Detta är ett projektarbete, vars syfte var att skapa en webbsida som ska vara till hjälp för pedagogerförskollärare i förskolan. Vårt motiv till att skapa en produkt var främst från tidigare erfarenheterVårt motiv baseras på tidigare erfarenheter där förskolläraren där pedagogerna har en huvudsaklig didaktisk planering av aktiviteter i naturvetenskap. Våra observationer från VFU:n och forskning visade att pedagogens medvetna handlade i aktivitetens gång tappades bort och lärandet uppfattades som ensidig och inte fullständig, samt att det fanns en negativ inställning och osäkerhet hos förskolläraren när det gäller att planera och genomföra naturvetenskapliga aktiviteter. Vi skapade webbenkäter med frågor om målgruppens behov och om vilket ämne inom naturvetenskapen som de ansåg var svårast i lärandeprocessen och lärandesituationer (i detta fall förskollärarnas). Resultatet blev att 31 stycken av 50 förskollärare kom fram till att geovetenskap var det ämne inom naturvetenskapen som var svårast. Det flesta motiverade orsaken med svårigheterna med geovetenskap var bristande kunskap. Den var det svåraste ämnet att koppla till läroplanen och hur man använder den för att nå barnens tankar och intressen som en naturlig del i lärandet. Dialog och frågor till barnen i ämnet var också något som förskollärarna ansåg var svårt.    Geovetenskap är ett stort ämne som handlar om jordens sammansättning från kärna till jordens atmosfär. Därför valde vi att göra interjuver med ett antal förskollärare för att avgränsa didaktiska webbsidans innehåll men som ha sin grund i geovetenskapen. I intervjuerna fann vi ett behov i ämnena metrologi (som motsvarar väderfenomen) och klimatologi (handlar om klimat och klimatförändringar). Svaren vi fick från intervjuerna var att väder och klimat i sig inte är något svårt att prata om med barnen, det görs naturligt i vardagen. Det som var svårt, tyckte förskollärarna var att få upp ett intresse hos barnen. De ville ha förslag på hur pedagogen kan skapa intressanta aktiviteter och experiment som engagerar barnen.   Förskollärarna tyckte att informationen för dem som jobbar i förskolan när det gäller ämnena klimat och metrologi inte var tillräcklig. Både webbenkäten och i intervjuerna visade svaren på att förskollärarna inte visste vad geovetenskap var för något och hur detta kan kopplas till förskolans läroplan. Utifrån förskollärarnas behov och önskemål skapade vi en prototyp av den didaktiska webbsidan. Där finns didaktiska tips om didaktiska val och frågor, samt en del förslag på olika väderfenomen och årstider. Innehållet på sidan med bilder och text är skapat ur en didaktisk utgångspunkt och är tänkt som ett hjälpmedel för pedagogerförskollärare i förskolan.

Att bryta kalk i ett område orsakar stora ”sår” i naturen, därför finns speciella åtgärder som vidtas när ett kalkbrott brutits klart. Det finns en mängd olika sätt att efterbehandla eller återställa ett kalkbrott på beroende på dess förutsättningar. Aspekter att ta hänsyn till är exempelvis hur kalkbrotten smälter samman med omkringliggande natur, hur kalkbrotten efter efterbehandling blir viktiga boplatser för djur och växter samt om kalkbrottet ligger på ett vattenskyddsområde, som fallet är i Ignaberga. Genom litteraturstudier, dokumentstudier, bildanalyser samt fältstudier undersöker denna uppsats Ignaberga kalkbrotts återställningsplan och hur återställningsarbetet fortskrider. Som jämförande studie har Limhamns kalkbrott valts. Fokus i uppsatsen har lagts på planer som finns kring efterbehandlingen, om hur bestämmelserna tillämpats samt en översiktlig jämförelse mellan hur de båda kalkbrotten efterbehandlats så här långt. Resultaten visar att både Ignaberga kalkbrott och Limhamns kalkbrott efterbehandlar enligt de bestämmelser som finns och att planerna för hur kalkbrotten efterbehandlas bestäms utifrån de enskilda kalkbrottens förutsättningar som visade sig vara klart olika.

