>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The evaluation of petroleum reservoirs has shifted from single approach to an integrated approach. The integration, analysis and understanding of all available data from the well bore and creating property models is an exceptional way to characterize a reservoir. Formulating, implementing, and demonstrating the applicability of the joint inversion of seismic and well-bore related observations, and the use of information about the relationship between porosity and permeability as the key parameters for identifying the rock types and reservoir characterization is a vital approach in this study. Correlating well and seismic data, potential reservoirs can be delineated and important horizons (markers) can be pointed out to better characterize the reservoir. This thesis aims to evaluate the potential petroleum reservoirs of the Wells K-A1, K-A2, K-A3 and K-H1 of the Shungu Shungu field in the Orange Basin through the integration and comparison of results from core analysis, wireline logs and seismic and attempt to produce a good reservoir model and by additionally utilizing Petrophysics and seismic and trying to better understand why the area has dry wells. Different rock types that comprise reservoir and non reservoirs are identified in the study and five Facie types are distinguished. Tight, fine grained sandstones with low porosity values ranging from 3% - 6% where dominant in the targeted sandstone layers. Porosity values ranging from 11% - 18% where identified in the massive sandstone lithologies which where hosted by Well’s K-A2 and K-A3. Low permeability values reaching 0.1mD exist throughout the study area. Areas with high porosity also host high water saturation values ranging from 70 – 84%. An improvement in the porosity values at deeper zones (3700m -3725m) and is apparent. Poroperm plots exhibit quartz cemented sandstones and density with neutron plot suggest that the sandstones in the area contain quarts and dolomite mineralization.Well K-A3, consist of a cluster by quartzitic sandstone, meaning there is a large amount of sandstone present. There are apparent high porosity values around the sandstone. What is apparent from this plot is that there are many clusters that are scattered outside the chart. This could suggest some gas expulsions within this Well. Sandstones within the 14B2t1 to 14At1 interval are less developed in the vicinity covered by well K-A2 than at the K-A1 well location. The main targeted sandstones belong to the lower cretaceous and lie just below 13At1. The four wells drilled in this area are dry wells. The areas/blocks surrounding this area have shown to possess encouraging gas shows and a comparative study could reveal better answers. At deeper zones of the well at an interval of 5350m -5750m, there are more developed sandstones with good porosity values. The volume of shale is low and so is the water saturation. The main target sandstones in the study area are the Lower Cretaceous sandstones which are at an interval 13At1. These sandstones are not well developed but from the property model of the target surface it can be seen that the porosity values are much more improved than the average values applied on all the zones on the 3D grid.

A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Johannesburg, 2018 / Two dimensional gravity models and a few magnetic models limited to short profiles in the eastern sections of the BC have been used to propose conflicting geometries for the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS), especially between the western and eastern lobes; one school argued for completely separate intrusions, while the other proposed that the outcropping lobes are connected at depth. These competing models suggest different emplacement models. They provide a valuable starting point, but, 2.5D potential field modelling is not well suited to modelling complex three dimensional geology. Also, in previous work the magnetics or only the gravity data were modelled independently. Here I present the first full three dimensional potential field forward modelling of the central and southern Bushveld Complex (BC) which has been used to test the geometry of the Bushveld Complex in areas obscured by younger geological cover. Both gravity and magnetic data have been used to develop a geological model that is consistent with both data sets. Joint 3D modelling of regional gravity and magnetic data combined with published crustal thickness models derived from broadband seismic tomography studies were used to create a 3D model of the central and southeastern sections of the BC, as well as the southern part of the northern lobe. Eight downhole logs with more than 730 000 new density and magnetic susceptibility measurements from the RLS were combined with existing data to determine values for Bushveld Complex lithologies