Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:32:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTCO.pdf: 56351385 bytes, checksum: 097c61e0f14050cf728e0c4451a50ab5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-09-12 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Geometridae larvae feeding on two Stryphnodendron species were collected twice a month over an year in a cerrado area in São Carlos, SP, Brazil. 1062 larvae were found and reared in laboratory. Fifteen species and ten genera were recorded: Thyrinteina arnobia, Thyrinteina schadeana , Physocleora junctilinea , Iridopsis fulvitincta, Glena unipennaria , Glena subannulata , Glena brachia , Hymenomima amberia , Hymenomima conia, Macaria abydata , Macaria sp., Prochoerodes sp., Patalene sp., Scopula sp. and Leuciris sp. The latter was the most frequent species. A greater number of larvae were found on S. obovatum than on S. adstringens. Nevertheless, larvae feeding in S. adstringens were more likely to be parasitized than those feeding on S. obovatum.152 cases of parasitism were recorded due to Diptera (Tachinidae) or Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae e Eulophidae); Euplectrus sp. (Eulophidae) was the commonest parasitoid. The number of collect larvae was related to leafing phenologies and increased during the leaf expansion time. / Durante o período de um ano, larvas de Geometridae foram quinzenalmente coletadas sobre duas espécies de Stryphnodendron (Mimosaceae) em área de cerrado no município de São Carlos, SP. Foram obtidas 1062 larvas, distribuídas em quinze espécies, pertencentes a dez gê neros. Leuciris sp. foi a espécie mais abundante, representando 84% dos exemplares obtidos. Os demais Geometridae registrados foram: Thyrinteina arnobia , Thyrinteina schadeana , Physocleora junctilinea , Iridopsis fulvitincta , Glena unipennaria, Glena subannulata , Glena brachia , Hymenomima amberia, Hymenomima conia, Macaria abydata, Macaria sp., Prochoerodes sp., Patalene sp. e Scopula sp. O número de larvas coletadas sobre S. obovatum foi significativamente maior comparado àquele de S. adstringens. Entretanto as maiores porcentagens de parasitismo foram registradas sobre larvas obtidas em S. adstringens. Foram registrados 152 ocorrências de parasitismo causados por Diptera (Tachinidae) e Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae e Eulophidae). Euplectrus sp. foi o parasitóide mais freqüente. O número de larvas coletadas ao longo do ano esteve relacionado à fenologia da planta, apresentando picos na época de expansão foliar.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3231.pdf: 2311327 bytes, checksum: 1aefe4dd39151d9627e5fd470d7cd5d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-29 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / A semidecidual forest fragment located in Parque Eco-Esportivo Damha, São Carlos, SP, was studied. The purpose was to sample the diversity of Lepidoptera larvae, their host plants and associated parasitoids. Five different plant species were sampled during 13 months using an entomological umbrella; 266 larvae belonging to 11 families and 26 genera were obtained. The most abundant family was Geometridae, with 32.81% of total amount, followed by Nymphalidae and Gelechiidae. The most abundant genus was Eois (Geometridae) with 28.20% of total larvae amount. The major occurrence of larvae was between the end of raining period and the beginning of the dry period. Using the saturation curve is observed that the survey was not sufficient to sample the real diversity of larvae of this forest fragment. During the work, 10% of larvae were parasitized and a total of 907 parasitoids emerged from different hosts, all koinobionts. Tachinidae was the most frequent parasitoid registered and occurred on Quadrus sp.; The most abundant parasitoid in number of specimens was Copidosoma sp. Polyembrionic parasitoid, attended by 787 found on Plusiinae (Noctuidae). / Foram estudadas larvas de Lepidoptera em cinco espécies de plantas em um fragmento de mata estacional semidecidual localizado no Parque Eco-Esportivo Damha, em São Carlos, Estado de São Paulo. O objetivo do trabalho foi o levantamento de larvas de Lepidoptera e parasitóides associados. Nas plantas amostradas foram coletadas larvas durante o período de 13 meses por meio de guarda-chuva entomológico. Foram obtidos 266 exemplares pertencentes a 11 famílias e 26 gêneros. A família mais abundante durante o estudo foi Geometridae, com 32,81% dos exemplares, seguida por Nymphalidae e Gelechiidae; o gênero mais abundante foi Eois (Geometridae), com 28,20% dos exemplares. O período de maior ocorrência de larvas foi entre o fim do período chuvoso e o começo do período seco. Utilizando a curva se saturação observouse que o levantamento não foi suficiente para amostrar a real diversidade de larvas deste fragmento de mata. Larvas parasitadas representaram cerca de 10% do total coletado, das quais foram obtidos 907 parasitóides, todos cenobiontes, sendo que Tachinidae sp foi o parasitoide com maior ocorrência registrada e ocorreu sobre Quadrus sp.; O parasitóide mais abundante em número de exemplares foi Copidosoma sp. parasitóide poliembriônico, que contou com 787 indivíduos encontrados sobre Plusiinae (Noctuidae).