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The fauna of the Lower Cambrian is far from fully understood, as is the environment of that epoch. Some of the most crucial moments in the history of evolution takes place during this epoch; the Cambrian explosion and the appearance of ecosystems as we know them. That makes it an important period to investigate. Doing so, the Lower Cambrian offers a lot of problems, one of which is that body fossils are seldom preserved. That has often left us with trace fossils to create an image of the Lower Cambrian life, but also some bedrock features such as ripple marks.</p><p>The main purpose of this work has been to investigate the possibilities of relating the wave lengths and forms of recent wave-generated ripples to fossil ones, and also to evaluate the methods for that kind of comparison. In this case the ripple marks belong to about 520 million year old sandstone formations at the shore of Trolmens strand (Kinnekulle area) and the mine Centralgruvan (Kvarntorp, Kumla). In total eighteen ripple trains from the Lower Cambrian were compared to the recent ripples in the shallow waters of Persbols strand and a somewhat steeper offshore area of Herrängen, northern and southern lake Skagern respectively.</p><p>After measuring the ripples several methods were used to find a practical and accurate procedure for the Persbols strand area. The conclusion is that, depending on depth and water transparency, a combination of methods should be used. Closest to the shore it was possible to take photos along the entire section from above water level, but because of the water depth further from the shore the aim of measuring the entire distance had to be abandoned. Instead, measurements should be taken with an adequate frequency, in this case every other meter up to one hundred meter from the shore line.</p><p>As a result of the measured recent ripples three different zones have been distinguished. One is situated 0-3 m from the shore line, or also a water depth down to 20 cm. The ripples in this area have wavelengths between one and four cm. and are asymmetrical, in some cases transforming to symmetrical in the outer part of the zone. It is only in this area, and some very shallow parts outside this zone, catenary ripples can be found. They are built up in the meter closest to the shore.</p><p>The second zone is situated approximately 3-80 m from the shore, or in areas of 20-80 cm water depth. The wave lengths grow from some 4 to 8 cm as the water depth increases. The ripple form is symmetrical, with the exception of some areas on the lake side of sand banks. Also, ripples with short crests and long throughs seems to dominate this zone.</p><p>Further out from the shore, more than 80 m, or in waters deeper than 80-100 cm, a third zone appears. The wave lengths are about 10 cm and, without any exceptions, the ripples are, symmetrical. None of the largescale fossil ripple marks were located due to the fact that no measurements further than 100 m from the shore were made.</p><p>The methods used here will make it possible to determine the environment of formation of the ripple marks, at least within 100 m from the shore, to the degree considered necessary for investigations in Earth science. Furthermore, the depth of water has appeared to be just as an important factor as the distance to the shore.</p>

Sweden is aiming for a sustainable development through achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. To do so, new mobility habits among Sweden’s inhabitants must be realized; public transport and car sharing have to be prioritised over private car ownership in which people travel alone. As the Swedish government aims to meet these needs, the commercialisation of autonomous vehicles is awaited along with digitalisation. Digitalisation cross-bread with a roll out of self driving cars is by some expected to boost the roll out of Mobility as a Service in the shape of a door to door solution within transportation. This can potentially create a decline of today’s ride sharing services, largely made up by the mass transit-system and ride-pooling. The use of mass transit systems and large pooled rides has the biggest potential to reduce congestion and CO2-emissions or energy use per traveller, provided the passengers are going in the same direction. As a self driving door to door solution can cause shifts in the demand for transportation, this study aims to understand the pathway needed to make ride sharing the preferred choice of motorised transportation among travellers in urban areas in Sweden by 2030 – in the light of the potential Self Driving door to door roll out, as well as the achievement of the SDGs. To meet the aim, the transition theory Multi-Level Perspective and Strategic Niche Management is used, together with semi-structures interviews with central stakeholders of ride sharing. The result shows that mobilisation processes through communication, envisioning and education are needed, together with innovation promoting sustainable behaviours, such as digital means for a faster democratic process. With regards to innovation processes, the result shows that the use of interdisciplinarity and promotion of perspectives deriving from the humanities within in learning and envisioning practices in Sweden are needed. Both within the Swedish educational system, but also at conferences. The results also show a need for economic schemes and steering policies for the promotion of ride sharing.

