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During the fifties it was not unusual to measure economic growth of a country through the presentation of statistics around its energy consumption. The higher the consumption, the higher the economic growth. However, the unprecedented economic growth experienced in the global village during the 21st Century, is steering the ship in the direction of a disaster, measured from a sustainable energy supply point of view, the massive damage to the environment as a result of the high use of dominating fossil fuels and a lack of the implementation of clean energy strategies. Apartheid, to a large extent, contributed to unacceptable socio-economic conditions in low-income urban communities. The Reconstruction and Development Programme of government from 1994 attempted, inter alia, to mitigate the housing demand for the disadvantaged citizens. However, over the years, poor quality in construction of these houses and other factors impacted negatively on the living conditions of the homeowners. Government realised that it had to change this situation and policy programmes with action plans focussed, inter alia, on the roll-out of solar water heaters (SWH), insulation of ceilings and repairs to the dilapidated houses. This study aims to identify the key factors that influence the successful implementation of clean energy interventions in low-income urban communities in South Africa. The research showed that it is indeed possible to implement such projects successfully, if the key factors are acknowledged, as demonstrated in this study.Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Urbanism in the discipline of architecture has largely been confined to the analysis of physical appearance of cities. Such an analysis may overlook the crucial issue, which is political, on the spatial formation of a city like Jakarta This formation results from the structuration process of a society where the production and reproduction of society assumes domination from one another. In a dual society, such as in the city of Jakarta, such a process has an implication of the urban form, that is, the dual quality of urbanism. This study examines this dual image of Jakarta, with a particular concern for the transformation of the inner dynamic of its social life. It concerns the triad of knowledge-power-space in which the society is produced and reproduced in the timespace dimension. The kampung is investigated as a locale of social practices, especially in regard to the low-income urban population. The idea and term tropotopia is introduced to describe urban form or spatiality that is in a continuous process of formation and transformation. The study looks particularly the history of the reproduction of society in Indonesia, where dominant social systems control allocative and authoritative resources. Such practices primarily govern the spatial formation of Jakarta. In these systems, planners and designers acting as agents have played crucial roles in the structuration of society, and of the space. Planners and designers are seen to be part of the episteme that develops and informs the poor relation of society. The dissertation concludes with a reflection on the ways in which the dual quality of Jakarta is revealed in the interplay in social practices within a triadic knowledge-power- space.

Urban communities often lack the ability to recover after disaster plans have been implemented because of a lack of coordinated resources among federal, state, and local agencies. As a result, economically marginalized citizens find themselves in risky conditions, particularly concerning finding and securing post-disaster housing. Using social conflict theory as a guide, the purpose of this exploratory case study of an urban area in a southern state was to better understand the specific vulnerabilities of urban communities and develop solutions for challenges related to emergency or temporary shelters to victims. Data were primarily collected through interviews with 10 residents who experienced a series of tornadoes in 2011. These data were inductively coded and then subjected to a thematic analysis. Findings indicate that participants tended to consider themselves as displaced, but not homeless, even though temporary housing needs ranged between 45 days and 18 months. Participants also reported that coordination efforts to distribute funding to displaced residence failed, as did private insurance in most cases. As a result, competition for scarce resources was significant and most people tended to rely upon financial help from friends and family members. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations to city planners and emergency managers to strengthen relationships with community leaders to assess needs prior to a disaster and establish a 'bottom-up' planning policy rather than wait for a disaster to assess the availability of federal or state funding that may not come in order to proactively protect vulnerable community members from post-disaster housing deficiencies.