The North American representatives of the large, worldwide Geometrid moth genus Scopula Schrank are redefined, redescribed, and illustrated. Of 69 names applied to the North American fauna, 22 are considered valid species, and two subspecies are defined here for the first time. Complete synonymy and references are given. Over 5,400 specimens were borrowed for critical examination, and the types for all species were, if known to exist, examined by the author, or for him by a colleague. Redescriptions were made stressing the individual variability within each species. Features of male and female genitalia were used as well as external characters in assessing relationships. Lectotypes were designated when necessary. A neotype for Phalaena limboundata Haworth was created. A key to the males of North American Scopula is included, as well as drawings of male and female genitalia, photographs of the moths, and a check list to species, subspecies, and junior synonyms. The following nomenclatural changes were made: tawneata Cassino synonymized to aemulata Hulst; responsaria Walker, atomaria Warren, approbata Warren, trias Warren, and trias ab. tincta Warren synonymized to apparitaria Walker; canthema Schaus and hieronyma Prout synonymized to plantagenaria Hulst; umbilicata ab. cugia Schaus and umbilicata var. peruviana Prout synonymized to umbilicata Fabricius; quinqueliniaria Packard and johnstonaria McDunnough (justified emendation of johnsonaria) made subspecies ot junctaria Walker; impunctata Warren and vestalialis Barnes and McDunnough synonymized to junctaria quinquelinearia Packard; quadrilineata Packard resurrected from synonymy, and persimilis Hulst made a junior synonym of it once more; arcticaria Walker removed from synonymy of frigidaria Möschler, and placed in species incertae sedis; supressaria Walker removed from synonymy of inductata Guenée and placed in species incertae sedis; delicata Cassino and oliveata Cassino made junior synonyms of inductata Guenée; subfuscata Taylor placed in synonymy of luteolata Hulst; californiaria Packard and chretieni Barnes and Benjamin placed in synonymy of sideraria Guenée; nigrodiscalis Hulst and quaesitata Hulst placed in species incertae sedis. Apparitaria Walker is applied to the North American fauna for the first time. Siccata McDunnough and septentrionicola McDunnough are recorded for the first time from the United States. / Ph. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3954.pdf: 3597563 bytes, checksum: dc8511477ab741615577d2c14e4a008b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-10 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Geometridae larvae and their parasitoids were surveyed in a understory at Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus São Carlos, SP. Larvae were colected among April 2009 to April 2010, with an entomological umbrella in 18 native species plants. It obtained 863 larvae including 46 species and 24 genera belong to majority the Ennominae. The Larentiinae and Sterrhinae subfamilies were also represented for Eois and Cyclophora, respectively. The Ennominae genus obtained were: Certima, Glena, Herbita, Hymenomima, Iridopsis, Ischnopteris, Isochromodes, Lomographa, Macaria, Melanolophia, Microgonia, Microxydia, Nematocampa, Oxydia, Patalene, Pero, Phyllodonta, Physocleora, Prochoerodes, Sabulodes, Thyrinteina and Trotopera. Macaria rigidata was the more abundant species which represented 31%. It recorded 174 parasitized larvae from which 337 parasitoids emerged. They are distributed among Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) and Diptera, with Hymenoptera predominance. The obtained parasitoids were: Diolcogaster, Protapanteles, Glyptapanteles, Aleiodes, (Braconidae), Casinaria, Charops, Cryptophion, Diradops, Dusona, Jomine, Neotheronia, Podogaster, Polycyrtus, Mesochorinae (Ichneumonidae), Euplectrus (Eulophidae) and Tachinidae (Diptera). It recorded new parasitoids species of the genus: Diradops, Jomine and Neotheronia (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Geometridae larvae were present throughout the collection period and had increased occurrence at the end of rainy season. / Foi realizado um levantamento de larvas de Geometridae e de seus parasitoides em um subbosque localizado na Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus São Carlos, SP. As larvas foram coletadas, no período de abril de 2009 a abril de 2010, por meio de guarda-chuva entomológico em 18 espécies de plantas nativas. Foram coletadas 863 larvas incluindo 46 espécies e 24 gêneros pertencentes na maioria aos Ennominae. As subfamílias Larentiinae e Sterrhinae foram também representadas, respectivamente com os gêneros Eois e Cyclophora. Os gêneros de Ennominae obtidos foram: Certima, Glena, Herbita, Hymenomima, Iridopsis, Ischnopteris, Isochromodes, Lomographa, Macaria, Melanolophia, Microgonia, Microxydia, Nematocampa, Oxydia, Patalene, Pero, Phyllodonta, Physocleora, Prochoerodes, Sabulodes, Thyrinteina e Trotopera. A espécie mais abundante foi Macaria rigidata que representou 31%. Foram registradas 174 larvas parasitadas das quais emergiram 337 parasitoides distribuídos em Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) e Diptera, com a predominância de Hymenoptera. Os parasitoides obtidos foram: Diolcogaster, Protapanteles, Glyptapanteles, Aleiodes, (Braconidae), Casinaria, Charops, Cryptophion, Diradops, Dusona, Jomine, Neotheronia, Podogaster, Polycyrtus, Mesochorinae (Ichneumonidae), Euplectrus (Eulophidae) e Tachinidae (Diptera). Foram registradas novas espécies de parasitoides dos gêneros: Diradops, Jomine e Neotheronia (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). As larvas de Geometridae estiveram presentes em todo o período de coleta e apresentaram maior ocorrência no final do período chuvoso.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV12MA099.pdf: 1026423 bytes, checksum: 9953859704cc50eabc5e4ee44d896b54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / During all the crop cycle the apple tree (Malus domestica), is damaged by a group of Lepidoptera insect species identified as "big caterpillars" of the families Noctuidae and Geometridae. The big caterpilars would cause losses to the apple production by damaging leaves and fruits. Due the economic importance, mainly for the regions of southern Brazil, there is a need to protect the apple plants against the attack of the main pests and establishment of monitoring forms to avoid the increasing population of pests in commercial orchards. Thus, the present study aimed to monitor in the field the phase of eggs, larvae and adults of the Physocleora dimidiaria, Pseudoplusia includens and Peridroma saucia species and assess the fruit damage caused by these species. In randomized block design with four replications was tested the following floral attractives: T1 - Attractive 1; T2 - Attractive 2; T3 - Attractive 3; T4 - Attractive 4; T5 - Attractive 5 and T - Control (without attractive substance). The tested substances were delivered in one mL eppendorfes tubes closed with cotton and fixed on the sticky bottoms of delta traps hung at 1.65 m from the ground. The substances were replaced every 45 days. Weekly recordings of moths catches were done to obtain the adults population. For monitoring caterpillars in the rows vegetation it was used a sweeping net by sweeping motions starting 5 