No description available.

Biogas is renewable and carbon neutral, which makes it an excellent environmentally friendly alternative to the use of fossil fuels. Biogas production in agriculture is based on the use of manure and residual waste, which results in less greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Biogas production, together with other environmental initiatives, can contribute to achieving several of the Swedish environmental goals. Today, the farm-based biogas production in Halland County is still under development and although there is a great potential in agriculture, it is far from being used. It is also important to find out whether the conditions for agricultural-based biogas production have changed and to find out what difficulties there are to eliminate and what can be done to get more farmers to invest in biogas. The method used to answer the question is based on interviews with ten farmers, review of scientific literature, reports and statistics. The result shows that the conditions for biogas production in agriculture have improved, but there are some obstacles that should be remedied. In order to develop and create a stable and sustainable farm-based biogas production, it is necessary that the permit process is simplified and that it creates demand and a stable market for biogas. Furthermore, active efforts are required from politicians and municipalities as well as a dialogue between various biogas actors, farmers and authorities, to develop a sustainable and long-term farm-based biogas production.

By examining the spicific structure of ownership associated with a fideikommiss, this study uses a geographic perspective to explain how Erstavik remain a rural-like area surrounded by urban development. The results based on questionnaire and literature search shows that laws and regulations for fideikommiss does not fully protect property within a fideikommiss from development. However, the consequences of the specific rules for fideikommiss shows to impede urban development within a fideikommiss over time. In addition, the function of the area as a large greenspace with high conservation values largely accessible for visitors, does show to be a likely explanation for the prolongation of Erstavik as a fideikommiss. By analyzing the results in a context of urban greenspace, ecosystem services and land use, previous studies on related topics are presented and compared with for an added scientific perspective. As a method to view Erstaviks fideikommiss from a resource perspective, the local municipality, county administration and landowner gives their view on todays' land use in Erstavik based on each respective agenda. Lastly, the varying meanings of a resource in a context of geography is briefly applied to each respective agenda.

<p>Forest Conservation and People’s Livelihoods: Explaining Encroachment on Zambia’s Protected Forest Landscapes - The Case Of Mwekera National Forest, Kitwe, Copperbelt</p><p>Abstract</p><p>The conflicts between conservation objectives and the livelihood needs of local communities are intricate and difficult to resolve and yet the success of any conservation effort hinges on their solution. This is particularly true in forest conservation in Third World countries like Zambia, where rural populations depend directly on forest resources, which are in many cases protected.</p><p>Forest reserves in Zambia have undergone drastic changes over the years due to encroachment by such human activities as agriculture, charcoal burning and even settlements. This has led to the deforestation of most of them including Mwekera National Forest in Kitwe on the Copperbelt province. The Forest Department has attempted to involve the people in the management of these resources in a bid to redress the trend. But the fundamental causes for the encroachment and deforestation are not clear. This study was focused on unearthing the underlying causes of encroachment and the subsequent deforestation of Mwekera National Forest. This was done through a qualitative ethnographic approach employing individual interviews, focused group discussions, observations and pictures of relevant phenomena. The target groups included the forest communities living in and around Mwekera National Forest as well as government forestry officials at both local and national levels. The study was based on nature-culture theory, knowledge systems theory as well as the participatory approach.