÃÃo histÃrico cultural estÃo sendo trabalhadas aÃÃes nas Ãreas educacionais na Ãrea da comunicaÃÃo e no desenvolvimento social O presente trabalho de pesquisa propÃe à direÃÃo do Geopark Araripe a implantaÃÃo de um sistema de informaÃÃo geogrÃfica - SIG visando à dinamizaÃÃo e aperfeiÃoamento dos mÃtodos de anÃlise representaÃÃo e apresentaÃÃo de informaÃÃes e diagnÃsticos da Ãrea pesquisada utilizando como referÃncia para a elaboraÃÃo deste projeto os estudos geogrÃficos e a aplicaÃÃo dos mesmos atravÃs de geotecnologias As geotecnologias sÃo essenciais nÃo somente na execuÃÃo de mapeamentos e monitoramento do espaÃo geogrÃfico mas tambÃm na organizaÃÃo e estruturaÃÃo da informaÃÃo geogrÃfica devidamente georeferenciada em Ãnica base digital facilitando a execuÃÃo de anÃlises manipulaÃÃes e consultas dos dados espaciais As mesmas vÃm se constituindo em um subsÃdio fundamental para difusÃo do conhecimento geogrÃfico para tomada de decisÃes e estratÃgia de aÃÃes em diversas Ãreas A proposta de implantaÃÃo do SIG proporcionarà ao projeto Geopark um aprimoramento no conhecimento tÃcnico cientÃfico trabalhando um processo de interdisciplinaridade que vem sendo aplicado nos diversos campos das ciÃncias proporcionando a pesquisadores e estudiosos a descoberta de informaÃÃes A geografia està inserida no grupo de ciÃncias que vem proporcionando aos diversos segmentos da sociedade a possibilidade de dinamizar e potencializar as informaÃÃes encontradas e dispersas no espaÃo geogrÃfico as ferramentas de anÃlise geogrÃfica vem ao longo dos anos evoluindo consideravelmente esta evoluÃÃo està associada ao desenvolvimento tecnolÃgico e cientÃfico que o homem vem proporcionando A necessidade de construir apresentar e divulgar instrumentos que possam proporcionar um desenvolvimento pleno das potencialidades de uma cidade regiÃo ou estado à uma ferramenta que proporcionarà um desenvolvimento social e econÃmico mais eficaz A participaÃÃo de diversos segmentos da sociedade na elaboraÃÃo de um projeto de porte internacional como à o Geopark pressupÃe a importÃncia do desenvolvimento voltado para preservaÃÃo ambiental e o Sistema de InformaÃÃo GeogrÃfica vem contribuir de forma significativa no desenvolvimento de uma regiÃo palco de inÃmeros projetos de pesquisa e trabalhos cientÃficos

A troca de informações entre os vários sistemas de gerenciamento e outros sistemas de informação de uma empresa do setor elétrico não é apenas desejada, mas na maioria dos casos, necessária. Com a necessidade desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa com o objetivo de descrever as metodologias de integração entre Sistemas de Informações Geográficas e Sistemas de Projetos de Redes de Distribuição, incluindo referências a diversos trabalhos de integração no Brasil e no mundo. Como exemplo e caso prático, utilizou-se uma metodologia desenvolvida para a concessionária de distribuição de energia elétrica AES Eletropaulo. / The information interchanges between management systems and others information systems of an electrical distribution company is not only desirable, but in most cases necessary. Due this necessity it was developed one research aiming to describe the integration methodologies between geographic information systems and electrical grid expansion designer systems, including references for some integration works in Brazil and in World. As a practical example, it was used one methodology developed for the electrical distribution company AES Eletropaulo.