that were used in the model. The 3D model has a complex geometry with thick continuous RLS in most of the western lobe, thinner RLS in the south-eastern lobe, but a disrupted RLS in the eastern lobe. Large domes of Transvaal dolomite or thicker granites and granophyre in the eastern lobe interrupt the continuity of the RLS. The western and eastern lobes are therefore broadly connected, with major disruptions largely in the eastern lobe. However, they are not separate intrusions, but represent a single magma chamber affected by pre-existing and syn-magmatic updoming. The model includes the whole thickness of the crust and requires dense material at the crust mantle boundary. Thus, for the first time, I have imaged the remnants of magma staging chambers. The chambers, constrained by the extent of the diffuse crust-mantle transition as determined from teleseismic data, underlie the whole Bushveld Complex, but is thickest under the northern, south-eastern and western parts of the complex. I propose feeders that correlate with the chambers in the northern lobe near the large gravity high near Polokwane and in the south-eastern lobe. / MT 2019

A Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta (PAAF), localizada na região centro-sul do Cráton Amazônico, porção norte do estado do Mato Grosso e sudoeste do Pará, aloja uma grande quantidade de depósitos auríferos hospedados por rochas plutônicas e vulcânicas de composição granítica no seu setor leste ao longo do lineamento Peru-Trairão de direção NW-SE. Neste contexto, insere-se a região Distrito União do Norte, onde se encontram os depósitos Luiz e Morro do Carrapato. Estes depósitos se caracterizam pelo forte controle estrutural (filonares) com mineralizações de baixo teor de ouro (<5 t) confinados a veios de quartzo. A mineralização está associada a metais de base (Zn+Pb±Cu) e alojada em rochas granodioríticas. O principal objetivo desse projeto é obter uma descrição quantitativa e qualitativa da variabilidade espacial da geologia correlacionada aos teores de Au, Cu, Pb e Zn nos Depósitos Luiz e Morro do Carrapato. Para isso, elaborou-se o modelo geológico da região, seguido do estudo estatístico e geoestatístico, juntamente com a geração dos modelos de teores dos elementos de interesse. Por fim, correlacionou-se a litologia e os teores dentro de modelos de fusão. O modelo geológico foi elaborado a partir da interpretação do banco de dados disponibilizado e permitiu a visualização da distribuição dos litotipos descritos e de suas relações de contato, além de refletir o forte condicionamento estrutural dos litotipos, de acordo com a anisotropia global 180/85. Na análise estatística univariada, pode-se constatar para os teores de Au, Zn, Pb e Cu distribuições lognormais, com fortes assimetrias positivas, refletindo a acumulação anômala desses elementos. A análise estatística bivariada, condicionada aos litotipo relacionados à mineralização (veios de quartzo, zonas silicificadas e granodiorito sericítico), refletiu a associação da mineralização de ouro com os sulfetos pirita, esfarelita, galena e calcopirita, como esperado para os depósitos estudados. O cálculo de variogramas experimentais na direção de maior continuidade não foi possível devido à amostragem das sondagens dispostas em X. Desta forma, os recursos minerais foram avaliados e modelados com base nas equações multiquádricas. Os modelos de fusão foram gerados a partir do modelo geológico combinado com o modelo de teores. Com base nesses modelos, foi possível afirmar que os maiores teores (> 2ppm) de Au, referentes à principal mineralização, estão localizados nas mesmas regiões das maiores anomalias de Zn, Pb e Cu, confirmando-se o condicionamento estrutural e a associação espacial entre a mineralização e os veios de quartzo, zonas e silicificação e o granodiorito sericítico. Com a visão geral dos modelos, ficou evidente que a região leste da área hospeda teores maiores de ouro e metais de base comparados com a região oeste. Mediante o exposto, o modelo geológico e os modelos de fusão gerados para a área de estudo podem ser considerados eficazes no seu objetivo em representar a realidade do depósito, fazendo o melhor uso dos dados disponíveis. Palavras chaves: Modelagem geológica, modelagem de fusão, estatística e geoestatística. / The Alta Floresta Gold Province, (PAAF) located in the southern portion of the Amazon Craton, has a significant number of gold deposits in its easternmost segment, distributed along a NW-SW striking belt (Peru - União do Norte belt) and hosted by plutonic and volcanic rocks of granitic composition. Within this context are the two main areas of study, including the Luiz and Morro do Carrapato gold deposits of the União do Norte District. These deposits are structurally controlled and characterized by low gold minerali d to quartz veins and hosted by granodioritic rocks. The main