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Vid utformning av väginfrastruktur borde trafikrelaterade utsläpp med ursprung från väg- och däckslitage samt halkbekämpning tas hänsyn till för att nå en verklig hållbar utveckling. Exempel på vägrelaterade utsläpp är aluminium, bly, koppar, kadmium, krom och zink. I Sverige sprids det omkring 200 000 - 230 000 ton salt per år på vägarna för att bekämpa halka under vinterhalvåret. Vattenlösliga föroreningar antas spridas till omkringliggande miljöer på samma sätt som vägsalt gör. Därmed syftar projektet till att observera den elektriska resistiviteten och konduktiviteten som vägsalt ger upphov till, för att spåra utbredningen av vägsaltet och andra vattenlösliga trafikrelaterade föroreningar, samt dess påverkan på närliggande miljöer. Mätmetoderna som användes var CVES som bidrog med resistivitetsvärden samt EM som bidrog med konduktivitetsvärden. Mätningarna utfördes vid tre tillfällen; kring Arningevägen, E18 samt Skålhamravägen. På grund av tekniska fel har dock färre resistivitetsmätningar gjorts vid E18 i jämförelse med de andra vägarna som undersöktes. Resultatet från och analys av mätningar från respektive mätmetod presenteras visuellt i figurer med hjälp av programmen Res2DInv, Voxler och Surfer. Från dessa figurer kan slutsatser kring föroreningars potentiella spridning dras. Samtliga mättillfällen visade att utbredningen av vägsalt, och därmed föroreningar, spårades till områden närmast vägkanten men även ner till grundvattnet. Ett antal felkällor och begränsningar har påverkat resultatet, exempelvis att metoderna som användes i detta arbete inte undersöker exakta mängder av föroreningar. Detta eftersom mätmetoderna som har används är indirekta metoder som syftar till att spåra vägsalt. Vägarnas storlek och trafikmängd har även vägts in och överläggs kring hur dessa påverkat resultaten. Det framkommer att ju mer trafikerad en väg är desto mer sprids vattenlösliga vägrelaterade föroreningar. Det diskuteras även om hur omkringliggande miljö kan påverkas samt vilka av Sveriges miljömål och de globala målen är av relevans och motverkas. / When planning road infrastructure, traffic-related emissions originating from road and tire wear, as well as anti-skid mitigations, should be taken into account in order to achieve real sustainable development. Examples of road-related emissions are aluminum, lead, copper, cadmium, chromium and zinc. In Sweden, around 200,000 - 230,000 tonnes of salt per year are spread on roads to prevent slippage during the winter. Water-soluble pollutants are assumed to spread to surrounding environments the same way as road salt does. Thus, the project aims to observe the electrical resistivity and conductivity that road salt gives rise to, in order to trace  the distribution of road salt and other water-soluble traffic-related pollutants, as well as its impact on nearby environments. The measurement methods used were CVES which provided resistivity values  and EM which provided conductivity values. The measurements were performed on three occasions; around Arningevägen, E18 and Skålhamravägen. Due to technical errors however, fewer resistivity measurements have been made at E18 in comparison with the other roads that were investigated. The results and analysis from each measurement method are presented visually in figures using the programs Res2DInv, Voxler and Surfer. From these figures, conclusions can be drawn about the potential spread of pollutants. All measurement occasions showed that the distribution of road salt, and thus pollution, was traced to areas closest to the roadside but also down to the groundwater. A number of sources of errors and limitations have affected the result, for example that the methods used do not examine exact amounts of pollutants. This is because the measurement methods that have been used are indirect methods that aim to detect road salt. The size and amount of traffic on the roads have also been weighed in and discussed as to how these have affected the results. It appears that the busier a road is, the more water-soluble road-related pollutants are spread. It is also discussed how the surrounding environment can be affected and which of Sweden's environmental goals and Sustainable Development Goals are relevant and counteracted.

The complex and non-linear fluvial river dynamics are characterized by repeated periods of fluvial erosion and re-deposition in different parts of the floodplain. Understanding the fluvial architecture (i.e. the three-dimensional arrangement and genetic interconnectedness of different sediment types) is therefore fundamental to obtain well-based information about controlling factors. However, investigating the fluvial architecture in buried floodplain deposits without natural exposures is challenging. We studied the fluvial architecture of the middle Weiße Elster floodplain in Central Germany, an extraordinary long-standing archive of Holocene flooding and landscape changes in sensitive loess-covered Central European landscapes. We applied a novel systematic approach by coupling two-dimensional transects of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements and closely spaced core drillings with spatially resolved measurements of electromagnetic induction (EMI) of larger floodplain areas at three study sites. This allowed for (i) time and cost-efficient core drillings based on preceding ERT measurements and (ii) spatially scaling up the main elements of the fluvial architecture, such as the distribution of thick silt-clay overbank deposits and paleochannel patterns from the floodplain transects to larger surrounding areas. We found that fine-grained sand and silt-clay overbank deposits overlying basal gravels were deposited during several periods of intensive flooding. Those were separated from each other by periods of reduced flooding, allowing soil formation. However, the overbank deposits were severely laterally eroded before and during each sedimentation period. This was probably linked with pronounced meandering or even braiding of the river. Our preliminary chronological classification suggests that first fine-grained sedimentation must have occurred during the Early to Middle Holocene, and the last phase of lateral erosion and sedimentation during the Little Ice Age. Our study demonstrates the high archive potential of the buried fluvial sediments of the middle Weiße Elster floodplain and provides a promising time and cost-effective approach for future studies of buried floodplain sediments.

The thesis investigates the concepts of archaeological spatial association within the context of both site and regional data sets. The techniques of geophysical surveying, surface distribution collection and aerial photography are described and discussed. Several new developments of technique are presented as well as a detailed discussion of the problems of data presentation and analysis. The quantitative relationships between these data sets are explored by modelling them as operands and describing association in terms of operators. Both local and global measures of association are considered with a discussion as to their relative merits. Methods for the spatial association of regional lattice and point processes are developed. A detailed discussion of distance based spatial analysis techniques is presented.

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