Die Transvaalse polisie het sy beslag gehad in die polisiestelsel van die Kaapkolonie soos aangepas by die bepaalde, en soms ongelyksoortige, behoeftes van verskillende Voortrekkerpioniersnedersettings. Die stelsel, wat swaar geleun het op instellings wat nie ‘n direkte polisie-assosiasie gehad het nie, het geen noemenswaardige ontwikkeling deurgemaak nie en teen die begin van die sewentigerjare was die Transvaalse polisiediens so stagnant dat dit ‘n opvallende agterstand teenoor al die buurstate geopenbaar het. Eers onder die bewind van president Burgers is die plattelandse diens, wat hoofsaaklik met Bantoes te maak gehad het, tot ‘n mate gemoderniseer. Hierdie proses het veral gewentel om die losmaking daarvan van die militêre waaraan dit voorheen om finansiële en organisatoriese gerief innig versmeld was. Ook Britse tussenregering wat wel weinig nuuts tot die groei van ‘n selfstandige polisieorganisasie kon bydra, het, soos Burgers, nuwe weë van opset en organisasie vir die herstelde Republiek ontsluit. Die eerstes hiervan het egter dwaalweë geblyk te wees. Voortgesette geldnood, maar veral die onheilsame oorheersing van die polisiediens deur Piet Joubert, wat sy oë op die verlede eerder as op die toekoms gerig het en op die artilleriekorps eerder as op ‘n landspolisie, was grotendeels hiervoor verantwoordelik. "Die gevolg was verkeerde beklemtoning van organisasie en aanwending sodat nie slegs die werksaamhede nie maar die hele bestaan van die plattelandse polisieorganisasie in die weegskaal beland het en die polisie verhinder is om die rol waartoe dit in staat was in die bantoe-onluste van die tagtiger- en vroeë negentigerjare in noord-Transvaal te speel. Die enigste konstante faktor in die polisiediens was die rol wat die veldkornette en later die bantoekommissarisse in die kleine gespeel het. Op die dorpe het die gemoedelike ontwikkeling hoofsaaklik gewentel om die vasstelling van beheer wat dikwels meer gebieders as polisie tot gevolg gehad het. In pas met die grondwetlike woelinge van die jare vyftig en sestig, het die vraagstuk ‘n vinnige maar ook verwarrende tydperk deurgemaak totdat die leisels uiteindelik in die hande van die staatsprokureur beland het. Deur sy professionele kennis, wetshandhawingsfunksie en toegang tot die regering het hy gesorg vir ‘n gestadigde maar volgehoue groei en meer doeltreffende aanwending van die dorpspolisiediens. Die vernaamste ontplooiing volg na die ontdekking van goud. In die verband was die ontwikkeling van delwerye in die noorde, ooste en weste voor die op die Witwatersrand ‘n seën in so verre hulle as leerskool gedien het vir die probleme met wetshandhawing onder elemente wat aan die Transvaalse samelewing vreemd en selfs vyandig was. Hoewel die basiese wetgewing en polisieorganisasie in die verband dus reeds bestaan het met die aanvang van die ongeëwenaarde toeloop van Uitlanders na Johannesburg, het ‘n legio van ander probleme spoedig ontstaan en met verloop van tyd vererger. ‘n Belangrike interne probleem, wat soos so vele ander gespruit het uit die onversadigbare vraagstuk na genoegsame getalle polisie, was die sistematisering van administrasie, bevel en beheer. Met organiese probleme van hierdie aard kon die stadige meulens van die wetgewende en uitvoerende gesag nie tred hou nie. Dit was deels omdat die staat nag te onvolwasse was en die probleem te omvattend, maar ook deels omdat die staat nie geneë was om die Johannesburgers se probleme op te los nie en deels omdat die Johannesburgers verkies het om hulle probleme nie deur die republikeinse regering opgelos te kry nie. Hierdeur is aan die Johannesburgse polisiediens ‘n verdere dimensie verleen waardeur dit gevaar geloop het om tot 'n pion in ‘n diplomatieke skaakspel tussen die staatsowerhede en die Uitlanders gereduseer te word. Die houding van die Uitlanders teenoor Boereinstellings in die algemeen vorm trouens die vernaamste eksterne faktor wat die polisiediens geslyp het. Beginnende met die Jameson-inval het die polisiediens ‘n spil geword waarom politieke wrywing tussen Pretoria, Johannesburg en Londen gewentel het en die bedrewenheid en integriteit of andersins van die republikeinse geregsdienaar het ‘n belangrike bestanddeel geword van die hekseketel waaruit die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog gevloei het. Aan die ander kant het Johannesburg ‘n vername bydrae gelewer tot die wasdom van die polisiediens. Ten opsigte van aanwending het dit die speurdiens gebaar. Organisatoriese prosesse van rasionalisasie onder die beheer van die kommissaris van polisie en bewegings om aan die diens ‘n professionele gestalte te verleen deur opleiding, verbeterde kommissariaat administrasie en die uitstryking van die vraagstuk van bevel en beheer deur die byvoeging van 'n aparte regskundige element – die administratiewe buro, en die kodifikasie van instruksies, kom pas na die stimulus van die Jameson-inval tot bevrugting. Maar veral het die unieke eise wat Johannesburg gestel het die polisiediens op ‘n peil van doeltreffendheid gedwing waarvoor Uitlander- en ook ander kritici in die spannende dae voor die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog blind was, maar waarop die klein Republiek trots kon wees. Soos die polisiediens op die dorpe het die plattelandse diens ook sy finale beslaggewing aan die inval te danke. Maar die tradisie van gebondenheid aan die krygsdiens en bantoeadministrasie het verhoed dat die diens algehele selfstandigheid verwerf het terwyl slegs in die onlusgeteisterde streke, van die noordelike Transvaal sprake was van afdoende polisiesterkte en dit ‘n skamele twee jaar voor die einde. Ook ten opsigte van die plattelandse polisiediens het Britse belange ‘n botsing met die Republiek gebolwerk om die Bunu-kwessie. Vir die laaste stormagtige ontwikkelingsfase van die polisiediens was nie slegs Jameson en Uitlanderkritiek verantwoordelik nie maar ook die onvermoeide ywer van ‘n aantal, meesal jong, amptenare. Aan die “stompkant” neem persone soos staatsprokureurs Esselen en Smuts ‘n ereplek in terwyl aan die aksiekant in Johannesburg dit Krause, Pietersen, De Beer, Schutte, Van Dam en selfs Trimble en op die platteland eers Dahl en toe Du Toit was. Daarenteen het die polisiekommissarisse ‘n opvallend beperkte bydrae gelewer. Die laaste paar jaar van die Republiek se bestaan het verdere uitbreiding van polisiepligte meegebring wat gewentel het om die staatsveiligheid en die Z.A.R.P's algaande voorberei het vir die militêre rol wat die oorlog vir hulle sou meebring. Die belangrikste hiervan, ewe-eens ‘n nasleep van die kruispaaie wat die Jameson-inval in die polisiewese meegebring het, was die geheime diens waarvan die plek in die Republiek se militêre voorbereidings nog nie ten volle bepaal is nie. Tydens die oorlog self is die gereelde polisie as die Republiek se enigste opgeleide berede infanterie, op ‘n vroeë stadium vir krygsdiens aangewend om op die gevegsfront die stryd teen Imperialisme op ander wyse voort te sit as wat dit reeds vir meer as tien jaar in die strate van Johannesburg gedoen het. Anders as by Dalmanutha waar die Johannesburgse Z.A.R.P.'s met aansienlike roem omhul hul laaste opdrag uitgevoer het, het die raap en skraap amateurpolisie waarmee hulle op die tuisfront vervang moes word, aan ‘n gestadiger en roemloser einde gekom sodat die polisiediens in die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek in die opsig nie op ‘n hoër noot afgesluit het as waarmee dit begin het nie. Ook het die Republikeinse polisiediens geen nalatenskap gehad nie. Die beswaddering van die diens in Britse kringe het die herlewing daarvan na die Oorlog - volgens tydgenote se latere opmerkings, minstens gedeeltelik ten nadele - verhoed. / Proefskrif--PU vir CHO, 1971