objective of this project zation (<5 t) associated with base metals (Zn + Pb ± Cu), mainly confine is to obtain a quantitative and qualitative description of the specific geological variability correlated to gold mineralization associated with base metals (Au, Cu, Pb, Zn) in the Luiz and Morro do Carrapato deposits. To achieve this objective, a geological model has been elaborated, followed by a statistical and geostatistical study and development of mineral content models. Finally, the lithology and the mineral contents were correlated with fusion models. The geological model was created based on database interpretation which allowed for the visualization of all described lithotype distributions and contact relationships. In addition, this reflects the strong lithological structure conditions, according to global anisotropy of 180/85. The univariate statistical analysis shows strong positive asymmetries with lognormal distributions of Au, Zn, Pb and Cu contents, reflecting its anomalous accumulation in the deposits. The bivariate statistical analysis conditioned to the lithotypes associated with mineralization (quartz veins, silicified zones and sericitic granodiorite), reflected positive linear correlation of gold mineralization with pyrite, spharelite, galena and chalcopyrite sulfides, as was expected in these deposits. Experimental variogram calculations in the greater continuity was not possible due to sample boring logs being arranged in \"X\" formation. Thus, the mineral resources were evaluated and modeled based on multiquadric equations. The fusion models were generated from the geological model combined with the mineral contents models. According to the developed models, it is possible to affirm that the highest Au contents (> 2ppm), related to main mineralization, are located in regions of highest Zn, Pb and Cu anomalies, showing the structural conditioning and the spatial association between it, the quartz veins, silicified zones and sericitic granodiorite. With the model overview, it was evident that the eastern portion hosts the highest gold and base metal content compared to the western portion. Through the above, the elaborated geological and fusion models can be considered effective analyzing and representing the deposits reality and making the best use of available data

A Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta (PAAF), localizada na região centro-sul do Cráton Amazônico, porção norte do estado do Mato Grosso e sudoeste do Pará, aloja uma grande quantidade de depósitos auríferos hospedados por rochas plutônicas e vulcânicas de composição granítica no seu setor leste ao longo do lineamento Peru-Trairão de direção NW-SE. Neste contexto, insere-se a região Distrito União do Norte, onde se encontram os depósitos Luiz e Morro do Carrapato. Estes depósitos se caracterizam pelo forte controle estrutural (filonares) com mineralizações de baixo teor de ouro (<5 t) confinados a veios de quartzo. A mineralização está associada a metais de base (Zn+Pb±Cu) e alojada em rochas granodioríticas. O principal objetivo desse projeto é obter uma descrição quantitativa e qualitativa da variabilidade espacial da geologia correlacionada aos teores de Au, Cu, Pb e Zn nos Depósitos Luiz e Morro do Carrapato. Para isso, elaborou-se o modelo geológico da região, seguido do estudo estatístico e geoestatístico, juntamente com a geração dos modelos de teores dos elementos de interesse. Por fim, correlacionou-se a litologia e os teores dentro de modelos de fusão. O modelo geológico foi elaborado a partir da interpretação do banco de dados disponibilizado e permitiu a visualização da distribuição dos litotipos descritos e de suas relações de contato, além de refletir o forte condicionamento estrutural dos litotipos, de acordo com a anisotropia global 180/85. Na análise estatística univariada, pode-se constatar para os teores de Au, Zn, Pb e Cu distribuições lognormais, com fortes assimetrias positivas, refletindo a acumulação anômala desses elementos. A análise estatística bivariada, condicionada aos litotipo relacionados à mineralização (veios de quartzo, zonas silicificadas e granodiorito sericítico), refletiu a associação da mineralização de ouro com os sulfetos pirita, esfarelita, galena e calcopirita, como esperado para os depósitos estudados. O cálculo de variogramas experimentais na direção de maior continuidade não foi possível devido à amostragem das sondagens dispostas em X. Desta forma, os recursos minerais foram avaliados e modelados com base nas equações multiquádricas. Os modelos de fusão foram gerados a partir do modelo geológico combinado com o modelo de teores. Com base nesses modelos, foi possível afirmar que os maiores teores (> 2ppm) de Au, referentes à principal mineralização, estão localizados nas mesmas regiões das maiores anomalias de Zn, Pb e Cu, confirmando-se o condicionamento estrutural e a