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a campanha de vacinação da Prefeitura de São Paulo na área da SUVIS Lapa/Pinheiros, em 2012. Obteve-se o perfil dos animais e proprietários atendidos e analisou-se a distribuição espacial e áreas de influência dos postos de vacinação, baseando-se na distância euclidiana percorrida pelos proprietários. Realizou-se amostragem não probabilística dos proprietários através da aplicação de um questionário. Os endereços dos animais e postos de vacinação foram plotados em mapas georreferenciados. As distâncias percorridas pelos proprietários foram significantemente maiores ao posto fixo (média de 2.911 metros [2.479-3.343]) do que aos postos volantes (média de 712 metros [657-767]). O meio de transporte mais utilizado até o posto fixo foi o automóvel (76% [69,9-82,1%]), enquanto que, nos postos volantes, a maioria dos proprietários levou seus animais a pé (76% [74,2-77,8%]). Em apenas 19% dos postos de vacinação todos os proprietários residiam no território da SUVIS Lapa/Pinheiros, sendo comum a vacinação de animais provenientes de outras regiões. A idade média dos cães foi de 5,8 anos [5,7-6,0] e 51% eram machos. Quanto à participação, 17% dos proprietários afirmaram ser a primeira vacinação de seus cães na campanha. A idade média dos gatos foi de 4,1 anos [3,9-4,4] e 57% eram fêmeas. Quanto à participação, 35% dos proprietários afirmaram ser a primeira vacinação de seus gatos na campanha. A idade média dos proprietários de cães foi de 40,38 anos, sendo 54% mulheres. Quanto ao transporte, 73% [71,6-74,9%] dos proprietários levaram os cães a pé, e 26% [24,7-28%] utilizaram automóvel. A idade média dos proprietários de gatos foi de 39,85 anos, sendo 62% mulheres. Quanto ao transporte, 63% [58,9-66,5%] dos proprietários levaram os gatos a pé, e 35% [31,4-38,9%] utilizaram automóvel. O número de animais vacinados na SUVIS Lapa/Pinheiros em 2012 foi o menor das últimas quatro campanhas, havendo decréscimo de 34,1% no número total de vacinados em relação a 2009, com diminuição de 35,8% para cães e 25,6% para gatos. Torna-se necessário aprimorar e adequar a estratégia de vacinação, principalmente em função das diferenças socioeconômicas desta área. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-rabies vaccination campaign in the region of SUVIS (Health Surveillance Supervision) Lapa/Pinheiros in 2012. The profile of the animals immunized and their respective owners was obtained and an analysis of the geographical distribution and the areas under the influence of the vaccination stations was made, based on the euclidean distance travelled by the animal owners. A non-probability sampling of the owners was carried out via questionnaire. The home addresses of the animals and of the vaccination stations were plotted on georeferenced maps. The distances travelled by the animal owners were significantly longer to the stationary station (average of 2.911 meters [2.479-3.343]) than to the mobile units (average of 712 meters [657-767]). The most frequently used mean of transportation to the stationary station was the car (76% [69,9-82,1%]), while most owners walked their animals to the mobile units (76% [74,2-77,8%]). In only 19% of the vaccination stations, all animal owners resided in the region under the supervision of SUVIS Lapa/Pinheiros, and the immunization of animals coming from other regions was a usual practice. The average age of the dogs was 5,8 years [5,7-6,0] and 51% of them were male. Regarding the participation in the vaccination campaign, 17% of the owners claimed to be the first vaccination of their dogs in the campaign. The average age of the cats was 4,1 years [3,9-4,4] and 57% of them were female. As for the participation, 35% of the owners claimed to be the first vaccination of their cats in the campaign. The average age of the dog owners was 40,38 years and 54% of them were women. Regarding the transportation, 73% [71,6-74,9%] of the owners walked their dogs to the vaccination station and 26% [24,7-28%] used cars. The average age of the cat owners was 39,85 years and 62% of them were women. As for their transportation, 63% [58,9-66,5%] of the owners walked and 35% [31,4-38,9%] used cars. The number of animals vaccinated in the region of SUVIS Lapa/Pinheiros in 2012 was the lowest of the last four campaigns, and there was a decrease of 34,1% in the total number of vaccinated animals in comparison with 2009, with a decrease of 35,8% for dogs and 25,6% for cats. Therefore, it is necessary to improve and adjust the vaccination strategy, mainly due to the socioeconomic differences in this area.

