Continued fractions have been extensively studied in number theoretic ways. In this text we will consider continued fraction expansions with partial quotients that are in Z = f x : x 2 Zg and where = 2 cos( q ); q 3 and with 1 < < 2. These continued fractions are expressed as the composition of M obius maps in PSL(2;R), that act as isometries on H2, taken at 1. In particular the subgroups of PSL(2;R) that are studied are the Hecke groups G . The Modular group is the case for q = 3 and = 1. In the text we show that the Hecke groups are triangle groups and in this way derive their fundamental domains. From these fundamental domains we produce the v-cell (P0) that is an ideal q-gon and also tessellate H2 under G . This tessellation is called the -Farey tessellation. We investigate various known -continued fractions of a real number. In particular, we consider a geodesic in H2 cutting across the -Farey tessellation that produces a \cutting sequence" or path on a -Farey graph. These paths in turn give a rise to a derived -continued fraction expansion for the real endpoint of the geodesic. We explore the relationship between the derived -continued fraction expansion and the nearest - integer continued fraction expansion (reduced -continued fraction expansion given by Rosen, [25]). The geometric aspect of the derived -continued fraction expansion brings clarity and illuminates the algebraic process of the reduced -continued fraction expansion.

M.Sc., Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / Continued fractions have been extensively studied in number-theoretic ways. In this text, we will illuminate some of the geometric properties of contin- ued fractions by considering them as compositions of MÄobius transformations which act as isometries of the hyperbolic plane H2. In particular, we examine the geometry of simple continued fractions by considering the action of the extended modular group on H2. Using these geometric techniques, we prove very important and well-known results about the convergence of simple con- tinued fractions. Further, we use the Farey tessellation F and the method of cutting sequences to illustrate the geometry of simple continued fractions as the action of the extended modular group on H2. We also show that F can be interpreted as a graph, and that the simple continued fraction expansion of any real number can be can be found by tracing a unique path on this graph. We also illustrate the relationship between Ford circles and the action of the extended modular group on H2. Finally, our work will culminate in the use of these geometric techniques to prove well-known results about the relationship between periodic simple continued fractions and quadratic irrationals.

by Wong Chun-fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-82). / Chapter CHAPTER0 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER1 --- Teichmuller Space of genus g --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1. --- Teichmiiller Space of genus g / Chapter 1.2. --- Fuchsian Model and Discrete subgroup of Aut(H) / Chapter 1.3. --- Fricke Space / Chapter CHAPTER2 --- Hyperbolic Geometry and Fenchel-Nielsen Coordinates --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1. --- Poincare Metric and Hyperbolic Geometry / Chapter 2.2. --- Fenchel-Nielsen Coordinates / Chapter 2.3. --- Fricke-Klein Embedding / Chapter CHAPTER3 --- Quasiconformal Mappings --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1. --- Definitions / Chapter 3.2. --- Existence Theorems on Quasiconformal Mappings / Chapter 3.3. --- Dependence on Beltrami Coefficients / Chapter CHAPTER4 --- Teichmuller Spaces --- p.37 / Chapter 4.1. --- Analytic Construction of Teichmiiller Spaces / Chapter 4.2. --- Teichmiiller mapping and Teichmiiller Theorem / Chapter 4.3. --- Teichmiiller Uniqueness Theorem / Chapter CHAPTER5 --- Complex Analytic Theory of Teichmiiller Spaces --- p.50 / Chapter 5.1. --- Bers' Embedding and the complex structure of Teichmiiller Space / Chapter 5.2. --- Invariance of Complex Structure of Teichmiiller Space / Chapter 5.3. --- Teichmiiller Modular Groups / Chapter 5.4. --- Classification of Teichmiiller Modular Transformations / Chapter CHAPTER6 --- Weil-Petersson Metric --- p.68 / Chapter 6.1. --- Petersson Scalar Product and Reproducing formula / Chapter 6.2. --- Infinitesimal Theory of Teichmuller Spaces / Chapter 6.3. --- Weil-Petersson Metric / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.81

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-69). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