Die Transvaalse polisie het sy beslag gehad in die polisiestelsel van die Kaapkolonie soos aangepas by die bepaalde, en soms ongelyksoortige, behoeftes van verskillende Voortrekkerpioniersnedersettings. Die stelsel, wat swaar geleun het op instellings wat nie ‘n direkte polisie-assosiasie gehad het nie, het geen noemenswaardige ontwikkeling deurgemaak nie en teen die begin van die sewentigerjare was die Transvaalse polisiediens so stagnant dat dit ‘n opvallende agterstand teenoor al die buurstate geopenbaar het. Eers onder die bewind van president Burgers is die plattelandse diens, wat hoofsaaklik met Bantoes te maak gehad het, tot ‘n mate gemoderniseer. Hierdie proses het veral gewentel om die losmaking daarvan van die militêre waaraan dit voorheen om finansiële en organisatoriese gerief innig versmeld was. Ook Britse tussenregering wat wel weinig nuuts tot die groei van ‘n selfstandige polisieorganisasie kon bydra, het, soos Burgers, nuwe weë van opset en organisasie vir die herstelde Republiek ontsluit. Die eerstes hiervan het egter dwaalweë geblyk te wees. Voortgesette geldnood, maar veral die onheilsame oorheersing van die polisiediens deur Piet Joubert, wat sy oë op die verlede eerder as op die toekoms gerig het en op die artilleriekorps eerder as op ‘n landspolisie, was grotendeels hiervoor verantwoordelik. "Die gevolg was verkeerde beklemtoning van organisasie en aanwending sodat nie slegs die werksaamhede nie maar die hele bestaan van die plattelandse polisieorganisasie in die weegskaal beland het en die polisie verhinder is om die rol waartoe dit in staat was in die bantoe-onluste van die tagtiger- en vroeë negentigerjare in noord-Transvaal te speel. Die enigste konstante faktor in die polisiediens was die rol wat die veldkornette en later die bantoekommissarisse in die kleine gespeel het. Op die dorpe het die gemoedelike ontwikkeling hoofsaaklik gewentel om die vasstelling van beheer wat dikwels meer gebieders as polisie tot gevolg gehad het. In pas met die grondwetlike woelinge van die jare vyftig en sestig, het die vraagstuk ‘n vinnige maar ook verwarrende tydperk deurgemaak totdat die leisels uiteindelik in die hande van die staatsprokureur beland het. Deur sy professionele kennis, wetshandhawingsfunksie en toegang tot die regering het hy gesorg vir ‘n gestadigde maar volgehoue groei en meer doeltreffende aanwending van die dorpspolisiediens. Die vernaamste ontplooiing volg na die ontdekking van goud. In die verband was die ontwikkeling van delwerye in die noorde, ooste en weste voor die op die Witwatersrand ‘n seën in so verre hulle as leerskool gedien het vir die probleme met wetshandhawing onder elemente wat aan die Transvaalse samelewing vreemd en selfs vyandig was. Hoewel die basiese wetgewing en polisieorganisasie in die verband dus reeds bestaan het met die aanvang van die ongeëwenaarde toeloop van Uitlanders na Johannesburg, het ‘n legio van ander probleme spoedig ontstaan en met verloop van tyd vererger. ‘n Belangrike interne probleem, wat soos so vele ander gespruit het uit die onversadigbare vraagstuk na genoegsame getalle polisie, was die sistematisering van administrasie, bevel en beheer. Met organiese probleme van hierdie aard kon die stadige meulens van die wetgewende en uitvoerende gesag nie tred hou nie. Dit was deels omdat die staat nag te onvolwasse was en die probleem te omvattend, maar ook deels omdat die staat nie geneë was om die Johannesburgers se probleme op te los nie en deels omdat die Johannesburgers verkies het om hulle probleme nie deur die republikeinse regering opgelos te kry nie. Hierdeur is aan die Johannesburgse polisiediens ‘n verdere dimensie verleen waardeur dit gevaar geloop het om tot 'n pion in ‘n diplomatieke skaakspel tussen die staatsowerhede en die Uitlanders gereduseer te word. Die houding van die Uitlanders teenoor Boereinstellings in die algemeen vorm trouens die vernaamste eksterne faktor wat die polisiediens geslyp het. Beginnende met die Jameson-inval het die polisiediens ‘n spil geword waarom politieke wrywing tussen Pretoria, Johannesburg en Londen gewentel het en die bedrewenheid en integriteit of andersins van die republikeinse geregsdienaar het ‘n belangrike bestanddeel geword van die hekseketel waaruit die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog gevloei het. Aan die ander kant het Johannesburg ‘n vername bydrae gelewer tot die wasdom van die polisiediens. Ten opsigte van aanwending het dit die speurdiens gebaar. Organisatoriese prosesse van rasionalisasie onder die beheer van die kommissaris van polisie en bewegings om aan die diens ‘n professionele gestalte te verleen deur opleiding, verbeterde kommissariaat administrasie en die uitstryking van die vraagstuk van bevel en beheer deur die byvoeging van 'n aparte regskundige element – die administratiewe buro, en die kodifikasie van instruksies, kom pas na die stimulus van die Jameson-inval tot bevrugting. Maar veral het die unieke eise wat Johannesburg gestel het die polisiediens op ‘n peil van doeltreffendheid gedwing waarvoor Uitlander- en ook ander kritici in die spannende dae voor die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog blind was, maar waarop die klein Republiek trots kon wees. Soos die polisiediens op die dorpe het die plattelandse diens ook sy finale beslaggewing aan die inval te danke. Maar die tradisie van gebondenheid aan die krygsdiens en bantoeadministrasie het verhoed dat die diens algehele selfstandigheid verwerf het terwyl slegs in die onlusgeteisterde streke, van die noordelike Transvaal sprake was van afdoende polisiesterkte en dit ‘n skamele twee jaar voor die einde. Ook ten opsigte van die plattelandse polisiediens het Britse belange ‘n botsing met die Republiek gebolwerk om die Bunu-kwessie. Vir die laaste stormagtige ontwikkelingsfase van die polisiediens was nie slegs Jameson en Uitlanderkritiek verantwoordelik nie maar ook die onvermoeide ywer van ‘n aantal, meesal jong, amptenare. Aan die “stompkant” neem persone soos staatsprokureurs Esselen en Smuts ‘n ereplek in terwyl aan die aksiekant in Johannesburg dit Krause, Pietersen, De Beer, Schutte, Van Dam en selfs Trimble en op die platteland eers Dahl en toe Du Toit was. Daarenteen het die polisiekommissarisse ‘n opvallend beperkte bydrae gelewer. Die laaste paar jaar van die Republiek se bestaan het verdere uitbreiding van polisiepligte meegebring wat gewentel het om die staatsveiligheid en die Z.A.R.P's algaande voorberei het vir die militêre rol wat die oorlog vir hulle sou meebring. Die belangrikste hiervan, ewe-eens ‘n nasleep van die kruispaaie wat die Jameson-inval in die polisiewese meegebring het, was die geheime diens waarvan die plek in die Republiek se militêre voorbereidings nog nie ten volle bepaal is nie. Tydens die oorlog self is die gereelde polisie as die Republiek se enigste opgeleide berede infanterie, op ‘n vroeë stadium vir krygsdiens aangewend om op die gevegsfront die stryd teen Imperialisme op ander wyse voort te sit as wat dit reeds vir meer as tien jaar in die strate van Johannesburg gedoen het. Anders as by Dalmanutha waar die Johannesburgse Z.A.R.P.'s met aansienlike roem omhul hul laaste opdrag uitgevoer het, het die raap en skraap amateurpolisie waarmee hulle op die tuisfront vervang moes word, aan ‘n gestadiger en roemloser einde gekom sodat die polisiediens in die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek in die opsig nie op ‘n hoër noot afgesluit het as waarmee dit begin het nie. Ook het die Republikeinse polisiediens geen nalatenskap gehad nie. Die beswaddering van die diens in Britse kringe het die herlewing daarvan na die Oorlog - volgens tydgenote se latere opmerkings, minstens gedeeltelik ten nadele - verhoed. / Proefskrif--PU vir CHO, 1971

