Adverse post-natural disaster outcomes in low-income regions, like elevated internal migration levels and low consumption levels, are the result of market failures, poor mechanisms for stabilizing income, and missing insurance markets, which force the affected population to respond, and adapt to the shock they face. In a spatial environment, with multiple locations with independent but interconnected markets, these transitions quickly become complex and highly non-linear due to the feedback loops between the micro individual-level decisions and the meso location-wise market decisions. To capture these continuously evolving micro-meso interactions, this paper presents a spatially explicit bottom-up agent-based model to analyze natural disaster-like shocks to low-income regions. The aim of the model is to temporally and spatially track how population distributions, income, and consumption levels evolve, in order to identify low-income workers that are "food insecure". The model is applied to the 2005 earthquake in northern Pakistan, which faced catastrophic losses and high levels of displacement in a short time span, and with market disruptions, resulted in high levels of food insecurity. The model is calibrated to pre-crisis trends, and shocked using distance-based output and labor loss functions to replicate the earthquake impact. Model results show, how various factors like existing income and saving levels, distance from the fault line, and connectivity to other locations, can give insights into the spatial and temporal emergence of vulnerabilities. The simulation framework presented here, leaps beyond existing modeling efforts, which usually deals with macro long-term loss estimates, and allows policy makers to come up with informed short-term policies in an environment where data is non-existent, policy response is time dependent, and resources are limited.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-06-01T14:45:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Ellen Anjos Camilo da Costa.pdf: 3791742 bytes, checksum: a239765057611bce451ec73158f7500e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-02T18:04:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Ellen Anjos Camilo da Costa.pdf: 3791742 bytes, checksum: a239765057611bce451ec73158f7500e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-02T18:15:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Ellen Anjos Camilo da Costa.pdf: 3791742 bytes, checksum: a239765057611bce451ec73158f7500e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-02T18:15:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Ellen Anjos Camilo da Costa.pdf: 3791742 bytes, checksum: a239765057611bce451ec73158f7500e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-03 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Amazon is definitely an area of interest for the study of differences in access to food, and with the rapid process of modernization via communication networks and trade it impacts on dietary habits, especially in small and medium cities. The main objective of this thesis was to analyze the elderly population (female) of three cities of Amazonas State: Tefé, Alvarães and Uarini, related to the transformations and continuities in dietary habits. The hypothesis was that the format of the urban network and the relationship of rural production surrounding the cities are key elements to understand the geography of food in the Amazon. Another hypothesis is related to social development policies, which resulted in a monetization of economic dynamics, i.e., the universal retirement intensified the transition in dietary habits, hence the importance of analyzing how this transition occurs among the elderly, especially women who traditionally are responsible for cooking. To achieve the proposed objective the concepts of old age, urban network, and food and health geography were studied. A survey of secondary data on the elderly and the profile of the cities in the database IBGE, Datasus, UNDP were also analyzed. Therefore, the demographic quantitative census data contributed to understanding the dynamics of the processes and deepen the analysis that was built through the use of qualitative methods, i.e., techniques were used such as interviews, oral history aspects recorded with the permission of the interviewees. As for the interview instrument used, this was built from the systematization of open and semi-structured questions, which in turn led to a closer relationship with the world of the elderly evaluated. To analyze the changes and continuities in dietary habits, a formulary was applied. It was reshaped by the Center for Studies and Research of Cities in the Brazilian Amazon (NEPECAB) to meet the reality of the Amazon, in addition to showing the changes and continuities in eating habits with this form also whether they have found the economic, cultural changes and impacts of certain policies. In addition to insertion in the market economy, the populations of the three cities that make up the micro urban network of the Mid Solimões region, are also entering the “age of supermarkets", especially the breakfast, which is basically composed of bread and butter, coffee with sugar, and sometimes milk powder. This change is valid for the population as a whole and for the elderly. As for other meals, a difference has been noticed between the older and the rest of the population, where the majority of them choose, even during the overflowing rivers, fish, while the rest of the residents of these cities fail to consume the fish and opt for processed products. / A Amazônia é, sem dúvida, uma área de interesse para o estudo das diferenças no acesso aos alimentos e, com o rápido processo de modernização via redes de comunicação e comércio, impacta nos hábitos alimentares, em especial nas pequenas e médias cidades. O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi analisar na população idosa (feminina) de três cidades do Amazonas, Tefé, Alvarães e Uarini, as transformações e permanências dos hábitos alimentares. Tem-se como hipótese de análise que o formato da rede urbana e a relação da produção rural do entorno das cidades são elementos chaves para se compreender a geografia da alimentação no Amazonas. Outra hipótese está relacionada às políticas de desenvolvimento social que implicaram em uma monetarização da dinâmica econômica, ou seja, a universalização da aposentadoria intensificou a transição dos hábitos alimentares, daí a importância de se analisar como se dá esta transição entre a população idosa, em especial as mulheres que tradicionalmente são responsáveis pela cozinha. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, foram estudados os conceitos sobre velhice, rede urbana, alimentação e geografia da saúde. Também foi feito levantamento de dados secundários sobre idosos e do perfil das cidades na base de dados do IBGE, DATASUS, PNUD. Assim sendo, os dados quantitativos demográficos oriundos dos censos contribuíram para entender a dinâmica dos processos e o aprofundamento das análises que foi construído por meio da utilização de métodos qualitativos, ou seja, foram usadas técnicas de história oral com entrevistas temáticas gravadas com a autorização dos entrevistados. Quanto ao instrumento de entrevista utilizado, este foi construído a partir da sistematização de perguntas abertas, semiestruturadas, que por sua vez permitiram uma maior aproximação com o mundo dos idosos avaliados. Para a análise das transformações e permanências dos hábitos alimentares foi aplicado um formulário originalmente preparado pelo Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, CENA-USP e reformulado pelo Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas das Cidades na Amazônia Brasileira (NEPECAB) para atender à realidade da Amazônia. Esse formulário, além de mostrar as transformações e permanências nos hábitos alimentares, também permitiu verificar situação econômica, mudanças culturais e impactos de determinadas políticas públicas nas idosas. Além da inserção na economia de mercado, as populações das três cidades que fazem parte da micro-rede urbana do Médio Solimões também participam da “era dos supermercados”, principalmente na refeição café da manhã, a qual é composta basicamente por pão com margarina, café com açúcar, e às vezes o leite em pó. Essa mudança é válida para a população como um todo e também para as idosas. Nas outras refeições, pôde-se perceber uma diferença entre as idosas e o restante da população, pois a maioria delas optam, mesmo no período da cheia dos rios, pelo pescado, enquanto o restante dos moradores dessas cidades deixa de consumir o pescado e opta pelos produtos industrializados. Pode-se dizer que é notável a rede urbana que se estabelece, principalmente por meio do abastecimento, ao longo da calha dos Rios Solimões-Amazonas, e a micro-rede urbana formada pelas cidades Tefé, Alvarães e Uarini, tendo Tefé como cidade articuladora.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-148). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Istanbul est une métropole anatolienne. Destination préférentielle, depuis le début des années 1950, des flux migratoires internes à la Turquie, la ville est devenue comme une maquette démographique de la Turquie au sein de laquelle chaque groupe et chaque habitant exprime ses propres pratiques, manières de vivre, spatialités et traits culturels. Dans ce contexte, l’analyse de la population originaire du département oriental de Gaziantep et de ses pratiques alimentaires montre comment des groupes immigrés instrumentalisent l’alimentation comme moyen d’inclusion dans un très vaste ensemble urbain, à la fois comme outil identitaire et comme mode d’action sur le fonctionnement métropolitain. Originaires d’un département dont la réputation est associée à sa cuisine, les Gaziantepli se construisent, à Istanbul, une identité qui valorise des pratiques alimentaires héritées, des réseaux spéciaux d’approvisionnement, un entrepreneuriat commercial autour de la cuisine, et l’organisation d’événements valorisant la nourriture régionale. Les significations accordées au séjour stambouliote, ainsi que la nature des systèmes de référence utilisés apparaissent comme des facteurs clés de différenciation et, par rétroaction, se traduisent dans les pratiques alimentaires et urbaines des citadins immigrés. En outre, par leurs manières d’utiliser la référence alimentaire comme outil d’urbanité, ceux-ci contribuent à la recomposition urbaine par une redéfinition des citadinités, une complexification des marquages sociaux dans des quartiers en restructuration, la création d’une offre commerciale et culturelle spécifique. Ce rôle d’acteurs urbains repose sur le statut ambivalent des immigrés gaziantepli à Istanbul, entre partage d’une nationalité commune et distance inhérente à une condition immigrée. / Istanbul is an Anatolian metropolis. Since the beginning of the 1950s, the city has become a preferential destination for the internal migratory flows in Turkey. Hence, Istanbul has become to some extent a demographic miniature copy of Turkey, where each group and inhabitant expresses its own practices, ways of life, spatialities and cultural characteristics. It is in such a context that the food practices of the population from the territorial unit of Gaziantep (East of Turkey) are analysed. Through their food pratices we show how an internal immigrant group uses food as a way to include itself within a huge urban space, but also as an identity tool and a way to leave its mark in the functioning of the metropolis. Coming from a region which reputation is linked to its cuisine, the Gaziantepli people build in Istanbul their own identity through inherited food practices, special supply networks, food retailers entrepreneurship and the organization of special events. The very fact of living in Istanbul and the meanings attributed to that, and the system of identity references the Gaziantepli people use in Istanbul are key factors of differentiation. They influence their urban practices and food choices as immigrant city-dwellers. Moreover, thanks to their ways of using food as a tool of urban integration, they contribute to the growing complexity of the metropolis and its urban dynamics, restructuring districts and creating a specific commercial and cultural supply. This role of urban actors does not erase Gaziantepli immigrants’ ambivalent status: they share a common Turkish citizenship but are still tied to their immigrant condition in Istanbul.

This dissertation examines how concerns about food system transformations affect how middle class consumers in Islamabad, Pakistan, perceive and approach food consumption in their everyday lives. The dissertation is situated in the context of risky food environments and food fears resulting from intensified, industrialised, and increasingly lengthened global food systems. Working within food geography and food environments paradigms, this dissertation explores how the transformation of food systems is associated with increasing anxiety about food security and safety for middle class urban consumers in Islamabad. Qualitative data gathered from semi-structured interviews and participant observation is used to illustrate the effects external influences, such as energy scarcity and violent events, have on everyday food environments. The dissertation examines the ways in which conceptualisations of 'good food', and trust relationships are negotiated in these dynamic food environments. The intensely geographical nature of these food environments and food systems, and the role of place-specific contexts on perceptions and adaptations related to food anxieties are emphasised. Situated in literatures on food anxiety and food consumption emerging from geography, food studies, and anthropology, this dissertation challenges dominant discourses on alternative and ethical consumption in a globalising food system. The results of this research not only contribute to literature on South Asia, but also contribute to consumption practices of a burgeoning middle class in developing countries.