</p><p>The study reveals that macro-economic policies such as privatisation of the mines has undermined people’s livelihoods while the inefficient and bureaucratic land delivery system made “vacant” protected forest land an attractive option. The policy contradictions between the forest sector and other sectors such as energy, agriculture and land have not helped matters. Organisational constraints on the Forest Department such as its inadequate human, financial and other resources coupled with the delay in its transformation to a more autonomous Forest Commission have not secured protected forests. Its old centralist management approach has made participation by local people difficult to effect despite being provided for under new forestry policy and law. This has meant that decisions made by officials lack meaningful involvement and support of the local people, thereby seriously hindering effective forest protection. Herein lies one major cause of encroachment.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Global aquaculture production has grown rapidly and is now among the fastest growing food production sectors in many countries.Introduced over the past 50 years or so,aquaculture in Africa has gone through different levels of growth. The desirability of aquaculture has been due to unreliable and unsustainable use of natural waters for capture fisheries. Due to the country’s concern, the government of Uganda has promoted aquaculture before for nutritional values. However, current policy initiatives that call for collective actions are geared towards commercial aquaculture development.</p><p>This work focuses on several aspects of aquaculture development in Uganda viz; past,present and future, potential, reared fish species, benefits, constraints and these are reflected in the policy and institutional arrangements with in the sector. This work has been undertaken with the aim of providing in detail the possible ways and means for sustainable utilization of aquaculture outcomes. Emphasis has been on how members of Kigoowa Catholic Women’s Development Association (KCWDA) have been empowered through group formation and aquaculture activities.</p><p>This work also analyses the dynamic gender relations that exist in resource ownership, access and use in Uganda and the implications thereof to aquaculture growth and expansion. Included are the possible options vulnerable people especially women undertake to sustain their livelihoods and those of their families and the community as a whole.</p><p>The information in this work is discussed in line with the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. It therefore aims at providing an additional reference text on the subject and in the context of aquaculture. Details about certain concepts, policies and principles, nature of the sector and supportive literature on various issues are discussed.</p>

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>De dricksvattenresurser som finns i dag globalt sett är ojämnt fördelade över såväl kontinent</p><p>som mindre geografiska enheter. Det beror både på vattnets kretslopp och på andra faktorer</p><p>som mänskligt räckhåll och teknisk räckvidd. Det mänskliga räckhållet symboliseras av lagar,</p><p>ägande, attityder och ekonomi i denna uppsats och tekniken framstår som en pådrivande</p><p>faktor för utveckling vad gäller rening och transport av dricksvatten. Uppsatsen diskuterar</p><p>även hållbarhet som begrepp och hur det kan relateras till dricksvatten, samt andra</p><p>angreppssätt av dricksvatten som dels en livsviktig resurs, dels en handelsvara.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga Sveriges möjligheter att exportera dricksvatten till andra</p><p>länder utifrån följande frågeställningar:</p><p>1. Kan man äga vatten?</p><p>2. Vad innebär hållbarhet i relation till dricksvatten? Och är vattenexport en hållbar</p><p>lösning på dricksvattenproblem?</p><p>3. Hur ser Sveriges möjligheter ut att exportera vatten till andra länder och var skulle ett</p><p>sådant uttag ske?</p><p>För att få svar på detta har Sveriges sötvattenstillgångar till stor del kartlagts och vad som</p><p>gäller kring dessa beträffande ägande, lagar, regler och uttag. För att ge en bild av hur</p><p>Sveriges tillgångar av dricksvatten ser ut består undersökningen dels i sekundär och primär</p><p>data. Primärdata har bestått av intervjuer med sju respondenter som på olika sätt anses som</p><p>insatta i ämnet. Intervjufrågorna har berört ägande av vatten, prissättning, lagar och teknik,</p><p>men även mer direkta frågor om Sveriges möjligheter att exportera dricksvatten och vad det</p><p>skulle kunna ge för olika för och nackdelar.</p><p>Sekundärdata består i framförallt rapporter från Naturvårdsverket, som beskriver Sveriges</p><p>ytvatten tillgångar och SGUs rapport om Sveriges grundvatten. Dessa har legat som underlag</p><p>för att kartlägga uttag som sker och vilken typ av påverkan på sötvattnet som sker och var.</p><p>I slutdiskussionen sammanfattas fakta och teori med författarens egna reflektioner.