Thesis (DPhil. (History))--University of Stellenbosch, 1992. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The erection of buildings in Paarl during the period between the two world wars was influenced by several important socio-economical and cultural circumstances. These events changed the built-up environment of Paarl dramatically. This period can be seen as a change from a traditionial to a modern way of living and this phenomena is clearly imposed on the buildings erected during this period. Some of the important happenings that changed the lives of all Paarlites in those years and influenced their building works, was the influenza epidemic of 1918, the worldwide depression of 1929 which lasted until 1932, the peak and the pining of the wagonbuilding industry, the introduction of the motor car, electricity, motion pictures and technological development in general. This technological progress, especially the introduction of the motor car, brought about the erection of new types of buildings like service stations, show rooms and private garages for these vehicles all over Paarl. Roads were tarred and improved and electrical street lighting was introduced. On 29 November 1924 all the documents and building plans housed in the then existing town hall were destroyed by fire. Further developments that influenced living in Paarl was the establishment of the KWV in 1918, SASKO in 1935, the erection of a new hospital, town hall, post office, schools and the establishment of several other fruit and wine related industries. The granite industry flourished during this period. For the first time Paarl had its own local architects, draughtsmen and builders. Several important architects from Cape Town and elsewhere executed buildings in the town. According to existing records at the Paarl Municipality no less than 34 different architects or partnerships, draughtsmen and builders were responsible for the execution of building plans handed in at the Municipality between 1926 and 1939. Before the period in question Paarl streets were never formally laid out and for the first time large townships were planned from scratch. A wide spectrum of structures ranging from alterations to existing buildings, verandahs, garages, swimming pools, shops, offices, schools, churches and public buildings were erected in Paarl during this period. / Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing

This study traced Tertullian’s utilisation of history (or historical material) as a rhetorical instrument in one of his earliest works, the Ad Nationes. An in-depth analysis of the book identified this as a fundamental trajectory in the argument of Tertullian. The study casts a new perspective on the written work of this renowned Christian apologist and theologian. His use of history particularly to substantiate his arguments was compared with the contemporary primary sources, in order to assess the integrity or accuracy of his historical data. The prevailing rhetoric, as e.g. outlined by Quintilian, valued the message and intention of a text higher than the historical accuracy of the account. The same Quintilian, however, emphasized that historical accuracy would guarantee the message and intention of a text. The research concluded that Tertullian, who enjoyed a classical education and was therefore well acquainted with the rules of rhetoric, did pay sufficient attention to Quintilian’s insistence on historical accuracy in his utilisation of history. Tertullian was well aware of the significance of historical accuracy. On occasion he rightly criticised Tacitus (the famous historian) for historical inaccuracies in his work. In his Apologeticus (in which much of the Ad Nationes was reworked) he corrected some historical data. In the Ad Nationes he wrote a brilliant paragraph on the origin of rumours (fama) and also expressed his appreciation for careful investigation (in court procedures) in order to ascertain the truth (veritas) accurately. In the rhetorical utilisation of historical material, accurate historical knowledge did not play a crucial role. Of paramount importance was the intention and purpose of the immediate argument. / Thesis (MA (Latin))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The main objective of this study was to document, systematize and analyse the contributions of some leading Physical Educationists to the establishment and development of Physical Education in South Africa. The main methodological approach used to realise this objective was the historical-analytical method, by which the data were systematized and analysed thematically and chronologically. With a view to the systematization of data, tilt! following main aspects were chosen according to which the contributions were analysed: • Training and instruction • Research and publications • Administrative and organisational aspects - in particular to Physical Educational and sports associations and professional journals. Although several factors were considered in determining the value of the contributions, the emphasis fell on the nature, extent and quality of the contributions made in the fields already mentioned. To do research on only a few Physical Educationalists, a selection had to be made from 35 leading persons in this field in South Africa. Information on the work, approaches and involvement of these 35 persons were obtained by personal interviews and correspondence, and by studying documents, annual reports, minutes, journals, newspapers, dissertations and theses. After the relevant information had been gathered, the following criteria were applied to analyse the contributions of the chosen persons and to select three of them for further study: 1. Training and instruction 1.1. Establishment and development of the subject 1.1.1. Administrative control over training and instruction 1.1.2. Institution of courses and subjects, as well as the compilation of syllabuses 1.1.3. Implementation and expansion of facilities and equipment 1.1.4. Methods of presentation and aids used 1.2. Personal influence 2. Research 2.1. Own research 2.2. Project leadership and assistance to students 2.3. Publications 2.4. Papers presented 3. Administrative and organising aspects 3.1. Associations for Physical Education 3.2. Sports associations 3.3. Physical Educational journals 3.4. Festivals and public appearances 3.5. Other projects, such as fitness programmes and film production The application of this set of criteria to the nature, extent and quality of the work by the previously mentioned 35 persons facilitated the selection process, but still could not succeed in pinpointing only three persons for the study. For this reason, additional criteria were chosen according to which three persons could responsibly be selected. These criteria were connected with aspects such as the geographical regions where the persons worked for the longest periods of time; the particular subjects or fields of interest in which they specialised; the specific fields in which they made their most important contributions; and the period in which they made the contributions. On the basis of these additional criteria, the following three persons were selected: J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and D.P.J. Smith The contributions of these three persons to the development of the subject of Physical Education in South Africa were dealt with under the following headings: 1. Biographical sketch 2. Views on Physical Education and sport 3. Contributions to training and instruction 4. Research contributions 5. Contributions particular to Physical Educational and sports associations and professional journals To provide the necessary background information and to get a dear picture of the position these three persons had in the history of Physical Education in