In this thesis we build on the theory concerning the metric geometry of relatively hyperbolic and mapping class groups, especially with respect to the difficulty of embedding such groups into Banach spaces. In Chapter 3 (joint with Alessandro Sisto) we construct simple embeddings of closed graph manifold groups into a product of three metric trees, answering positively a conjecture of Smirnov concerning the Assouad-Nagata dimension of such spaces. Consequently, we obtain optimal embeddings of such spaces into certain Banach spaces. The ideas here have been extended to other closed three-manifolds and to higher dimensional analogues of graph manifolds. In Chapter 4 we give an explicit method of embedding relatively hyperbolic groups into certain Banach spaces, which yields optimal bounds on the compression exponent of such groups relative to their peripheral subgroups. From this we deduce that the fundamental group of every closed three-manifold has Hilbert compression exponent one. In Chapter 5 we prove that relatively hyperbolic spaces with a tree-graded quasi-isometry representative can be characterised by a relative version of Manning's bottleneck property. This applies to the Bestvina-Bromberg-Fujiwara quasi-trees of spaces, yielding an embedding of each mapping class group of a closed surface into a finite product of simplicial trees. From this we obtain explicit embeddings of mapping class groups into certain Banach spaces and deduce that these groups have finite Assouad-Nagata dimension. It also applies to relatively hyperbolic groups, proving that such groups have finite Assouad-Nagata dimension if and only if each peripheral subgroup does.

This thesis presents some results in triangle geometry discovered using dynamic software, namely, Geometer’s Sketchpad, and confirmed with computations using Mathematica 9.0. Using barycentric coordinates, we study geometric problems associated with the triangle of reflections T of a given triangle T, yielding interesting triangle centers and simple loci such as circles and conics. These lead to some new triangle centers with reasonably simple coordinates, and also new properties of some known, classical centers. Particularly, we show that the Parry reflection point is the common point of two triads of circles, one associated with the tangential triangle, and another with the excentral triangle. More interestingly, we show that a certain rectangular hyperbola through the vertices of T appears as the locus of the perspector of a family of triangles perspective with T, and in a different context as the locus of the orthology center of T with another family of triangles. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

E. Folke Bolinder. / "June 14, 1957." / Bibliography: p. 91-96. / Army Signal Corps Contract DA36-039-sc-64637. Dept. of the Army Task 3-99-06-108 and Project 3-99-00-100.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo colaborar na inserção do ensino das Geometrias Não Euclidianas no ensino médio. Para tanto, fizemos uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o surgimento de tais Geometrias, em seguida apresentamos uma sequência de conteúdos para o ensino das Geometrias Elíptica e Hiperbólica, abordando os principais tópicos elencados pelas Diretrizes Curriculares do Estado do Paraná, comparando-as sempre que possível com a Geometria Euclidiana. Esclarecemos que onde citamos Geometria Elíptica, estamos realmente tratando da Geometria da Superfície Esférica, para que este trabalho fique compatível com as Diretrizes Curriculares do Estado do Paraná. Apesar de haver algumas proposições e suas provas, em grande parte do trabalho não há teoria e demonstrações com o rigor exigido pela matemática, buscamos apenas apresentar os principais conceitos e usar uma linguagem que possa ser compreendida por qualquer profissional que esteja disposto a compreender e depois de estudar, ensinar estas geometrias. Em novembro de 2013, na XVII Semana da Matemática e III Encontro de Ensino de Matemática do Câmpus de Pato Branco – PR da UTFPR, aplicamos um minicurso com parte deste conteúdo. Ao final do minicurso aplicamos um questionário sobre o conhecimento inicial do tema e a atual situação de ensino destas geometrias. Tal questionário visou identificar o interesse sobre o tema e sobre a real possibilidade de inserção destas geometrias nas salas de aula, cujos resultados encontram-se no texto. / This work aims to contribute in including teaching of Non-Euclidean Geometry in high school. For this, a bibliographic research was made about the appearance of such geometries and introduce content for teaching of Elliptical and Hyperbolic Geometries, addressing the main topics listed by Curriculum Guidelines of Paraná, comparing them with Euclidean Geometry. Clarify that where quoted elliptic geometry, we are really dealing with Surface Spherical Geometry, for that this work be compatible with the Curriculum Guidelines of the State of Paraná. Although there are some propositions and their proofs, in most part of the work there aren´t theoretical studies and statements with all rigors mathematics requires, we seek to show the main concepts and use a language that can be understood by any person who is willing to understand and after studying, teach these geometries in school. In November 2013, during the XVII Semana de Matemática and III Encontro de Ensino de Matemática Câmpus de Pato Branco – PR of UTFPR, a mini-course was applied with part of this content to some participants. At the end of the mini-course a questionnaire was applied inquiring the basic knowledge, the current teaching situation of these geometries and aim to identify the interest in this issue and the real possibility of inclusion in the classrooms, the results can be found in the following work.