associação espacial entre a mineralização e os veios de quartzo, zonas e silicificação e o granodiorito sericítico. Com a visão geral dos modelos, ficou evidente que a região leste da área hospeda teores maiores de ouro e metais de base comparados com a região oeste. Mediante o exposto, o modelo geológico e os modelos de fusão gerados para a área de estudo podem ser considerados eficazes no seu objetivo em representar a realidade do depósito, fazendo o melhor uso dos dados disponíveis. Palavras chaves: Modelagem geológica, modelagem de fusão, estatística e geoestatística. / The Alta Floresta Gold Province, (PAAF) located in the southern portion of the Amazon Craton, has a significant number of gold deposits in its easternmost segment, distributed along a NW-SW striking belt (Peru - União do Norte belt) and hosted by plutonic and volcanic rocks of granitic composition. Within this context are the two main areas of study, including the Luiz and Morro do Carrapato gold deposits of the União do Norte District. These deposits are structurally controlled and characterized by low gold minerali d to quartz veins and hosted by granodioritic rocks. The main objective of this project zation (<5 t) associated with base metals (Zn + Pb ± Cu), mainly confine is to obtain a quantitative and qualitative description of the specific geological variability correlated to gold mineralization associated with base metals (Au, Cu, Pb, Zn) in the Luiz and Morro do Carrapato deposits. To achieve this objective, a geological model has been elaborated, followed by a statistical and geostatistical study and development of mineral content models. Finally, the lithology and the mineral contents were correlated with fusion models. The geological model was created based on database interpretation which allowed for the visualization of all described lithotype distributions and contact relationships. In addition, this reflects the strong lithological structure conditions, according to global anisotropy of 180/85. The univariate statistical analysis shows strong positive asymmetries with lognormal distributions of Au, Zn, Pb and Cu contents, reflecting its anomalous accumulation in the deposits. The bivariate statistical analysis conditioned to the lithotypes associated with mineralization (quartz veins, silicified zones and sericitic granodiorite), reflected positive linear correlation of gold mineralization with pyrite, spharelite, galena and chalcopyrite sulfides, as was expected in these deposits. Experimental variogram calculations in the greater continuity was not possible due to sample boring logs being arranged in \"X\" formation. Thus, the mineral resources were evaluated and modeled based on multiquadric equations. The fusion models were generated from the geological model combined with the mineral contents models. According to the developed models, it is possible to affirm that the highest Au contents (> 2ppm), related to main mineralization, are located in regions of highest Zn, Pb and Cu anomalies, showing the structural conditioning and the spatial association between it, the quartz veins, silicified zones and sericitic granodiorite. With the model overview, it was evident that the eastern portion hosts the highest gold and base metal content compared to the western portion. Through the above, the elaborated geological and fusion models can be considered effective analyzing and representing the deposits reality and making the best use of available data

Abstract not available

Finite element computer modeling has been compared with scale modeling of vertical block uplifts of continuous, homogeneous, and isotropic material, representing geologic structures. Gelatin was used as the standard modeling material with deformation limited to the elastic range. Computer models with dimensions identical to the gelatin were varied in boundary conditions, material constants, and uplift configuration until close approximation to the gelatin model occurred. Zero density computer cases were obtained to isolate the effects of gravity on the deformation and points of maximum shear and tensile stresses were indicated and co-roared with weighted examples.After achieving close agreement between the two techniques, additional gelatin and computer models, both with elastic properties greater than the standard., were compared and evaluated to substantiate the results. Applications to field situations are indicated and areas for additional comparisons are suggested for further investigations.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