South Africa, as well as the conditions in which they had to work, one chapter was set aside for a survey of the development of Physical Education in South Africa between 1900 and 1982. Following that, the contributions of J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and O.P.J. Smith to the development of the subject were dealt with in separate chapters. During the study the following conclusions were drawn with regard to the contributions of J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and D.P.J. Smith to the development of Physical Education in South Africa. J W POSTMA Postma's contribution should be viewed in the light of the circumstances in which Physical Education was presented at that time. These were the formative years of Physical Education and Postma had to do pioneering work in various fields. Whereas certain aspects of the subject are nowadays being taken for granted, Postma then had to fight for the subject's right of existence. Postma's most important contribution with regard to the training of students of Physical Education was his management and the development of the Department of Physical Education at the University of Stellenbosch. He made a special contribution to the institution and development of courses and subjects, as well as the drafting of syllabuses. He was responsible for the institution of the section of Tests and Measurements in the Physical Education course at the Department. The importance of including this section in a Physical Education course has since been realised by other educational institutions. It is therefore largely owing to Postma (as well as Smith) that Tests and Measurements (later called Evaluation) was included in the courses for Physical Education students in South Africa. Besides Tests and Measurements, Postma also contributed to other theoretical sections of the subject such as Anthropometry, Principles, Method and Organisation, and Administration. He expanded factual knowledge on these subjects at Physical Education Departments throughout South Africa by means of publications and papers. Postma also strove for the implementation of better training facilities, especially in research. He also saw to it that the most vital scientific reference works and journals were made available to Physical Education students. Postma was an enthusiastic lecturer• and inspired his students. Postma's most important contribution in the field of research lies in the fact that he was one of the first Physical Educationalists in South Africa to begin research on the subject. Not only did he personally undertake many research projects, but he also inspired his students to do research and gave them valuable critical guidance in their work. The fact that Postma was an expert in the field of Physical Education as a whole, led to several publications on a wide spectrum of subsections within the subject. The large number of publications for which he was responsible, ensured that his views on the subject were propagated throughout South Africa. His book Inleiding tot die Liggaamlike Opvoedkunde should be seen as his biggest and most important research contribution to the development of the subject. Postma's involvement with Physical Educational journals and organisations in South Africa ensured growth in these two fields of the subject. Postma made a particularly valuable contribution to the development of the South African Association for Sport Science, Physical Education and Recreation. He was responsible in various capacities and in several fields for the establishment and development of this organisation. He can be seen as one of the most important founder members of this body, which came to be known as SAASSPER, and which is highly esteemed. C.M. SMIT As was the case with Postma, Smit had to pioneer and found the subject and had to fight for its development and survival. His contributions were especially in the following fields: the establishment and development of Physical Education at schools and Physical Educational organisations; the establishment and development of Physical Education and sport at the University of Pretoria; the development of the subject by means of research and publications, as well as through services rendered to Physical Educational and sports associations. With regard to the development of training and instruction as part of Physical Education, Smit did important work in two aspects. In the first instance, he did pioneering work as the first organiser of Physical Education at the Union Education Department and the National Advisory Council for Physical Education (NACPE). He had the gigantic task of establishing Physical Education at the widely diffused schools of the Union Education Department and to advise all voluntary physical culture clubs throughout the country. To succeed in this, he had to design new systems, present training courses, give professional advice, decide on the purchase and supply of Physical Educational and sports equipment, and manage several administrative affairs. One of Smit's biggest assets was his ability to instill in teachers and instructors his own knowledge, love and enthusiasm for Physical Education. During his involvement with the Union Education Department and NACPE Smit was responsible for the compilation of the national syllabus for Physical Education in South Africa. This can rightly be seen as one of Smit's most important contributions to improve the instruction of Physical Education in South Africa. Secondly, Smit made a great contribution to promote the training and instruction of Physical Education in South Africa by the work he did as professor at the Depa1•tment of Physical Education and as Director of the Institute for Physical Education at the University of Pretoria. He had to establish and manage both these departments. He was responsible for the creation of sport structures at the University of Pretoria, the planning and development of sport grounds, the purchase of equipment and for adv1sing sport clubs. As head of the Department of Physical Education, he had a big part in the instituting and developing courses and subjects, as well as in making adjustments and changes to upgrade the quality of training of Physical Education students. The standard of training was improved further by Smit's constant efforts to increase the quality of the facilities used in training. In this regard, special mention has to be made of the construction of the building in which the Department of Physical Education is housed, and the building of the L. C. de Villiers Stadium and sport grounds. The efficient way in which Smit managed the Department of Physical Education led to the expedient and effective training of students. Apart from the efficient control which Smit had over the Physical Education building and its staff, he also made an effort to maintain good relation between the personnel and students. For example, he took the initiative in organising Physical Education tours and forming a Physical Education Society at the University of Pretoria. Because of the heavy work load that Smit had to bear during his employment at the University of Pretoria and the Union Education Department, he had little time left for research work and publications. He tried to expand his knowledge of the subject by studying publications, undertaking study tours and attending conferences on Physical Education. His contribution to research on the subject consisted of some research projects he completed on his own, as well as guidance to post-graduate students. With regard to publications, he was responsible for some books (mostly as co-author) and several articles published in journals such as Physical Education and Vigor. Smit contributed his services to outside