This thesis assesses sanitation realities experienced by peri-urban slum dwellers in Chennai, India, to investigate whether rapid economic growth translates into pervasive safe sanitation, otherwise a threat to human security. This is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals of ‘leaving no one behind’. The empirical methodology consists of qualitative comparative case studies approached through rapid appraisal. At least 5 interviews at each of the 10 different slum settlement locations within the Chennai Metropolitan area were conducted. Both the locations and the settlers were conveniently sampled. The settlements were chosen as they mostly lay in a rapidly urbanizing area. The selection of interviewee was determined by availability, yet leaning towards women who are more vulnerable when lacking safe sanitation facilities, and who are the primary caregivers in the household. The research found that out of the 10 settlements visited, 5 habitually practiced open defecation, as no sanitation facilities were available. Hence some settlers were restricted in their freedom to be safe from emotional or physical harm: threatened by dangerous pathogens released into the environment, and insecurities due to lack of privacy. Conceptually the thesis applies an understanding of how affecting influences in individual history and living environment impact upon an individual’s conscious mind, connecting the capability approach to consciousness research. The thesis argues how settlers, overlooked by public services, and subjected to the dangerous and humiliating practice of open defecation, are faced with mental health issues and a diminished likelihood to productively engage, and exercise agency for human growth.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte2.pdf: 2178742 bytes, checksum: 3a4f6670c0474162fdf04e09afc24426 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of the present study is to present a proposal for re-structuring the water supply sector of small communities in Paraíba State, emphasizing mainly the legal, institutional and administrative aspects. The composition of the rural sanitation sector within the Brazilian political-institutional mark and, particularly, in Paraíba State, has been insignificant and, therefore, without condition of supporting its development in a short period. The research was accomplished with the 223 cities of the state, with the objective to diagnose the current situation of the sector in the small communities inserted in their territorial limits. Based on the answers from 60 cities, a view of the water supply systems was analyzed. The current administration of the systems, usually done by the city government and communities, without a defined management model, led to the almost total dismounts of the existing structures. In general, the systems have neither maintenance, nor operational support, nor technical or financial resources to maintain themselves. An organization model was developed as a result of the participation of all involved in the water supply sector, namely: CAGEPA, municipalities and community, in order to present an alternative to solve the safe water access problem faced by the population of the small urban communities / O objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar uma proposta de reestruturação do setor de abastecimento em pequenos aglomerados do Estado da Paraíba, evidenciando principalmente os aspectos legais, institucionais e administrativos. A composição do setor de abastecimento de pequenas comunidades dentro do marco político-institucional brasileiro e, particularmente, no Estado da Paraíba, tem sido irrelevante e, por isso, sem condições de propiciar em curto prazo seu desenvolvimento. Foi realizada uma pesquisa com os 223 municípios do Estado, com intuito de diagnosticar a situação atual do setor nas pequenas localidades inseridas nos seus limites territoriais. Com base nas respostas de 60 prefeituras, pôde-se ter um panorama dos sistemas de abastecimento existentes. A administração atual dos sistemas, via de regra realizada pelas prefeituras e comunidades, sem modelo gerencial definido, conduziu ao desmonte quase total das estruturas. Em geral, os sistemas não dispõem de manutenção, apoio operacional, e recursos técnicos e financeiros para se manterem. Como resultado foi desenvolvido um modelo organizacional que conta com a participação de todos os entes envolvidos no setor de abastecimento, sejam eles: a CAGEPA, prefeitura e a própria comunidade, com vista a apresentar uma alternativa para solucionar a problemática de acesso a água segura enfrentada pela população dos pequenos aglomerados urbanos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranklinTSES_DISSERT.pdf: 3730521 bytes, checksum: d26c079d740e015b64ffaa83c3329d2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Currently in the social sciences the question of self-identity and its meanings, absorb as a central objective aspects that concern analysis of an imaginary (re) constructed from processes of identity affirmation. Ethnic discourse in the consolidation of social boundaries (re) assemble a social policy apparatus able to claim their belongings concerning his ancestry, as well as the interpretation of the meanings given to their territory by any group. This dissertation work is the result of an ethnographic study undertaken with the residents of the Community Maloca, Vargas located in the neighborhood adjacent to the commercial center in Aracaju - SE. Since February 2007 the group is certified by FCP - Palmares Cultural Foundation as a lasting community, while it is part of a special gift for being an urban center, varying from the majority of that remaining Maroons in their