München, Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2000.

Ce travail concerne l'étude de nouvelles espèces germaniées tétravalentes et divalentes présentant un germanium dans un état de coordination non usuel.<br />Le premier chapitre est une mise au point bibliographique permettant de situer le thème de notre travail dans le cadre général de l'étude des fonctions divalentes >E14. Elle concerne plus particulièrement i) les espèces divalentes hétéroleptiques halogénées stabilisées par le ligand β-diiminate L2(Cl)Ge, ii) les dérivés germaniés porteurs de ligands de type “pince” O-chélatants. <br />Le deuxième chapitre, concerne les complexes Germanium(II)-tungstène [L2(X)Ge]nW(CO)6-n (L2 = NPhC(Me)CHC(Me)NPh ; n = 1, X = OTf ; n = 2, X = Cl). Des réactions de métathèse ion chlorure/ions peu coordinants (TfO-, BPh4-, PF6-) de ces complexes ont été envisagées pour accéder aux complexes cationiques de types [L2Ge]n+W(CO)6-n correspondants. Les structures de deux complexes germanium(II)-tungstène sont rapportées et analysées. Un équilibre entre une forme covalente et une forme ionique des dérivés à groupement triflate a été observé dans la pyridine.<br />Le troisième chapitre présente la synthèse et les études spectroscopiques (IR ; Masse ; RMN 1H, 13C, 17O) de composés du Germanium(IV) à ligand 2-méthoxybenzyle ArCH2GeHnΣn-3 (Ar = 2-(MeO)C6H4; n = 0 et 3, Σ = X, Me, Ph, OMe ; n = 1, Σ = X, Me, Mes, OMe, OTf ; n = 2, Σ = Cl). Ces études spectroscopiques, une théorique DFT et une étude RX de ArCH2GeH2OTf ont permis de démontrer que le ligand 2-méthoxybenzyle pouvait, dans la plupart des composés, adopter une géométrie permettant une interaction groupement méthoxyle et le centre germanié. Ce chapitre décrit également les synthèses de nouvelles espèces hétéroleptiques divalentes 2-(MeO)C6H4CH2Ge(Cl) et 5-(Cl)-2-(MeO)C6H3CH2Ge(Cl) et quelques aspects de leur réactivité. L'analyse structurelle d'un nouveau type de cluster – structure à un germanium(IV) hexacoordonné et neuf germanium(II) tricoordonnés – obtenu par hydrolyse lente du mélange ArCH2GeHCl2 et Et3GeOMe est également présentée.

No description available.

This thesis investigates the stabilization of divalent germanium using substituted diethanol amine ligands. Germylenes of type RN(CH2CH2OH)2Ge were obtained from N-heterocyclic germylenes and N-alkyl diethanol amines in yields of up to 94%. Single crystal X-ray diffraction confims the presence of a transannular Ge-N dative bond in all cases. In addition, intermolecular dimers containing Ge2O2 rings are formed for R = Me and Et. Reaction of the four germylenes L with nickel carbonyl yielded the respective germylene complexes L2Ni(CO)2 and LNi(CO)3. The germylenes and their complexes were investigated with DFT methods. Only four methods, SVWN, BB1K, MPWB1K and M062x gave acceptable Ge-N distances. Dimerization energies of the germylenes were examined with the thermochemically accurate M062x method. At the M062x/Def2-TZVP level, the dimerization energies of the germylenes are very small (ΔG° ≈ 0 kcal/mol). The experimentally observed dimerization or lack thereof may accordingly be determined by packing effects in the solid state or solvation energies in solution.

Bielefeld, Universiẗat, Diss., 1998.