organisations. He was involved in the South African Association for Sport Science, Physical Education and Recreation from r its inception. During this time he acted as chairman (1952) and worked on several of the organisation's committees. Apart from being involved in several branches of sport at the University of Pretoria, he also offered his services to national and provincial sport bodies. D.P.J. SMITH As was the case with Postma and Smit, Smith's contributions to the development of Physical Education in South Africa should be seen against the circumstances surrounding the subject at that time. Because the subject was not given recognition, Smith had to do pioneering work in many fields. He was one of the few Physical Educationalists who succeeded in making a balanced contribution to each of the following aspects of the subject: training, research and services rendered to outside organisations. Smith's contributions in the field of training are mainly related to his involvement with the Potchefstroom Teachers' Training College and the Potchefstroom University. He was the first person to be permanently appointed as lecturer of Physical Education at the Potchefstroom University. In this capacity he was not only responsible for the training of Physical Education students, but also for the organis11tion and presentation of advancement classes for teachers. In both cases Smith did pioneering work, especially in the establishment and development of Physical Education courses and subjects, as well as the compilation of syllabuses for these subjects. Because of his efforts to improve the quality and quantity of Physical Educational facilities and equipment at the College, the standard of instruction improved. During this time Smith was also responsible for the organisation and presentation of several exhibitions related to Physical Education. In this way the public was introduced to the nature, content and methods of instruction of the subject, and prospective students were motivated and recruited. Smith's work as lecturer, marked by enthusiasm, energy and purposefulness in presenting the subject, played a definite role in improving the standard of training at the College's Department of Physical Education. The contributions Smith made to training during his involvement with the Potchehtroom University, can be summarised as follows: In the first place he established and developed the Department of Physical Education at the University. Due to his capable administration of the Department, the training of students could be effected successfully and effectively. In the second place Smith did pioneering work in the institution of courses and subjects, as well as the compilation of syllabuses. He saw to it that the contents of the courses were scientific, applicable and practical. In the third instance, the quality of instruction which Smith offered his students was exceptionally high. Not only were his lectures well prepared, systematic and of a high standard, but his method of presentation was also stimulating, interesting and very effective. His example had a positive influence on his students. In the fourth instance, the standard of instruction was improved due to the acquisition of better facilities and equipment, which was largely the result of Smith's efforts. Smith's contributions in the field of research in Physical Education can be summarised as follows: He did pioneering work in establishing research in Physical Education at the Potchefstroom University. He provided expert and inspired guidance to students in their own research projects. He maintained good contact with experts and remained informed on new developments in the subject by attending conferences and symposia. He was responsible for several publications which were scientific, orderly and polished. With regard to services rendered to outside organisations, Smith made large and valuable contributions. Apart from his involvement with organisations such as the Road Safety Council and the Church, Smith did extremely valuable work for Physical Educational and sports associations. He was involved in the research section and several committees of the Physical Educational organisation SAASSPER, and made valuable contributions during discussions at its conferences. In the field of sport, he offered his services in various capacities, such as coach, administrator, selector, official and president, on club and national level. Although he was principally concerned with athletics and tennis, his assistance was valuable to sportsmen across the board. For him it was his life's work to be of service to sportsmen and sports women. He was also of service to the public through his involvement with several fitness projects. In the 1940's he presented exercise classes to the public in Parys, and during the 1960's and 70's he played a leading role in fitness projects launched by the National Fitness Scheme. CONCLUSION This study showed that the following three leading South African Physical Educationalists - J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and D.P.J. Smith - had made valuable contributions to the development of Physical Education in South Africa. Their contributions were analysed under the following headings: Training and instruction Research and publications Administrative and organising aspects - in particular to Physical Educational and sports associations and professional journals All three of them succeeded to a large extent in maintaining a healthy balance between these three aspects of their work. The researcher hopes that this study will give the Physical Educationalist of today new insight into the origins of this subject and that there will be a renewed appreciation of the work done by the pioneers of Physical Education in South Africa. / Proefskrif (DEd)--PU vir CHO, 1987

The main objective of this study was to document, systematize and analyse the contributions of some leading Physical Educationists to the establishment and development of Physical Education in South Africa. The main methodological approach used to realise this objective was the historical-analytical method, by which the data were systematized and analysed thematically and chronologically. With a view to the systematization of data, tilt! following main aspects were chosen according to which the contributions were analysed: • Training and instruction • Research and publications • Administrative and organisational aspects - in particular to Physical Educational and sports associations and professional journals. Although several factors were considered in determining the value of the contributions, the emphasis fell on the nature, extent and quality of the contributions made in the fields already mentioned. To do research on only a few Physical Educationalists, a selection had to be made from 35 leading persons in this field in South Africa. Information on the work, approaches and involvement of these 35 persons were obtained by personal interviews and correspondence, and by studying documents, annual reports, minutes, journals, newspapers, dissertations and theses. After the relevant information had been gathered, the following criteria were applied to analyse the contributions of the chosen persons and to select three of them for further study: 1. Training and instruction 1.1. Establishment and development of the subject 1.1.1. Administrative control over training and instruction 1.1.2. Institution of courses and subjects, as well as the compilation of syllabuses 1.1.3. Implementation and expansion of facilities and equipment 1.1.4. Methods of presentation and aids used 1.2. Personal influence 2. Research 2.1. Own research 2.2. Project leadership and assistance to students 2.3. Publications 2.4. Papers