Este trabalho trata da organização de um algoritmo, sem preocupação com a linguagem de programação que possa ser utilizada, para desenvolver um método para o traçado da linha divisória de uma bacia hidrográfica, para aplicações em SIG. O método escolhido foi o de análise dos oitos pixels à volta de um pixel já pertencente ao divisor, constituindo uma variação do processo conhecido como D8 (determinístico dos oito vizinhos), que só é possível ser aplicado em sistemas do tipo raster. A partir dessa análise desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para a definição do próximo pixel que pertencerá ao divisor de águas da bacia. A avaliação do algoritmo foi feita utilizando-se um mapa fictício, criado para incluir as mais prováveis dificuldades encontradas na definição do divisor de uma bacia através de programa computacional. O traçado obtido, acompanhando as etapas lógicas do algoritmo, mostrou-se adequado quando comparado com a linha divisória da bacia traçada manualmente. Um mapa digitalizado a partir de rede local real é utilizado como exemplo de aplicação do algoritmo desenvolvido. / This work is about the organizing of an algorithm, without any regard with the programming language that may be used, in order to develop a method for delineation of watershed boundaries, for GIS applications. The method chosen was the analysis of eight pixels that surround another pixel belonging to the watershed, being a variation of the process known as D8 (deterministic of the eight neighbors), which can only be applied in raster systems. Considering this analysis, a methodology was developed for establishing the next pixel that will belong to the watershed. The algorithm evaluation was done with a fictitious map, created to include the most probable difficulties in establishing the divisor of a watershed through a computer program. The obtained line, following the logical steps of the algorithm, was suitable when compared with the dividing line of the watershed done manually. A digital map of a real place is used as an example of application of the developed algorithm.

A carência, absoluta ou relativa, de água direcionou diversas ações no sentido de amenizar esse problema. A política nacional de recursos hídricos (Lei 9.433/97), com seus cinco instrumentos de gestão e planejamento, pode ser considerada o principal marco. Entre esses instrumentos, encontra-se o sistema de informações, que tem por finalidade coletar, armazenar e disponibilizar dados para uma gestão racional. É nesse âmbito e no sentido de contribuir para a evolução desses sistemas, que se apresenta essa tese de doutoramento. O tema principal trata da implementação de um sistema de suporte a decisões – SSD com base nos conceitos da programação orientada a objetos – POO, forma esta de programação que procura representar os sistemas por meio de classes de maneira a buscar a semelhança à realidade. Esse SSD, denominado de ARENA (análise de recursos naturais), é composto de um sistema de informações geográficas – SIG, dois simuladores (simulação do fluxo de águas subterrâneas e do ciclo hidrológico superficial), uma base de dados georeferenciada e módulos de acesso aos dados. A forma como os simuladores foram implementados, baseado em conceitos da POO e suas integrações às entidades geométricas do SIG, é apresentada como contribuição. No ARENA, o SIG não é apenas utilizado nas fases de pré e pós-processamento de dados para modelos, e sim no processo de simulação. Aplicações do ARENA a uma bacia hidrográfica (escoamento superficial) e a dois sistemas hipotéticos (escoamento subterrâneo) são apresentados ao final do trabalho. A maneira como esse SSD foi implementado induz ao desenvolvimento de simuladores adicionais sem realizar modificações nos pacotes já implementados neste trabalho, sendo facilitada a utilização dos pacotes que compõem esse SSD / The relative or complete lack of water has been directing various actions in order to solve this problem. The national water resources politic (Law 9.433/97) with its five instruments for water resources planning and management can be considered the main action. Among these instruments, it is found the information system that has as purpose to collect, store and turn it into available data to the rational management. In this scope and in order to give some contributions to the improvement of these systems, this Ph.D. thesis is presented. The main topic deals with the decision support system (DSS) implementation based on oriented object – OO, a kind of programming which tries to represent systems through classes very closely to the reality. This DSS, called ARENA (análise de recursos naturais, in Portuguese), is made up of a geographic information system (GIS), two models (a groundwater model and a distributed rainfall-runoff model), a georeferenced database and graphic user interfaces (GUI). The way the models were built, based on OO concepts and its integration to GIS geographic data, is presented as contribution. In the ARENA, the GIS is not only used in the pre and post processing steps, but also in the simulation. The ARENA applications were carried out for two examples, a watershed (surface water simulation) and a hypothetic system (groundwater simulation), both presented in the end of this study. The way this DSS was built induces to the development of other models without modifications in the existing packages, so that the development of new applications becomes easy because the use of existing packages that made this DSS up