meters forward and backward from sampled plants with traps. The occurrences of postures (eggs) and caterpillars were also evaluated in the apple plants located at the left, right and in front of the trapped plant itself. All the collected material were stored in plastic containers and sent to the Entomology Laboratory of EEFCT for screening. For the fruit damage assessment 2400 fruits were harvested and visually evaluated for external damages caused by big caterpillars . All data were submitted to the transformation of √ x +1 and the Duncan test at 5% level of probability. The results showed that the species P. dimidiaria were present during all apple grow season both as adult (288 moths) and as caterpillar phase, present in sprouts plants (24) and in the rows vegetation (12 larvae) of the orchard. The species P. includens was present in some plants as caterpillar phase (10 larvae) and as moths were captured in traps (175 adults) and its population ranging from one season to another. Postures of P. saucia (65) were found in apple plants, but none of them hatched, only 7 adults of this species were captured and no caterpillar was found on apple trees. The damage caused by species of "big caterpillars" in this study were 1.54% in the first and 2.5% in the second apple crop seasons. In general the floral attractive captured 649 and 671 adults of the three moths species in the first and second harvest, respectively / Durante todo o ciclo de cultivo a macieira (Malus domestica) é atacada por um conjunto de espécies de insetos da Ordem Lepidoptera, definidas como "grandes lagartas" pertencentes as famílias Noctuidae e Geometridae, responsáveis por danos como desfolha e perfurações em frutos, causando perdas de produção. Devido a importância econômica da macieira, principalmente para as regiões produtoras do Sul do Brasil, há a necessidade de proteger as plantas contra o ataque das principais pragas e estabelecer formas de monitoramento para evitar o aumento da população das pragas em pomares comerciais. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo monitorar o comportamento das fases de postura, de lagarta e de adultos das espécies Physocleora dimidiaria, Pseudoplusia includens e Peridroma saucia, bem como avaliar os danos causados por estas espécies. Em delineamento de blocos casualisados com quatro repetições foi testado a campo os seguintes atrativos florais: T1 Atrativo 1; T2 Atrativo 2; T3 Atrativo 3; T4 Atrativo 4; T5 Atrativo 5 e T Testemunha (sem substância atrativa). Um mL de cada atrativo foi colocado em tubos eppendorfes vedados com algodão e fixados no piso colante de armadilhas tipo Delta presas a planta a 1,65 m do solo e trocados a cada 45 dias. As armadilhas foram monitoradas semanalmente coletando-se as mariposas capturadas para obter-se a flutuação populacional de adultos. Para o monitoramento de lagartas nas entre linhas foi utilizada rede de varredura partindo 5 metros a frente e 5 metros para trás das plantas com armadilhas. Foram vistoriadas as plantas de macieira localizadas a esquerda, a direita e a frente e a própria planta com armadilha em busca de posturas e lagartas. Todos os indivíduos coletados foram acondicionados em potes plásticos e encaminhados para triagem no laboratório de Entomologia da EEFCT. Para avaliação de danos, 2400 frutos foram colhidos e avaliados visualmente. Todos os dados foram submetidos a transformação de √x+1 e ao teste de Duncan a nível de 5 % de probabilidade. Os resultados mostraram que a espécie P. dimidiaria está presente durante todos os estádios fenológicos da macieira tanto na fase de adulto (288 mariposas) como na fase de lagarta, presente nos rebrotes das plantas (24) e na vegetação (12) das entre linhas do pomar. A espécie P. includens esteve presente em algumas plantas na fase de lagarta (10 indivíduos) e quando mariposa foi capturada em armadilhas (175 adultos), oscilando sua população de uma safra para outra. Posturas de P. saucia (65) foram encontradas em plantas de macieira, porém nenhum ovo eclodiu, somente 7 adultos desta espécie foram capturados e nenhuma lagarta foi encontrada nas macieiras. Os danos causados pelas espécies de grandes lagartas neste estudo foram de 1,54 % na primeira safra e de 2,5 % na segunda. Em geral os atrativos florais capturaram 649 e 671 adultos das três espécies de mariposas na primeira e segunda safra, respectivamente

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGM.pdf: 5562431 bytes, checksum: f294e9ebd2216044229a7a717ebb5b4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-11-12 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This work was carried out in a Cerrado area near to riparian forest. We studied the Geometridae associated to Erythroxylum microphyllum. The samples were collected at each two weeks, during a year. Its was used the method of entomological umbrella. The larvae was grown in the laboratory, using the host plant as food. It occured 22 species of Geometridae arranged in 15 genus, 11 genus of Hymenoptera Parasitca and two Diptera Tachindae. The most common species that occured was Cyclomia mopsaria, whose relative abundance was 83%. Other Geometridae recorded were: Glena unipennaria, G. bipennaria, G. demissaria, G. brachia, Physocleora junctilinea, P. cariaria, Physocleora sp., Iridopsis fulvitincta, I. nigraria, Hymenomima amberia, Macaria regulata, Ischnopteris sp., Prochoerodes onustaria, Prochoerodes sp., Thyrinteina arnobia, Nematocampa sp., Melanolophia sp., Isochromodes, Semaeopus lunifera and Semaeopus vizaria. The Hymenoptera parasitoids were: Microcharops peronata, Charops sp., Metopius sp., Hyposoter sp., Mesochorus sp., Aleiodes sp., Distatrix sp., Meteorus sp., Protapanteles sp., Rasivalva sp., e Euplectrus sp. The Diptera Tachinidae were: Winthemia sp., and a Blondeliini species. The period of higher occurrence of larvae was between the end of rainy season and the begining of the dry season. At this same period, was recorded the lowest rate of parasitism. / Este trabalho foi realizado em área de cerrado, próximo a mata ripária. Foram estudados os Geometridae associados a Erythroxylum microphyllum. As coletas foram realizadas quinzenalmente, durante um ano por meio de guarda-chuva entomológico. As larvas foram criadas em laboratório, utilizando a planta hospedeira para alimentá-las. Ocorreram 22 espécies de Geometridae distribuídas em 15 gêneros, 11 gêneros de Hymenoptera Parasitica e dois Diptera Tachinidae. Dentre as espécies de Geometridae, a mais comum, com abundância relativa de 83%, foi Cyclomia mopsaria. Outros geometrídeos registrados foram: Glena unipennaria, G. bipennaria, G. demissaria, G. brachia, Physocleora junctilinea, P. cariaria, Physocleora sp., Iridopsis fulvitincta, I. nigraria, Hymenomima amberia, Macaria regulata, Ischnopteris sp., Prochoerodes onustaria, Prochoerodes sp., Thyrinteina arnobia, Nematocampa sp., Melanolophia sp., Isochromodes, Semaeopus lunifera e Semaeopus vizaria. Os parasitóides Hymenoptera foram: Microcharops peronata, Charops sp., Metopius sp., Hyposoter sp., Mesochorus sp., Aleiodes sp., Distatrix sp., Meteorus sp., Protapanteles sp., Rasivalva sp., e Euplectrus sp. Os Diptera Tachinidae foram: Winthemia sp., e Blondeliini. A época de maior ocorrência de larvas foi entre o final da estação chuvosa e o início da estação seca. Nesta mesma época, ocorreram os mais baixos níveis de parasitismo.