presented 3. Administrative and organising aspects 3.1. Associations for Physical Education 3.2. Sports associations 3.3. Physical Educational journals 3.4. Festivals and public appearances 3.5. Other projects, such as fitness programmes and film production The application of this set of criteria to the nature, extent and quality of the work by the previously mentioned 35 persons facilitated the selection process, but still could not succeed in pinpointing only three persons for the study. For this reason, additional criteria were chosen according to which three persons could responsibly be selected. These criteria were connected with aspects such as the geographical regions where the persons worked for the longest periods of time; the particular subjects or fields of interest in which they specialised; the specific fields in which they made their most important contributions; and the period in which they made the contributions. On the basis of these additional criteria, the following three persons were selected: J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and D.P.J. Smith The contributions of these three persons to the development of the subject of Physical Education in South Africa were dealt with under the following headings: 1. Biographical sketch 2. Views on Physical Education and sport 3. Contributions to training and instruction 4. Research contributions 5. Contributions particular to Physical Educational and sports associations and professional journals To provide the necessary background information and to get a dear picture of the position these three persons had in the history of Physical Education in South Africa, as well as the conditions in which they had to work, one chapter was set aside for a survey of the development of Physical Education in South Africa between 1900 and 1982. Following that, the contributions of J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and O.P.J. Smith to the development of the subject were dealt with in separate chapters. During the study the following conclusions were drawn with regard to the contributions of J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and D.P.J. Smith to the development of Physical Education in South Africa. J W POSTMA Postma's contribution should be viewed in the light of the circumstances in which Physical Education was presented at that time. These were the formative years of Physical Education and Postma had to do pioneering work in various fields. Whereas certain aspects of the subject are nowadays being taken for granted, Postma then had to fight for the subject's right of existence. Postma's most important contribution with regard to the training of students of Physical Education was his management and the development of the Department of Physical Education at the University of Stellenbosch. He made a special contribution to the institution and development of courses and subjects, as well as the drafting of syllabuses. He was responsible for the institution of the section of Tests and Measurements in the Physical Education course at the Department. The importance of including this section in a Physical Education course has since been realised by other educational institutions. It is therefore largely owing to Postma (as well as Smith) that Tests and Measurements (later called Evaluation) was included in the courses for Physical Education students in South Africa. Besides Tests and Measurements, Postma also contributed to other theoretical sections of the subject such as Anthropometry, Principles, Method and Organisation, and Administration. He expanded factual knowledge on these subjects at Physical Education Departments throughout South Africa by means of publications and papers. Postma also strove for the implementation of better training facilities, especially in research. He also saw to it that the most vital scientific reference works and journals were made available to Physical Education students. Postma was an enthusiastic lecturer• and inspired his students. Postma's most important contribution in the field of research lies in the fact that he was one of the first Physical Educationalists in South Africa to begin research on the subject. Not only did he personally undertake many research projects, but he also inspired his students to do research and gave them valuable critical guidance in their work. The fact that Postma was an expert in the field of Physical Education as a whole, led to several publications on a wide spectrum of subsections within the subject. The large number of publications for which he was responsible, ensured that his views on the subject were propagated throughout South Africa. His book Inleiding tot die Liggaamlike Opvoedkunde should be seen as his biggest and most important research contribution to the development of the subject. Postma's involvement with Physical Educational journals and organisations in South Africa ensured growth in these two fields of the subject. Postma made a particularly valuable contribution to the development of the South African Association for Sport Science, Physical Education and Recreation. He was responsible in various capacities and in several fields for the establishment and development of this organisation. He can be seen as one of the most important founder members of this body, which came to be known as SAASSPER, and which is highly esteemed. C.M. SMIT As was the case with Postma, Smit had to pioneer and found the subject and had to fight for its development and survival. His contributions were especially in the following fields: the establishment and development of Physical Education at schools and Physical Educational organisations; the establishment and development of Physical Education and sport at the University of Pretoria; the development of the subject by means of research and publications, as well as through services rendered to Physical Educational and sports associations. With regard to the development of training and instruction as part of Physical Education, Smit did important work in two aspects. In the first instance, he did pioneering work as the first organiser of Physical Education at the Union Education Department and the National Advisory Council for Physical Education (NACPE). He had the gigantic task of establishing Physical Education at the widely diffused schools of the Union Education Department and to advise all voluntary physical culture clubs throughout the country. To succeed in this, he had to design new systems, present training courses, give professional advice, decide on the purchase and supply of Physical Educational and sports equipment, and manage several administrative affairs. One of Smit's biggest assets was his ability to instill in teachers and instructors his own knowledge, love and enthusiasm for Physical Education. During his involvement with the Union Education Department and NACPE Smit was responsible for the compilation of the national syllabus for Physical Education in South Africa. This can rightly be seen as one of Smit's most important contributions to improve the instruction of Physical Education in South Africa. Secondly, Smit made a great contribution to promote the training and instruction of Physical Education in South Africa by the work he did as professor at the Depa1•tment of Physical Education and as Director of the Institute for Physical Education at the University of Pretoria. He had to establish and manage both these departments. He was responsible for the creation of sport structures at the University of Pretoria, the planning and development of sport grounds, the purchase of equipment and for adv1sing sport clubs. As head of the Department of Physical Education, he had a big part in the instituting and developing courses