contexts, outcrops and specific land rural. It focuses on the work process of territorial formation of the hut, and the arrival of their first actors, contextualizing the process of legitimation refers to the territory they live, as well as the various narratives that (re) construct the time he lived, the relations kinship, conflict, the process of self-affirmation as runaways and the relationship of belonging with their living space / living contained in the imaginary city of Aracaju. Attempts are made to the opportunity to understand the meanings that affirm their ethnicity, parallel group for the pursuit of effective policies and guarantee of constitutional rights in the urban context. / Atualmente nas ci?ncias sociais a quest?o da autoidentidade e suas acep??es absorvem como um dos objetivos centrais vertentes que tangem an?lises de um imagin?rio (re) constru?do a partir de processos de afirma??o identit?ria. No discurso ?tnico a consolida??o de fronteiras sociais (re)montam um aparato pol?tico social capaz de reivindicar seus pertencimentos concernentes ? sua ancestralidade, assim como a interpreta??o dos sentidos dado ao seu territ?rio por determinado grupo. Este trabalho de disserta??o ? o resultado de um estudo etnogr?fico desenvolvido junto aos moradores da Comunidade Maloca, localizada no bairro Get?lio Vargas, vizinho ao centro comercial de Aracaju-SE. Desde fevereiro de 2007 o grupo ? certificado pela FCP Funda??o Cultural Palmares como comunidade remanescente de quilombo, ao tempo que se insere numa particularidade por estar presente num centro urbano, diferenciandose da maioria dos remanescentes quilombolas que, em seus contextos, afloram especificidades fundi?rias e rurais. Concentra-se no trabalho o processo de forma??o territorial da Maloca, assim como a chegada dos seus primeiros atores sociais, contextualizando o processo de legitima??o referente ao territ?rio que vivem, assim como as diversas narrativas que (re) constroem tempos vividos, as rela??es de parentesco, conflitos, o processo de autoafirma??o como quilombolas e as rela??es de pertencimento com seus espa?os habitados/vividos e contidos no imagin?rio da cidade de Aracaju. Tenta-se, na oportunidade, a compreens?o dos sentidos que afirmam a sua etnicidade, paralelo ? busca do grupo por pol?ticas efetivas e garantia de direitos constitucionais no contexto urbano.

Les thématiques du développement durable sont omniprésentes dans les politiques d’aménagement. La réduction des inégalités dans la relation des habitants à un environnement de qualité est un élément important dans l’objectif de promouvoir des territoires soutenables. En effet, ces inégalités peuvent remettre en cause la durabilité des espaces. L’objectif de ce travail est donc d’identifier et de caractériser les inégalités environnementales et écologiques (IEE) dans le contexte littoral urbain par une analyse systémique des relations entre populations et territoire de vie. Une double approche quantitative et qualitative a été menée, en France, sur les communautés d’agglomération de taille moyenne à différentes échelles (nationale, du littoral, communale et infra communale). Ce travail a permis de proposer une réflexion autour du concept d'IEE, d’établir des critères et de rechercher des indicateurs pour objectiver et mesurer les IEE et d’analyser comment elles sont perçues et prises en compte par les acteurs du territoire (habitants et élus). Le littoral peut être considéré comme un vecteur d'IEE, avec des nuances en fonction des territoires. Les indicateurs de qualité du territoire mis au point, à l'échelle infra communale, ont permis d'objectiver et de comprendre les relations entre les IEE. L'analyse d’entretiens directifs menés auprès d’actifs a permis de comprendre comment ils perçoivent ces IEE et construisent des solutions territoriales pour s'y adapter. Enfin des entretiens semi-directifs avec les élus ont apporté une vision politique du territoire et de ses futures évolutions structurelles dans le cadre de la mise en place d'un plan local d’urbanisme intercommunal. / Sustainable development is a major issue in planning policies. Reducing inequalities affecting inhabitants in their connection to a healthy environment is an important element to take into account in sustainable planning. Indeed, such inequalities may undermine the sustainability of territories. The aim of this research is to identify and characterize environmental and ecological inequalities in the context of urban coastal areas through a systemic analysis of the relations between population and their territory. A quantitative and qualitative approach was conducted on midsize French urban communities at different levels (national, coastal, municipal and infra-municipal). This work allowed to discuss the concept of environmental and ecological inequalities, to establish criteria and indicators to measure and analyze how environmental and ecological inequalities are perceived and addressed by local actors (inhabitants and local representatives). The coast can be seen as a vector of environmental and ecological inequalities, with heterogeneities depending on what territories are considered. Indicators of territorial quality developed at the infra-municipal level allowed to objectify and understand the interrelation between environmental and ecological inequalities. The analysis of interviews conducted on working population helped understanding how those inequalities are perceived and how local solutions in urban planning may be elaborated. Finally, semi-structured interviews with local representatives have introduced a political vision of the territory and of its future structural changes in the context of the establishment of a Local Intermunicipal Urbanism Plan.