Groundwater level models have an important role in the development and application of water management and policies. Understanding the temporal and spatial variations of groundwater levels in the Gorran water protection area in Nynäshamn is important for developing management strategies. Geostatistical analysis with several different methods was used to compare groundwater level records for 13 observation wells in Gorran from 1994 to 2012. The performance of the different methods was evaluated by using mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) metrics. The results showed that geostatistical methods had a higher general accuracy when utilizing the Empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) method in Gorran. EBK was the best method with highest precision and lowest mean absolute error. Cross-validation was also applied to evaluate the best (smallest) root mean square error (RMSE). A predicted potentiometric groundwater level was estimated from the basis of the available digital elevation model to extend the observation area within the same geological specification. / Grundvattennivåns modeller har en viktig roll i utvecklingen och tillämpningen av vattenförvaltning och politik. Genom att förstå de tidsmässiga och geografiska variationer grundvattennivån i Gorran skyddat område är viktigt för att utveckla hanteringens strategier.Geostatistical analys med olika modeller som Inverse Distanse Weighted, Radial Basic Funktion och kriging modeller användes för att jämföra grundvattennivåns rekord under 13 observations brunnar 1994 till 2012. Prestandan hos metoder utvärderades med hjälp av medelabsolutfelet (MAE) och rot medelkvadratfelet (RMSE). Resultatet visade att geostatistiska metoder hade högre noggrannhet och Empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) var den bästa metoden med högsta precision och lägst medelabsolutfel. Cross-validering applicerades också för att utvärdera de bästa minsta kvadratiska medelvärdet (RMSE). Förutsatt potentiometrisk grundvattennivå genomfördes från digital höjdmodell för att förlänga observations område inom samma geologiska specifikation.

Denna rapport beskriver framtagande av ett koncept för ett geografiskt informationssystem som är anpassat för att köra på moderna mobila enheter ute i fält. Detta sätter krav på systemet vad gäller beräkningskraft, lagringsutrymme samt möjligheten att klara av intermittent datakommunikation. För att ta fram systemet utfördes först en förstudie med databaser och sökmotorer användes för att hitta relevant information och relevanta artiklar som kunde hjälpa till vid framtagningen av systemet. Denna fakta tillsammans med utförda tester och ”trial-and-error”-programmering ledde i slutändan till ett koncept som klarade av de krav som ställdes på systemet. ,  Det framtagna systemet består av tre huvuddelar, datalagring, server och klient. Systemet bygger på en kombination av redan färdiga lösningar och nyskapade implementationer. Den viktigaste nyheten är att systemet använder sig av en kombination av så kallade tiles samt rå vektordata. De olika sorternas datatyper används beroende på olika parametrar som kan ställas in på och anpassas på serverdelen.

Master of Science / Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources / Charles J. Barden / Windbreaks were originally promoted across the Great Plains region of the U.S to reduce wind erosion in general. A review paper published nearly 30 years ago showed yield increases for a variety of crops associated with windbreaks. However, with the widespread use of no-till systems in all farming and advanced crop genetics, the question is “Do windbreaks still provide a yield benefit?” This study compared multiple years of data from protected and unprotected fields across Kansas and few sites in Nebraska looking at relative crop yield differences of five crops: soybeans, wheat, corn, sorghum and sunflowers. Georeferenced data already existed, generated by automated combine yield monitors, and stored on farmer's computers. There were three sets of data collected for each field. The first level is general field level information, using aerial photography and on-site observations to measure the characteristics of the windbreak (length, height and density). The second was from the yield monitor; this data was analyzed with ArcGIS 10.3.1 to visualize windbreak interaction with crop yield. Multiple means comparisons (protected versus unprotected) through two sample T-tests were conducted to determine if the yield in protected areas of fields was significantly different from the yield in unprotected areas. The third data-layer is climate data that was factored into yield analysis to compare wet, normal and dry growing seasons through a Chi-Square 2x2 test analysis. Optical density of windbreaks from leaf-on/off ground-based photos was assessed using SigmaScan Pro 5.0 software as possibly an important factor influencing the windbreak effect. Finally, the yield loss was estimated from the windbreak footprint to see if yield increases are enough to compensate for the area taken out of crop production. Results showed that soybeans (81 crop/years) had the most positive response to windbreak effect with a yield increase 46% of the time, with a 16% average yield increase. Sorghum (31 crop/years) had the highest average yield increase with 25%. Narrow windbreaks (1 to 2 tree rows with an average of 52 ft. width) and those on the north edge of fields resulted in yield increases which compensated for the footprint of the windbreak more often than wider windbreaks on the south edges of fields. Significant yield increases were less than the decreases in the protected area. There was no evidence to show the windbreak effect on yield had any association with critical month precipitation for any crop or orientation group. According to the results obtained, modern hybrids and varieties are possibly less responsive to yield increases due to windbreak effect than older crop varieties. Future studies should collect more data from fields with different windbreak widths distributed more widely across the region to confirm these results. Overall, this project updated our knowledge of windbreak/crop yield interactions and may possibly influence their future role as a conservation practice in the Great Plains.

Cette thèse a été réalisée sous convention CIFRE dans la cadre d’un partenariat entre la société MaxSea et le pôle recherche de l’ESTIA. La demande exprimée initialement par la société évoquait la nécessité d’améliorer la sécurité à bord des navires, autant d’un point de vue matériel et environnemental qu’humain. Ces travaux de thèse se situent donc au croisement de plusieurs domaines que sont la Réalité Augmentée, la Réalité Virtuelle, les systèmes d’information géographique, le génie logiciel, le traitement d’image et les sciences humaines et sociales. Le premier axe de ce mémoire concerne les apports relatifs à l’amélioration des connaissances du domaine de la réalité augmentée. Nous présentons dans ce chapitre les fondements de la réalité augmentée. Nous proposons, basés sur nos définitions et sur les travaux en réalité virtuelle, notre modèle d’interaction et d’immersion en réalité augmentée nommé 3i2RA.L’axe suivant permet de préciser la problématique liée à l’utilisation d’un système d’aide à la navigation par un état de l’art spécifique aux systèmes d’information géographique. Le troisième axe présente nos apports méthodologiques concernant la conception d’un outil d’aide à la navigation. L’objectif est de proposer une méthode permettant d’interfacer la modélisation des activités des navigateurs et une méthode agile de développement d’un logiciel. Pour illustrer notre méthode, après une présentation rapide de la méthode “Scrum”, nous présentons un cas pratique de conception d’un système d’information géographique pour l’aide à la navigation pour lequel nous nous sommes rapprochés de la Société Nationale de Sauvetage en Mer (SNSM).Enfin, le dernier axe présente nos apports technologiques mis en œuvre afin de réaliser les fonctionnalités demandées. Nous allons présenter dans ce chapitre l’architecture logicielle basée sur trois composants principaux et l’architecture matérielle de notre Système d’Information Géographique Maritime Augmenté, SIGMA. Nous présentons un cadre d’application de SIGMA pour la surveillance du trafic maritime. / This thesis was carried out under CIFRE partnership between the MaxSea company and the research ESTIA laboratory. The initial request made by the company referred to the need to improve safety on ships. This research thesis are at the crossroads of several areas such as Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, geographic information systems, software engineering, image processing and social sciences. The first axis concerns the contributions to the improvement of knowledge in the field of augmented reality. In this chapter we present the foundations of augmented reality. We propose, based on our definitions and the work in virtual reality, our model of interaction and immersion in augmented reality, named 3i2RA.The next axis is used to specify the issues related to the use of navigational aids. The third axis presents our methodological contributions in the design of an aid to navigation. The goal is to provide a method for interfacing modeling activities and a method of agile software development. To illustrate our method, we present a practical design of a geographic information system for the navigation aid for which we approached the National Society Rescue Sea (SNSM).The last line shows our technological approach to achieve the required functionality. We will present in this section the software architecture based on three main components and the hardware architecture of our Geographic Information System Enhanced Maritime, SIGMA. We present a use case of SIGMA for traffic monitoring.

The thesis surveys preparedness of small municipalities to provide data of their cadastral territories in a digital form. This prospective regulation is based on the INSPIRE directive. The preparedness was surveyed by research aimed at usage of geographic information systems in small municipalities with less than 2 000 inhabitants. The output of this thesis is to create a methodology for the implementation of geographic information systems in small municipalities.