The main subject of the present research is the geological development of the south-eastern Baltic Sea in Holocene (11000 – 0 calendar years before the present) and prediction of its development in the future (0-1000 calendar years after the present). The present is calendar years 2000AD. The working area is estimated between longitude 18ºE - 21º30’E and latitude between 54ºN - 56º30’N including the onshore and offshore of Lithuania. The quantitative and qualitative geological information and the geological interpretation allowed the 4D modeling of the south-eastern Baltic Sea. Detailed comparison of the influence of isostatic and eustatic components has made it possible to distinguish between these two factors and to create the isostatic intensity models. Last investigations of the global sea level rise (IPCC 2001, 2007) and the model of the recent tectonic activity in the region were used for creation of the prognosis scenarios of relief development in the future. The 4D models created in this dissertation are very well understandable for specialists and for wider readership not engaged in scientific research. The results presented in the dissertation can be useful also by archaeologists and biologists. The results of the model show all the drawbacks of geological material collected so far and outline new perspectives for marine geologists, i.e. demonstrate what works should be done in the future to get more precise results. / Pagrindinis tyrimų tikslas buvo atkurti pietrytinės Baltijos jūros raidą holocene (11000 – 0 kalendorinių metų iki dabar) ir atlikti jūros raidos prognozę iki 1000 metų nuo dabar. Tirtasis regionas apima Lietuvos teritoriją (tiek atviroje jūroje, tiek sausumoje), jo koordinatės yra 18ºE - 21º30’E rytų ilgumos ir 54ºN - 56º30‘N šiaurės platumos. Kokybinė ir kiekybinė geologinė informacija bei jos geologinė interpretacija leido sukurti pietrytinės Baltijos jūros raidos 4D modelius. Detalus kiekybinis eustatinių bei izostatinių vandens lygio pokyčių palyginimas leido atskirti šiuos faktorius bei nustatyti izostatinio komponento intensyvumą holoceno metu. Kiekybiškai įvertinus tektoninius judesius ir vandens lygio pokyčius buvo atlikta pietrytinės Baltijos jūros raidos prognozė. Erdviniai 4 D modeliai pateikti šiame darbe yra lengvai suprantami ne tik specialistams, tačiau ir plačiai visuomenei. Disertacijoje pateikti modeliai gali būti naudingi archeologams bei biologams, tuo pačiu geologams parodydami esančių duomenų trūkumus bei nubrėžiantys naujas perspektyvas tyrimams, kurie turėtų būti atlikti norint gauti kiek galima detalesnius rezultatus.

The main subject of the present research is the geological development of the south-eastern Baltic Sea in Holocene (11000 – 0 calendar years before the present) and prediction of its development in the future (0-1000 calendar years after the present). The present is calendar years 2000AD. The working area is estimated between longitude 18ºE - 21º30’E and latitude between 54ºN - 56º30’N including the onshore and offshore of Lithuania. The quantitative and qualitative geological information and the geological interpretation allowed the 4D modeling of the south-eastern Baltic Sea. Detailed comparison of the influence of isostatic and eustatic components has made it possible to distinguish between these two factors and to create the isostatic intensity models. Last investigations of the global sea level rise (IPCC 2001, 2007) and the model of the recent tectonic activity in the region were used for creation of the prognosis scenarios of relief development in the future. The 4D models created in this dissertation are very well understandable for specialists and for wider readership not engaged in scientific research. The results presented in the dissertation can be useful also by archaeologists and biologists. The results of the model show all the drawbacks of geological material collected so far and outline new perspectives for marine geologists, i.e. demonstrate what works should be done in the future to get more precise results. / Pagrindinis tyrimų tikslas buvo atkurti pietrytinės Baltijos jūros raidą holocene (11000 – 0 kalendorinių metų iki dabar) ir atlikti jūros raidos prognozę iki 1000 metų nuo dabar. Tirtasis regionas apima Lietuvos teritoriją (tiek atviroje jūroje, tiek sausumoje), jo koordinatės yra 18ºE - 21º30’E rytų ilgumos ir 54ºN - 56º30‘N šiaurės platumos. Kokybinė ir kiekybinė geologinė informacija bei jos geologinė interpretacija leido sukurti pietrytinės Baltijos jūros raidos 4D modelius. Detalus kiekybinis eustatinių bei izostatinių vandens lygio pokyčių palyginimas leido atskirti šiuos faktorius bei nustatyti izostatinio komponento intensyvumą holoceno metu. Kiekybiškai įvertinus tektoninius judesius ir vandens lygio pokyčius buvo atlikta pietrytinės Baltijos jūros raidos prognozė. Erdviniai 4 D modeliai pateikti šiame darbe yra lengvai suprantami ne tik specialistams, tačiau ir plačiai visuomenei. Disertacijoje pateikti modeliai gali būti naudingi archeologams bei biologams, tuo pačiu geologams parodydami esančių duomenų trūkumus bei nubrėžiantys naujas perspektyvas tyrimams, kurie turėtų būti atlikti norint gauti kiek galima detalesnius rezultatus.