Ce travail de thèse est axé sur la synthèse et la réactivité d'un nouveau germylène P,N-hétérocyclique stabilisé par un fragment phosphanylidène-phosphorane. Le premier chapitre constitue un état de l'art des études portant sur la réactivité des espèces dérivées du groupe principal vis-à-vis de petites molécules (H2, NH3, éthylène, etc.). Une emphase particulière a été apportée à la description des différents mécanismes impliqués dans l'activation des liaisons de hautes énergies et à leur comparaison avec ceux rencontrés dans le cas des métaux de transitions. Le deuxième chapitre présente la synthèse et la caractérisation complète de germylene-phosphacétènes stabilisés par différents ligands phosphine fonctionnalisés. Ces dérivés sont thermiquement labiles et leur décarbonylation à diverse températures conduit au germylène-phosphinidène transitoire correspondant. L'évolution de ces intermédiaires est étroitement liée à la nature du ligand phosphine coordinné au Ge(II) central et, dans le cas du germylène stabilisé par un ligand diaminophosphine à quatre chaînons très volumineux, une migration intramoléculaire conduisant à un nouveau germylène cyclique à six chaînons est observée. L'étude de ce germylène P,N-hétérocyclique fait l'objet du troisième chapitre de ce manuscrit. Ce germylène présente un écart énergétique HOMO-LUMO faible du fait de sa stabilisation par le fragment phosphanilidène-phosphorane. En conséquence, sa réactivité est accrue en comparaison des germylènes N-hétérocycliques classiques pour qui l'écart d'énergie singulet-triplet est supérieur. La réactivité de ce nouveau germylène, incluant une étude en chimie de coordination vers acides de Lewis, est présentée. Dans le quatrième chapitre, un adduit réactif du germylène P,N-hétérocyclique avec un borane a été étudié expérimental et théoriquement. Du fait de l'existence de plusieurs sites réactifs de différentes natures au sein de ce composé, il se comporte comme un système "multi-activation" vis-à-vis de petites molécules. Son utilisation en tant que catalyseur dans des transformations organiques sera également présentée. / The synthesis and reactivity of a new P,N-heterocyclic germylene, stabilized by a phosphanylidene-phosphorane moiety, are the subjects of this work. In the first chapter, a bibliographic study resumes the state of the art of principal main-group systems capable to activate small molecules, such as H2, NH3, ethylene, etc. following similar activation mechanism that those of transition metal complexes. The second chapter present the synthesis and full characterization of stable phosphaketenes functionalized germylenes supported by different phosphine ligands. These derivatives are thermally labile and easily undergo thermal decarbonylation, affording the corresponding transient germylene-phosphinidene. The evolution of these intermediates is strongly related to the nature of the phosphine ligand coordinated to the Ge(II) centre and, in the case of the germylene stabilized by the bulkier four-membered cyclic diamino-phosphine, the phosphine ligand migrates from the germanium to the phosphorus atom to form a new six-membered cyclic germylene. The study of this P,N-heterocyclic germylene is the main subject in the thirds chapter. This germylene presents a small HOMO-LUMO energy gap due to the stabilization provided by the phosphanilidene-phosphorane fragment. As a consequence, it presents an enhanced reactivity compared to that of classical N-heterocyclic germylenes, where the singlet-triplet energy gap is larger. The reactivity of this new germylene, as well as its coordination ability towards Lewis acids, will be discussed. In the fourth chapter, a stable adduct of the P,N-heterocyclic germylene with a bulky borane will be experimental and theoretically studied. Due to the presence of multiple reactive sites in this germylene-borane complex, it behaves as a multiple-activation system towards small molecules. Its use as catalyst in some organic transformations will be also presented.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20935号 / 理博第4387号 / 新制||理||1630(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 時任 宣博, 教授 大須賀 篤弘, 教授 依光 英樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