</p><p>Slutresultatet blev att man inte kan äga vatten, men man kan nyttja det på olika sätt med vissa</p><p>begräsningar. Hållbarhet visade sig vara ett osäkert begrepp i förhållande till dricksvatten</p><p>eftersom att förenligheten mellan ekonomi, sociala aspekter och miljö ofta brister i samband</p><p>med dricksvatten. Dricksvatten innehåller därför ett stort mått av osäkerhet. På grund av detta</p><p>ansåg majoriteten av respondenterna att dricksvattenexport är en ganska kortsiktig lösning</p><p>som inte är hållbar i längden, även om det fanns röster som såg dricksvatten som något</p><p>positivt. Om Sverige kan exportera dricksvatten till andra länder är fortfarande oklart då</p><p>intervjupersonernas svar skiljer sig från varandra, dessutom är ägandet av en vara en</p><p>förutsättning för att kunna exportera den, och i Sverige äger ingen vattnet, enligt de flesta</p><p>respondenterna.</p><p>Sveriges styrka vid en export är enligt majoriteten av respondenterna våra goda resurser av</p><p>sötvatten, även om några såg brister även här. Svagheten är enligt majoriteten avståndet</p><p>mellan Sverige och marknaden, vilket i sin tur främst ha visat sig vara fysiskt avstånd, men</p><p>även emotionell avstånd i form av förbindelser och säkerhetsfrågor. Om Sverige skulle</p><p>exportera dricksvatten är enligt undersökningen det bästa alternativet de nordligaste delarna</p><p>av landet. Dels på grund av att tillgången enligt intervjupersonerna är som störst här, och dels</p><p>för att rapporter från Naturvårdsverket och SGU visar att uttag, mänsklig påverkan och</p><p>befolkningsökningen förväntas vara som lägst här.</p> / <p>The drinking water in the global world today are not equally divided over continents or</p><p>smaller geographical units. It depends both on the waters natural cycle and other factors, such</p><p>as human reach and technical range. The human reach is symbolised by laws, ownership,</p><p>attitudes, and economics in this assignment and the technical range is a factor that drives</p><p>development forward in purifying and transport of drinking water. This paper also discuss</p><p>sustainable development as a concept and how it can be related to drinking water. The paper</p><p>also discuss other ways to view water as both a vital resource and a merchandise.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to survey Sweden’s possibility to export drinking water to other</p><p>countries on the basis of these questions:</p><p>1. Is it possible to own water?</p><p>2. What does sustainability mean in a relation to drinking water and is an export of</p><p>drinking water a sustainable solution to drinking water problems?</p><p>3. Which are the possibilities to export water from Sweden to other countries and where</p><p>should the withdrawal take place?</p><p>To get an answer to this question, the freshwater supply in Sweden is described in this paper,</p><p>and also the rules that affect it, such as laws, ownership and withdrawal. To create an image</p><p>of Sweden’s supply of drinking water the investigation includes both secondary and primary</p><p>data. The primary data are built upon interviews with seven persons which in different ways</p><p>are working with drinking water questions. The interviews includes questions about</p><p>ownership and water, price and water, laws and technique regarding water and also more</p><p>direct questions about the possibilities for Sweden to export drinking water to other countries</p><p>and the positive and negative aspects that comes up with this kind of export.</p><p>The data that is secondary is based on reports from Naturvårdsverket and Sweden’s</p><p>Geological investigation (SGU) in Sweden. These reports describes Swedens supply of</p><p>surface water and groundwater.</p><p>The result of this paper is that you can’t own water, but one can use it in different ways whit</p><p>some limitations. Sustainability is an uncertain concept in a relation to drinking water,</p><p>because economics, environment and social aspects are not always compatible in the</p><p>sustainable thought. Drinking water and the problems around it therefore includes a big</p><p>measure of insecurity. The majority of the interviewed therefore saw an export of drinking</p><p>water as an untenable, short-term solution of drinking water problems. If Sweden can export</p><p>water or not is still unclear, because the persons interviewed has different answers to this</p><p>question. Besides, ownership of a resource is a basic condition for one to export and sale it</p><p>and no one owns the water in Sweden, according to the persons that was interviewed.</p><p>Sweden’s strength is, according to the persons interviewed, the state’s big surplus of water,</p><p>and the weakness depends on the big distance between Sweden and the water market.</p><p>If Sweden should decide to export drinking water the best alternative of withdrawal would be</p><p>in the north part of the country. This because the surplus is big there and in the future</p><p>pollution on water expects be low in this area, according to Naurvårdsverket and Sweden’s</p><p>geological institution.</p>