Abstract Both the length of the season that is favourable for insect growth and reproduction and the number of generations emerging per season (voltinism) increase with decreasing latitude. Thus, time constraints on reproduction and juvenile development decrease with decreasing latitude, except where voltinism changes and time constraints suddenly increase as the season must be shared with one more generation. I studied the evolution of insect life histories in relation to time constraints from two perspectives: polymorphism and clinal variation. Life history polymorphism in seasonal environments was studied with the butterfly Pieris napi that has discrete life history strategies, and polymorphic natural populations. Experimental studies showed that asymmetric intraspecific larval competition and divergent timing of reproduction between the strategies may promote the maintenance of polymorphism. A simulation model showed that the divergent timing of reproduction between the strategies is sufficient to maintain polymorphism even in the absence of intraspecific competition. Clinal variation was studied empirically with four geometrid moths (Cabera exanthemata, Cabera pusaria, Chiasmia clathrata and Lomaspilis marginata) and generally in theory. Due to latitudinal saw-tooth variation in time constraints, traditional theory predicts a saw-tooth cline in body size and development time. A common garden experiment with the four geometrid moths did not support the traditional theory even when a saw-tooth cline in body size was found, suggesting that the theory is based on unrealistic assumptions. A theoretical analysis showed that reproductive effort should be high in populations under intense time constraints and low in populations experiencing no time constraints, resulting in a saw-tooth cline. In the four geometrid moths, support for these predictions was found, although the observed clinal variation deviated from the predicted pattern. The results imply that clinal variation is expected in almost any continuous life history trait, whereas polymorphism of different strategies may emerge when life histories fall into discrete categories. When inferring the evolution of a single trait, complex interdependencies among several traits should be considered, as well as the possibility that the time constraints are not similar for each generation in multivoltine populations. / Tiivistelmä Hyönteisten kasvu ja kehitys ovat pääsääntöisesti mahdollisia vain kesän aikana. Etelään päin mentäessä kesä pitenee, ja saman kesän aikana kehittyvien hyönteissukupolvien määrä kasvaa. Kesän pituus aiheuttaa lisääntymiseen ja toukkien kasvuun kohdistuvan aikarajoitteen, joka heikkenee etelään päin siirryttäessä. Aikarajoite kuitenkin tiukkenee siellä, missä yksi uusi sukupolvi ehtii juuri kehittymään saman kesän aikana, sillä kesä on nyt jaettava useamman sukupolven kesken. Väitöstyössä tarkastelin hyönteisten elinkierto-ominaisuuksien evoluutiota suhteessa aikarajoitteisiin sekä diskreetin että jatkuvan muuntelun näkökulmista. Diskreettiä muuntelua tutkin lanttuperhosella (Pieris napi), jolla esiintyy diskreettejä elinkiertostrategioita. Kokeellisesti osoitin, että toukkien välinen kilpailu on epäsymmetristä, mikä yhdessä eri elinkiertostrategioiden erilaisen lisääntymisen ajoittumisen kanssa voi ylläpitää diskreettiä muuntelua. Simulaatiomalli osoitti, että erilaiset elinkiertostrategiat voivat säilyä populaatiossa pelkästään niiden erilaisen lisääntymisen ajoittumisen ansiosta. Elinkierto-ominaisuuksien jatkuvaa muuntelua tutkin neljän mittariperhosen (Cabera exanthemata, Cabera pusaria, Chiasmia clathrata ja Lomaspilis marginata) avulla ja teoreettisesti yleisellä tasolla. Aikaisempi teoria ennustaa ruumiinkoon ja kehitysajan muuntelevan sahalaitakuvion mukaisesti siirryttäessä pohjoisesta etelään, koska aikarajoitteet muuntelevat samalla tavalla. Tämä teoria perustunee epärealistisiin oletuksiin, koska kokeelliset tulokset eivät tukeneet teoriaa silloinkaan, kun mittariperhosten ruumiinkoko muunteli ennustetulla tavalla. Teoreettinen tutkimus osoitti, että myös lisääntymispanostuksen tulisi muunnella sahalaitakuvion mukaisesti suhteessa kesän pituuteen siten, että se on korkeimmillaan siellä, missä aikarajoitteet ovat tiukat. Mittariperhosten tutkiminen antoi jossain määrin tukea tälle ennusteelle. Tulosten perusteella jatkuvaa maantieteellistä muuntelua ennustetaan elinkierto-ominaisuuksille, jotka muuntelevat jatkuvalla asteikolla. Erilaiset elinkiertostrategiat voivat sen sijaan säilyä populaatiossa, jos elinkierto-ominaisuuksien muuntelu on diskreettiä. Eri ominaisuuksien monimutkaiset vuorovaikutukset sekä eri sukupolvien mahdollisesti kokemat erilaiset aikarajoitteet olisi syytä tuntea, kun tarkastelun kohteena on yksittäisen ominaisuuden evoluutio.