Thesis (M.S.)--Northwest Missouri State University, 2008. / The full text of the thesis is included in the pdf file. Title from title screen of full text.pdf file (viewed on December 17, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Armando Zaupa Remacre / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T20:29:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Normando_MarcioNunes_M.pdf: 6396462 bytes, checksum: e46bc675633da7ffe8a15163b4b2656b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Uma modelagem geológica consistente é necessária para que se possa avaliar os reservatórios de petróleo. No caso de campos maduros, existe uma expressiva quantidade de óleo remanescente e, muitas vezes, com boa capacidade de ser recuperado. Para tanto, faz-se uso de técnicas geoestatísticas para construção de modelos sólidos que permitam localizar e quantificar essas acumulações de óleo. Sabe-se que no estudo de caracterização de reservatórios a modelagem litológica é uma etapa essencial, pois ela servirá de base e guiará a modelagem das propriedades petrofisicas. Neste trabalho, propõe-se verificar o impacto na modelagem litológica, mais especificamente no volume de fácies reservatórios, utilizando-se determinados algoritmos de simulação estocástica, como: simulação seqüencial indicatriz, simulação gaussiana truncada e simulação plurigaussiana. O estudo englobou desde a etapa de tratamento de dados, com o processo de mudança de suporte, até o estudo de conectividade das fácies reservatório, por meio do algoritmo de Hoshen-Kopelman. Como resultado, foi possível observar que o algoritmo de simulação plurigaussiana mostrou-se com melhor capacidade de reproduzir as características iniciais do reservatório pelo fato de condicionar os resultados à proporção dos litotipos, matriz de proporção da área e regra de litologia, diferente do algoritmo de simulação seqüencial indicatriz que leva em consideração somente a proporção de fácies, igualmente distribuída para toda a zona do reservatório. Observou-se ainda que o algoritmo de simulação Gaussiano truncado, da maneira que foi implementado no programa utilizado, não traria resultados condizentes com os dados originais / Abstract: A consistent geologic modeling is necessary to evaluate the petroleum reservoirs. In mature field, a large amount of remaining oil exists and, many times, with good capacity of being recovered. For this, geostatistical techniques are used for construction of solid models that allow to locate and to quantify this remaining oil. In a reservoir characterization study, the lithologic modeling is an essential stage because it will be the basis to the petrophysical properties modeling. This thesis proposes evaluate the proportionate impact for the algorithms of stochastic simulation (sequential indicator simulation, truncated gaussian simulation and plurigaussian simulation) in the reservoirs characterization, more specifically, in the volume of reservoir facies. The study passed through the handling data stage, with the upscaling process, until the connectivity study ofthe reservoir facies with the Hoshen-Kopelman algorithm. As results, it was possible to note that the plurigaussian simulation algorithm presented better capacity to reproduce the initial reservoir characteristics because it respect the lithofacies proportion, proportion matrix and the lithotype rule, different of sequential indicator simulation algorithm that takes in consideration only the facies proportion, equally distributed for all reservoir zones. It was still observed that the truncated gaussian simulation algorithm, in the way that it was implemented in the used software, wouldn't bring suitable results with the analyzed data / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo