Pagrindinės šiame darbe sprendžiamos problemos yra susijusios su efektyviu ilgalaikiu šilumos siurblių eksploatavimu. Šilumos siurblio sistemos kintamuoju priimamas gruntinis šilumokaitis. Tai reiškia, kad šilumos siurblio efektyvumas priklausys nuo šilumnešio temperatūros gruntiniame šilumokaityje. Pirmoje darbo dalyje pateikiama informacija apie geoterminę energiją bei jos naudojimo būdus. Apibrėžiama seklioji geoterminė energija. Pateikiamos šilumos siurblių šilumokaičių schemos. Praktinėje darbo dalyje pateikiama gruntinių šilumokaičių modeliavimo metodų analizė bei pasirenkamas metodas tolimesniam modeliavimui. Modeliuojami trijų skirtingų tipų vertikalūs gruntiniai šilumokaičiai. Modeliavimo rezultatas: šilumnešio vidutinės mėnesinės temperatūros 25 metų laikotarpiui. Pagal temperatūras nustatomas šilumos siurblio vidutinis mėnesinis efektyvumo koeficientas. Naudojant efektyvumo koeficientus apskaičiuojamas elektros energijos poreikis. Atliekama ekonominė analizė. Analizės rezultatai parodė, kad efektyviausias vertikalus gruntinis šilumokaitis, prie darbe priimtų modeliavimo sąlygų, yra viengubas gruntinis šilumokaitis su dviem U-formos vamzdžiais. / The main problems that are solved in this thesis are tailored with heat pumps longtime efficiency. The borehole heat exchanger was selected as a variable of a heat pump system. This means that efficiency of the heat pump depends from the temperature of heat carrier inside soil heat exchanger. First part of this thesis represents information about geothermal energy and ways of using it. Definition about shallow geothermal energy is made. The examples of heat pump heat exchangers are given. The practical part of the thesis contains analysis of the simulation models for soil heat exchangers. According to this analysis, selection of the simulation tool is made for further modeling. The simulations of three different heat exchangers types are made. Modeling results show heat carrier’s mean monthly temperatures during time period of 25 years. Using these temperatures the heat pump’s mean monthly coefficient of performance is defined. Using coefficients of performance the calculation of electric power demand is made. Economic analysis is made. The analysis results showed that the most efficient vertical borehole heat exchanger is one heat exchanger with two U-pipes, in terms of conditions that had been used in this thesis.

The Glass Buttes volcanic complex is a cluster of bimodal (basalt-rhyolite), Miocene to Pleistocene age lava flows and domes located in Oregon's High Lava Plains province, a broad region of Cenozoic bimodal volcanism in south-central Oregon. The High Lava Plains is deformed by northwest-striking faults of the Brothers Fault Zone, a diffuse, ~N40°W trending zone of en echelon faults cutting ~250 km obliquely across the High Lava Plains. Individual fault segments within the Brothers Fault Zone are typically <20 km long, strike ~N40°W, have apparent normal separation with 10-100 m throw. A smaller population of ~5-10 km long faults striking ~N30°E exhibits mutually crosscutting relationships with the dominant northwest striking faults. Basaltic volcanic rocks in the Glass Buttes area erupted during the late Miocene and Pleistocene. The oldest and youngest lavas are 6.49±0.03 Ma and 1.39±0.18 Ma, respectively, based on ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of five basaltic units. Numerous small mafic vents both within and around the margins of the main silicic dome complex are commonly localized along northwest-striking faults of the Brothers Fault Zone. These vents erupted a diverse suite of basalt to basaltic andesite lava flows that are here differentiated into 15 stratigraphic units based on hand sample texture and mineralogy as well as major and trace element geochemistry. The structural fabric of the Glass Buttes area is dominated by small displacement, discontinuous, en echelon, northwest-striking fault scarps that result from normal to slightly oblique displacements and are commonly linked by relay ramps. Northwest alignment of basaltic and rhyolitic vents, paleotopography, and cross-cutting relationships suggest these faults have been active since at least 6.49±0.03 Ma, the age of the rhyolite lavas in the eastern Glass Buttes are. Faults displace Quaternary sedimentary deposits indicating these structures continue to be active into the Quaternary. Long-term extension rates across northwest-striking faults calculated from 2-5 km long cross section restorations range from 0.004 – 0.02 mm/yr with an average of 0.12 mm/yr. A subordinate population of discontinuous northeast-striking faults form scarps and exhibit mutually cross-cutting relationships with the dominant northwest-striking population. Cross-cutting relationships indicate faulting on northeast-striking faults ceased sometime between 4.70±0.27 Ma and 1.39±0.18 Ma. Gravity data at Glass Buttes reveals prominent northwest- and northeast-trending gravity gradients that closely parallel the strikes of surface faults. These are interpreted as large, deep-seated, normal faults that express themselves in the young basalts at the surface as the discontinuous, en echelon fault segments seen throughout the study area and BFZ in general. Elevated geothermal gradients are localized along these deep-seated structures at two locations: (1) where northwest- and northeast-striking faults intersect,(2) along a very prominent northwest-striking active normal fault bounding the southwest flank of Glass Butte. High average heat flow and elevated average geothermal gradients across the High Lava Plains, and the presence of hydrothermal alteration motivated geothermal resource exploration at Glass Buttes. Temperature gradient drilling by Phillips Petroleum and others between 1977-1981 to depths of up to 600 m defined a local geothermal anomaly underlying the Glass Buttes volcanic complex with a maximum gradient of 224 °C/km. Stratigraphic constraints indicate that near-surface hydrothermal alteration associated with mercury ores ceased before 4.70±0.27 Ma, and is likely associated with the 6.49±0.03 Ma rhyolite eruptions in the eastern part of Glass Buttes. The modern thermal anomaly is not directly related to the pre-4.70±0.27 Ma hydrothermal system; rather it is likely a result of deep fluid circulation along major extensional faults in the area. / Graduation date: 2013 / Includes accompanying DVD with digital data supplement (8 GB).

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / The distribution of groundwater having temperature considered to be higher than normal is examined on a regional basis. Much of the work was done by searching the literature and examining USGS records. The geographic distribution of the thermal waters is reviewed; relation to structure, geothermal gradients and water quality are discussed. Current and past utilization of thermal water from both springs and wells of the state has never been very extensive. Conclusions were: (1) the occurrence of thermal water in the state is closely allied to major structural elements, especially major fault zones; (2) geothermal gradients vary widely from place to place; (3) the extent of 'bedrock' influence on thermal water occurrence is difficult to ascertain; (4) most thermal water in southern Arizona is derived from meteoric water.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2)14550735 課題番号: 研究代表者:森 英利 研究期間:2002-2003年度

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In recent years, deep geothermal energy has been widely exploited through closed-loop borehole heat exchanger system for building heating. In order to precisely evaluate the sustainable heat extraction capacity and the impact of different designs and operating parameters, two heat transfer models are implemented in the open-source scientific software OpenGeoSys (OGS), with respect to the Deep Borehole Heat Exchanger (DBHE) and Enhanced U-tube Borehole Heat Exchanger (EUBHE) system. Besides, three types of boundary conditions are implemented, including the constant inflow temperature, the constant heat extraction rate, and constant building thermal power that integrates the ground source heat pump (GSHP) module. By applying the two BHE models, the influence of different designs and operating parameters on the GSHP system is evaluated. The sustainable heat extraction capacity and efficiency of a deep EUBHE system are predicted. Moreover, its performance and efficiency are further compared against the 2-DBHE array system that has the same total borehole length. It is found that the soil thermal conductivity is the most important parameter in the design of DBHE and EUBHE systems. The sustainable specific heat extraction rate of the EUBHE system is 86.5 W/m higher than an array with 2 DBHEs. Under the building thermal load of 1.225 MW, the total electricity consumed by the EUBHE system is approximately 27 % less than the 2-DBHE array over 10 years. The average Coefficient of System Performance (CSP) value of the EUBHE system is 1.66 higher over 10 heating seasons. The two numerical models implemented in the OpenGeoSys software can be used to predict and optimize the thermal characteristics of the closed-loop DBHE and EUBHE systems in real projects.

No description available.

Introduction: The world is facing an economic crisis that has led to high energy prices in the EU. These high energy prices have been a contributing factor to the challenging economic situation in Sweden, affecting businesses, industries, and households. EU countries have limited access to energy and rely mostly on imports. The key objective is to reduce these costs through the utilization of renewable energy resources. Geothermal ventilation, in particular, is an efficient and promising source. However, this system has not yet been implemented in Sweden. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the effectiveness of horizontal ground geothermal ventilation systems in the context of Swedish conditions.Method: This study includes quantitative and qualitative data from a case study. Data collection involved literature study, interviews with various stakeholders, and simulations using Ansys software to analyze air flows and temperature conditions.Results: This section presents the results of a comprehensive study on basic geothermal ventilation in villas, carried out in accordance with Swedish environmental regulations. Interviews with representatives from ventilation companies and Jönköping municipality showed mixed opinions about the system's potential. While some expressed interest and approval due to energy savings and environmental adaptation, others had concerns about profitability and cost-effectiveness. Testing the system's efficiency using thermal exchange simulation software showed lower-than-expectedresults, indicating the need for further improvements. However, despite its lower efficiency, the geothermal ventilation system was still considered an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional methods, helping to reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry.Analysis: Ground geothermal ventilation system meets Swedish environmental standards and contributes to energy savings in new buildings. Although the system meets the standards, further improvements are needed to increase efficiency. Requirements and prerequisites include the right insulation classes and specially manufactured ground pipes. Implementation in villas can be challenging due to costs and heat delivery. Despite this, the system improves indoor air quality and reduces energy consumption, even if the temperature differences may be smaller than expected.Discussion: In this chapter, the results and conclusions from the study are discussed. Despite limited research on the subject, the study shows that shallow geothermal ventilation has potential, but there are challenges and limitations for implementation in Swedish villas. The method choice of literature review and qualitative interviews was appropriate to achieve the purpose, but more participants and research are needed to increase validity and reliability. Recommendations are given for further research in the area.

Der weltweit steigende Energiebedarf stellt die Menschheit vor immer größere Herausforderungen. Im Angesicht des Klimawandels und der begrenzten Verfügbarkeit von fossilen Energieträgern liegt eine besondere Verantwortung bei der Entwicklung von erneuerbaren Energieressourcen. Dabei spielt die Geothermie eine besondere Rolle, da sie zur Deckung der Grundlast geeignet ist. Zu der Bewertung von geothermischen Potentialen leisten die Geowissenschaften einen großen Beitrag. Das geothermische Potential eines Standorts hängt vor allem von der Art und Ausbreitung von Störungszonen ab, da sie wesentlich den Grundwasserfluss kontrollieren. In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene geowissenschaftliche Methoden miteinander kombiniert, um die Wirksamkeit von Störungszonen zu bewerten. Strukturgeologische Kartierungen und hydrogeologische Felduntersuchungen erklären die Ausbreitung und hydraulische Funktion von Störungszonen im Untersuchungsgebiet. Geohydrochemische Untersuchungen geben Auskunft über Fluid- und Gesteinszusammensetzung und deren Wechselwirkungen. Numerische Simulationen des Gebietes zeigen, dass sowohl Störungszonen als auch Fluideigenschaften wichtig für die Verteilung von Druck und Temperatur im Reservoir sind. Das Untersuchungsgebiet ist das Hochenthalpy-Geothermiefeld Lahendong in Sulawesi (Indonesien). Ein Kraftwerk produziert hier 80 MW Elektrizität. Die ersten Untersuchungen im Gebiet starteten in den 1970er Jahren. Jedoch sind Genese und Verteilung der thermalen Wässer noch nicht komplett verstanden. Das aktuelle konzeptionelle Modell zeigt eine Aufteilung in mehrere Reservoirbereiche. Die verschiedenen Bereiche sind durch horizontal impermeable Störungszonen voneinander getrennt. Den nördlichen Bereich kennzeichnen saure Wässer und den südlichen Teil pH-neutrale Wässer. Auch die Produktivität variiert stark zwischen den beiden Reservoirbereichen. In vertikaler Richtung sind Störungszonen jedoch durchlässig, was dazu führt, dass heiße Quellen entlang von Störungen oder deren Kreuzungspunkten auftreten. Die Reservoirgesteine in Lahendong sind basaltische Andesite, Tuffe und vulkanische Brekkzien. Die Permeabilitätsverteilung der Störungszonen wird durch die Ausbreitung von Rissen kontrolliert. Risse sind vor allem in der Bruchzone der Störung verbreitet, was zu einer hydraulischen Durchlässigkeit parallel zur Störung führt. Die Unterteilung des Reservoirs in Lahendong wird durch diese Rissverteilung bestimmt. Der nördliche saure Teil des Reservoirs ist durch höhere Produktivitätsraten, Gasaustritte an der Oberfläche und stark alterierte und geklüftete Gesteine im Untergrund charakterisiert. Der südliche Abschnitt ist heißer und hat weniger stark alterierte Gesteine. Die beobachteten Reservoireigenschaften wurden von hydrochemischen und hydraulischen Modellierungen bestätigt. Der Grundwasserfluss mit Neubildung und Austritten aus dem Reservoir ist im Gelände und im Modell vor allem durch Störungszonen kontrolliert. Jedoch ist der Grundwasserfluss auch durch den Aggregatzustand des Wassers beeinflusst. Für die Modellierung von 2-Phasen-Ausbreitung müssen die Permeabilitäten angepasst werden, um gleiche Temperatur- und Druckbedingungen zu modellieren. Der Hauptbeitrag dieser Arbeit liegt in der Demonstration, dass eine systematische strukturgeologische Analyse für das Verständnis von Grundwasserfluss in geothermischen Reservoiren unentbehrlich ist. Es wurde bestätigt, dass die Kombination von tektonischen, hydrogeologischen und geohydrochemischen Informationen den wichtigsten Beitrag für das Verständnis von Grundwasserströmungen leistet. Die Grundwasserströmung ist der wichtigste Faktor für die Wahl des richtigen Standortes für Produktion und Injektion in geothermischen Feldern. Eine detaillierte Analyse gewährleistet eine nachhaltige Nutzung des Feldes und verringert Risiken, wie schwach produzierende Bohrungen oder die Produktion von stark korrosiven Wässern. Auf dieser Grundlage kann eine Felderweiterung geplant werden, wie es in Lahendong angedacht ist.