and subjects, as well as in making adjustments and changes to upgrade the quality of training of Physical Education students. The standard of training was improved further by Smit's constant efforts to increase the quality of the facilities used in training. In this regard, special mention has to be made of the construction of the building in which the Department of Physical Education is housed, and the building of the L. C. de Villiers Stadium and sport grounds. The efficient way in which Smit managed the Department of Physical Education led to the expedient and effective training of students. Apart from the efficient control which Smit had over the Physical Education building and its staff, he also made an effort to maintain good relation between the personnel and students. For example, he took the initiative in organising Physical Education tours and forming a Physical Education Society at the University of Pretoria. Because of the heavy work load that Smit had to bear during his employment at the University of Pretoria and the Union Education Department, he had little time left for research work and publications. He tried to expand his knowledge of the subject by studying publications, undertaking study tours and attending conferences on Physical Education. His contribution to research on the subject consisted of some research projects he completed on his own, as well as guidance to post-graduate students. With regard to publications, he was responsible for some books (mostly as co-author) and several articles published in journals such as Physical Education and Vigor. Smit contributed his services to outside organisations. He was involved in the South African Association for Sport Science, Physical Education and Recreation from r its inception. During this time he acted as chairman (1952) and worked on several of the organisation's committees. Apart from being involved in several branches of sport at the University of Pretoria, he also offered his services to national and provincial sport bodies. D.P.J. SMITH As was the case with Postma and Smit, Smith's contributions to the development of Physical Education in South Africa should be seen against the circumstances surrounding the subject at that time. Because the subject was not given recognition, Smith had to do pioneering work in many fields. He was one of the few Physical Educationalists who succeeded in making a balanced contribution to each of the following aspects of the subject: training, research and services rendered to outside organisations. Smith's contributions in the field of training are mainly related to his involvement with the Potchefstroom Teachers' Training College and the Potchefstroom University. He was the first person to be permanently appointed as lecturer of Physical Education at the Potchefstroom University. In this capacity he was not only responsible for the training of Physical Education students, but also for the organis11tion and presentation of advancement classes for teachers. In both cases Smith did pioneering work, especially in the establishment and development of Physical Education courses and subjects, as well as the compilation of syllabuses for these subjects. Because of his efforts to improve the quality and quantity of Physical Educational facilities and equipment at the College, the standard of instruction improved. During this time Smith was also responsible for the organisation and presentation of several exhibitions related to Physical Education. In this way the public was introduced to the nature, content and methods of instruction of the subject, and prospective students were motivated and recruited. Smith's work as lecturer, marked by enthusiasm, energy and purposefulness in presenting the subject, played a definite role in improving the standard of training at the College's Department of Physical Education. The contributions Smith made to training during his involvement with the Potchehtroom University, can be summarised as follows: In the first place he established and developed the Department of Physical Education at the University. Due to his capable administration of the Department, the training of students could be effected successfully and effectively. In the second place Smith did pioneering work in the institution of courses and subjects, as well as the compilation of syllabuses. He saw to it that the contents of the courses were scientific, applicable and practical. In the third instance, the quality of instruction which Smith offered his students was exceptionally high. Not only were his lectures well prepared, systematic and of a high standard, but his method of presentation was also stimulating, interesting and very effective. His example had a positive influence on his students. In the fourth instance, the standard of instruction was improved due to the acquisition of better facilities and equipment, which was largely the result of Smith's efforts. Smith's contributions in the field of research in Physical Education can be summarised as follows: He did pioneering work in establishing research in Physical Education at the Potchefstroom University. He provided expert and inspired guidance to students in their own research projects. He maintained good contact with experts and remained informed on new developments in the subject by attending conferences and symposia. He was responsible for several publications which were scientific, orderly and polished. With regard to services rendered to outside organisations, Smith made large and valuable contributions. Apart from his involvement with organisations such as the Road Safety Council and the Church, Smith did extremely valuable work for Physical Educational and sports associations. He was involved in the research section and several committees of the Physical Educational organisation SAASSPER, and made valuable contributions during discussions at its conferences. In the field of sport, he offered his services in various capacities, such as coach, administrator, selector, official and president, on club and national level. Although he was principally concerned with athletics and tennis, his assistance was valuable to sportsmen across the board. For him it was his life's work to be of service to sportsmen and sports women. He was also of service to the public through his involvement with several fitness projects. In the 1940's he presented exercise classes to the public in Parys, and during the 1960's and 70's he played a leading role in fitness projects launched by the National Fitness Scheme. CONCLUSION This study showed that the following three leading South African Physical Educationalists - J.W. Postma, C.M. Smit and D.P.J. Smith - had made valuable contributions to the development of Physical Education in South Africa. Their contributions were analysed under the following headings: Training and instruction Research and publications Administrative and organising aspects - in particular to Physical Educational and sports associations and professional journals All three of them succeeded to a large extent in maintaining a healthy balance between these three aspects of their work. The researcher hopes that this study will give the Physical Educationalist of today new insight into the origins of this subject and that there will be a renewed appreciation of the work done by the pioneers of Physical Education in South Africa. / Proefskrif (DEd)--PU vir CHO, 1987