<p>The complexation reactions of silylenes (SiMe₂, SiPh₂ and SiMes₂) and germylenes (GeMe₂, GePh₂ and GeMes₂) with a series of O-, S-, N- and P-donors have been studied in hexanes solution. The equilibrium constants for complexation of SiMes₂ and GeMes₂ with 7 Lewis bases were determined, and demonstrate that the silylene is more Lewis acidic than the germylene by ca. 1 kcal mol^-1. Diethyl ether reacted with the six tetrellylenes with equilibrium constants that decrease in the order SiPh₂ > SiMe₂ > GePh₂ > GeMe₂ > SiMes₂ > GeMes₂, establishing a trend in the Lewis acidities of the silylenes and germylenes. Experimental results are complemented by calculated (G4) binding enthalpies of the MMe₂-donor complexes, which were found to correlate with Drago’s E and C parameters leading to the classification of SiMe₂ and GeMe₂ as borderline soft Lewis acids.</p> <p>A number of sigma-bond insertion reactions by transient silylenes was examined, namely the O-H, N-H and Si-O insertion reactions with alcohols, amines and siloxanes, respectively. In all cases the reactions were found to proceed via a two step mechanism in which the first step is a reversible formation of a Lewis acid-base complex. The second step was found to be a catalytic H-migration in the reactions with alcohols and amines; the catalysis by the alcohol is at least 10⁴ times faster than that by the amine. Complexes of silylenes with alkoxysilanes and siloxanes transform into the final products via a unimolecular [1,2]-silyl migration.</p> <p>Chalcogen abstraction reactions by silylenes (SiMe₂, SiPh₂, SiTmp₂ and SiMes₂) and germylenes (GeMe₂ and GePh₂) from oxiranes (cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and propylene oxide (PrO)) and thiiranes (cyclohexene sulfide (CHS) and propylene sulfide (PrS)) were investigated by laser flash photolysis and steady-state photolysis methods. The results indicate that the reaction proceeds via a two step mechanism, in which the first step is a reversible complexation followed by a unimolecular decomposition of the complex to yield products of chalcogen abstraction, namely alkenes and the corresponding R₂M=X transients (R = Me, Ph, Tmp and Mes, M = Si or Ge, X = O or S). Diphenylsilanethione was directly detected and identified on the basis of its spectra and reactivity with amines and alcohols. The O- and S- abstraction by silylenes proceed with ca. 50% efficiency; in contrast, no evidence for O-abstraction by GeMe₂ from CHO could be found, while propene was formed in ca. 35% yield in the reaction of GeMe₂ with PrS.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The germylenes, germanium(II) 2-(oxidomethyl)phenolate (1), germanium(II) 4-methyl-2-(oxidomethyl)phenolate (2) and germanium(II) 4-bromo-2-(oxidomethyl)phenolate (3) were synthesized and their thermally induced twin polymerization to give organic–inorganic hybrid materials was studied. The compounds 1–3 form oligomers including dimers, trimers and tetramers as a result of intermolecular coordination of the benzylic oxygen atom to germanium. The structural motifs were studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and DFT-D calculations. Thermally induced twin polymerization of these germylenes gave hybrid materials based on germanium-containing phenolic resins. Carbonization of these resins under reductive conditions resulted in porous materials that are composed of germanium and carbon (Ge@C materials), while oxidation with air provided non-porous germanium dioxide. The porous Ge@C materials were tested as potential anode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. Reversible capacities of 540 mA h g−1 were obtained at a current density of 346 mA g−1 without apparent fading for 100 cycles, which demonstrates that germanium is well accessible in the hybrid material. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

The germylenes, germanium(II) 2-(oxidomethyl)phenolate (1), germanium(II) 4-methyl-2-(oxidomethyl)phenolate (2) and germanium(II) 4-bromo-2-(oxidomethyl)phenolate (3) were synthesized and their thermally induced twin polymerization to give organic–inorganic hybrid materials was studied. The compounds 1–3 form oligomers including dimers, trimers and tetramers as a result of intermolecular coordination of the benzylic oxygen atom to germanium. The structural motifs were studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and DFT-D calculations. Thermally induced twin polymerization of these germylenes gave hybrid materials based on germanium-containing phenolic resins. Carbonization of these resins under reductive conditions resulted in porous materials that are composed of germanium and carbon (Ge@C materials), while oxidation with air provided non-porous germanium dioxide. The porous Ge@C materials were tested as potential anode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. Reversible capacities of 540 mA h g−1 were obtained at a current density of 346 mA g−1 without apparent fading for 100 cycles, which demonstrates that germanium is well accessible in the hybrid material. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.