Large amounts of energy from heat sources such as waste-eat and geothermal energy are available worldwide but their potential for useful power-generation is largely untapped. This is because they are relatively low temperature difference (LTD) sources, in the range from 100 to 200 °C, and it is thermodynamically diffcult, for theoretical and practical reasons, to extract useful work at these temperatures. This work explores the suitability of a Stirling engine (SE) to exploit these heat sources. Elsewhere much work has been done to optimise Stirling engines for high temperature heat sources, but little is known about suitable engine layouts, and their optimal design and operational aspects at lower temperature differences. With the reduced temperature difference, changes from conventional engine designs become necessary and robust solutions for this novel application have to be identified. This has been achieved in four major steps: identification of a suitable engine type; thermodynamic optimisation of operating and engine parameters; optimisation of mechanical efficiency; and the development of conceptual designs for the engine and its components informed by the preceding analysis. For the optimisation of engine and operating parameters a model was set up in the commercial Stirling software package, Sage, which also has been validated in this thesis; suitable parameter combinations have been identified. This work makes key contributions in several areas. This first is the identification of methods for better simulating the thermodynamic behaviour of these engines. At low temperature differences the performance of Stirling engines is very sensitive to losses by fluid friction (and thus frequency), adiabatic temperature rise during compression, and the heat transfer from and to the surroundings. Consequently the usual isothermal analytical approaches produce results that can be misleading. It is necessary to use a non-isothermal approach, and the work shows how this may be achieved. A second contribution is the identification of the important design variables and their causal effects on system performance. The primary design variable is engine layout. For an engine having inherently low efficiency due to the low temperature difference it is important to choose the engine layout that provides the highest power density possible in order to minimise engine size and to save costs. From this analysis the double-acting alpha-type configuration has been identified as being the most suitable, as opposed to the beta or gamma configurations. An-other key design variable is working fluid, and the results identify helium and hydrogen as suitable, and air and nitrogen as unsuitable. Frequency and phase angle are other design variables, and the work identifies favourable values. A sensitivity analysis identifies the phase angle, regenerator porosity, and temperature levels as the most sensitive parameters for power and efficiency. It has also been shown that the compression work in low-temperature difference Stirling engines is of similar magnitude as the expansion work. By compounding suitable working spaces on one piston the net forces on the piston rod can be reduced significantly. In double-acting alpha-engines this can be achieved by choosing the Siemens as opposed to the Franchot arrangement. As a result friction and piston seal leakage which are two important loss mechanisms are reduced significantly and longevity and mechanical efficiency is enhanced. Design implications are identified for various components, including pistons, seals, heat exchangers, regenerator, power extraction, and crankcase. The peculiarities of the heat source are also taken into account in these design recommendations. A third key contribution is the extraction of novel insights from the modelling process. For the heat exchangers it has been shown that the hot and cold heat exchangers can be identical in their design without any negative impact on performance for the low-temperature difference situation. In comparison the high temperature applications invariably require different materials and designs for the two heat exchangers. Also, frequency and phase angle are found to be quite different (lower frequency and higher phase angle) from the optimum parameters found in high temperature engines. Contrary to common belief the role of dead volume has been found to play a crucial and not necessary detrimental role at low temperature differentials. Taken together, the work is positioned at the intersection of thermodynamic analysis and engineering design, for the challenging area of Stirling engines at low temperature differences. The work extracts thermodynamic insights and extends these into design implications. Together these help create a robust theoretical and design foundation for further research and development in the important area of energy recovery.