Several basic topics from Algebraic Topology, including fundamental group and universal covering space are shown. The hyperbolic plane is defined, including its metric and show what the "straight" lines are in the plane and what the isometries are on the plane. A hyperbolic surface is defined, and shows that the two hole torus is a hyperbolic surface, the hyperbolic plane is a universal cover for any hyperbolic surface, and the quotient space of the universal cover of a surface to the group of automorphisms on the covering space is equivalent to the original surface.

On étudie le comportement topologique du flot horocyclique sur des surfaces hyperboliques géométriquement infinies. Cette étude est intimement liée à celle du flot géodésique sur ces surfaces. Le premier chapitre commence par introduire les objets de géométrie hyperbolique que nous utiliserons. Il présente ensuite une classe de surfaces, les flûtes hyperboliques, qui couvrent une grande partie de la complexité des surfaces géométriquement infinies. Enfin, il aborde la notion de finesse asymptotique d'une demi-géodésique, qui donne la limite inférieure du rayon d'injectivité de la surface le long de la demi-géodésique. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré aux propriétés classiques du flot horocyclique sur lesquelles nous baserons nos preuves. Le troisième chapitre concerne l'étude de l'intersection entre l'adhérence de l'orbite horocyclique issue d'un vecteur u d'une surface hyperbolique et la demi orbite géodésique issue de ce même vecteur. Nous montrons que si la finesse asymptotique de la demi-orbite géodésique issue de u est finie et si u n'est pas périodique pour le flot horocyclique, cette intersection contient une infinité divergente de points. Par ailleurs, si la finesse asymptotique est nulle, alors cette intersection est égale à toute la demi-orbite géodésique positive. Nous montrons cependant que même si la finesse asymptotique n'est pas nulle, la demi-orbite géodésique peut tout de même être contenue dans cette intersection. Le quatrième chapitre étudie les liens entre une orbite horocyclique issue d'un vecteur u et la feuille fortement stable associée. Nous commençons par montrer que les adhérences de ces deux ensembles coïncident toujours. Cependant, cette propriété ne s'étend pas aux ensembles eux-mêmes et nous donnons ensuite une condition suffisante pour que qu'ils ne coïncident pas. Nous montrons qu'alors la feuille fortement stable est une union d'une quantité non dénombrable d'orbites horocycliques. / We study the topological behavior of the horocycle flow on geometrically infinite hyperbolic surfaces. This study and that of the geodesic flow are deeply interwoven. The first chapter introduces the basic objects of hyperbolic geometry that we will use. Next, it presents a class of surfaces, the hyperbolic flutes, which carries most of the complexity of geometrically infinite surfaces. Then, it details the notion of asymptotic thinness for a half-geodesic, which determines the size of the most thin parts that this half-geodesic crosses. The second chapter focuses on the classical properties of the horocycle flow on which we will base our proofs. The third chapter presents the study of the intersection between the closure of a horocyclic orbit stemming from a vector u on a hyperbolic surface and the positive half-geodesic stemming from the same vector. We show that if the asymptotic thinness of the half-orbit stemming from u is finite and if u is not periodic for the horocycle flow, then this intersection contains an unbounded sequence of points. Moreover, if the asymptotic thinness is zero, then all the halfgeodesic orbit is included in the intersection. However, we also prove that the half-geodesic orbit can be included in the intersection and even if the asymptotic thinness is not zero. The fourth chapter studies the links between a horocyclic orbit starting from a vector u and the strong stable manifold associated to u. We first show that the closure of these two sets are always the same. However, we then give a sufficient condition for these two sets to be different and we prove that in this case, the strong stable manifold is a reunion of an uncountable number of horocyclic orbits.