This study traced Tertullian’s utilisation of history (or historical material) as a rhetorical instrument in one of his earliest works, the Ad Nationes. An in-depth analysis of the book identified this as a fundamental trajectory in the argument of Tertullian. The study casts a new perspective on the written work of this renowned Christian apologist and theologian. His use of history particularly to substantiate his arguments was compared with the contemporary primary sources, in order to assess the integrity or accuracy of his historical data. The prevailing rhetoric, as e.g. outlined by Quintilian, valued the message and intention of a text higher than the historical accuracy of the account. The same Quintilian, however, emphasized that historical accuracy would guarantee the message and intention of a text. The research concluded that Tertullian, who enjoyed a classical education and was therefore well acquainted with the rules of rhetoric, did pay sufficient attention to Quintilian’s insistence on historical accuracy in his utilisation of history. Tertullian was well aware of the significance of historical accuracy. On occasion he rightly criticised Tacitus (the famous historian) for historical inaccuracies in his work. In his Apologeticus (in which much of the Ad Nationes was reworked) he corrected some historical data. In the Ad Nationes he wrote a brilliant paragraph on the origin of rumours (fama) and also expressed his appreciation for careful investigation (in court procedures) in order to ascertain the truth (veritas) accurately. In the rhetorical utilisation of historical material, accurate historical knowledge did not play a crucial role. Of paramount importance was the intention and purpose of the immediate argument. / Thesis (MA (Latin))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Gatsrand (as a series of ridges) is not only a well-known geographical feature in the Western Transvaal, but it also features prominently as a definite area in the settlement history of the whites in the Transvaal. In fact, the first farms in this area were registered simultaneously with farms in the neighbouring Mooi River area. Owing to the inhabitants’ agrarian predisposition up to the early years of the twentieth century, agriculture and stock farming formed the basis of the area’s economic infrastructure. Initially, the Potchefstroom market was the nearest outlet for products. Later on, products were also sold in Johannesburg, as well as at Randfontein and Krugersdorp. In the process of the development of this enterprise, stock diseases, droughts, poverty and wars continually set the inhabitants back. Prior to the establishment of gold mines (since 1937) in the northern areas of Gatsrand, which enhanced economic development, the area’s development was mainly dependent on the subsistence needs of the surrounding towns. In this respect, the building of roads to places like Krugersdorp, Randfontein, Pretoria and Johannesburg was beneficial to the Gatsrand area, since all these routes passed through said area. Administrative duties were initially performed by a field cornet and later by a justice of the peace, who was subordinate to the magistrate of Potchefstroom. In a similar way, educational matters were dealt with by the Potchefstroom School Board. Until 1948, with the exception of Klipdrift School, there were only primary schools on several farms in the area – schools that had from one to four teachers. With outbreaks of illness, even the medical services in Potchefstroom rendered help in the Gatsrand area. Inhabitants had to travel to Potchefstroom, some of them covering great distances, if they were in need of medical care and facilities. Initially, the nearest centre for worship was also Potchefstroom. The first congregation in the Gatsrand area was founded in 1926 at Fochville, with boundaries that included the major part of this area. Since 1937, gold mine development provided definite advances in local development. Up to 1948, six towns had been proclaimed, congregations were established, and houses and roads were built to accommodate the growing number of inhabitants. This resulted in the establishment of numerous enterprises. The number of pupils increased and smaller schools had to amalgamate with larger ones. By 1948, it was apparent that the development in the Gatsrand area would be phenomenal due to the rich discoveries of the then established gold mines. / MA (History), PU vir CHO, 1988 / This MA-Dissertation on the history of the Gatsrand up to 1948 originally was written in Afrikaans in 1988. This English translation was decided on to assist researchers, working with regional issues in/on South Africa who's mother tongue is English. The footnotes as well as the source list has not been translated due to the cost in doing so. However, it is trusted that researchers should find their way because more than 50% of the references are in English or could not be titled otherwise as they are archival documents or published literature. Due to new technology, the page numbers of the English version also differ from the original Afrikaans version. The approach to the research must be assessed within the time frame in which it was written and the methodology to regional history utilised, was mainly on that as expressed by VHT Skipp. The author since has extended and refined this model.

Gatsrand (as a series of ridges) is not only a well-known geographical feature in the Western Transvaal, but it also features prominently as a definite area in the settlement history of the whites in the Transvaal. In fact, the first farms in this area were registered simultaneously with farms in the neighbouring Mooi River area. Owing to the inhabitants’ agrarian predisposition up to the early years of the twentieth century, agriculture and stock farming formed the basis of the area’s economic infrastructure. Initially, the Potchefstroom market was the nearest outlet for products. Later on, products were also sold in Johannesburg, as well as at Randfontein and Krugersdorp. In the process of the development of this enterprise, stock diseases, droughts, poverty and wars continually set the inhabitants back. Prior to the establishment of gold mines (since 1937) in the northern areas of Gatsrand, which enhanced economic development, the area’s development was mainly dependent on the subsistence needs of the surrounding towns. In this respect, the building of roads to places like Krugersdorp, Randfontein, Pretoria and Johannesburg was beneficial to the Gatsrand area, since all these routes passed through said area. Administrative duties were initially performed by a field cornet and later by a justice of the peace, who was subordinate to the magistrate of Potchefstroom. In a similar way, educational matters were dealt with by the Potchefstroom School Board. Until 1948, with the exception of Klipdrift School, there were only primary schools on several farms in the area – schools that had from one to four teachers. With outbreaks of illness, even the medical services in Potchefstroom rendered help in the Gatsrand area. Inhabitants had to travel to Potchefstroom, some of them covering great distances, if they were in need of medical care and facilities. Initially, the nearest centre for worship was also Potchefstroom. The first congregation in the Gatsrand area was founded in 1926 at Fochville, with boundaries that included the major part of this area. Since 1937, gold mine development provided definite advances in local development. Up to 1948, six towns had been proclaimed, congregations were established, and houses and roads were built to accommodate the growing number of inhabitants. This resulted in the establishment of numerous enterprises. The number of pupils increased and smaller schools had to amalgamate with larger ones. By 1948, it was apparent that the development in the Gatsrand area would be phenomenal due to the rich discoveries of the then established gold mines. / MA (History), PU vir CHO, 1988 / This MA-Dissertation on the history of the Gatsrand up to 1948 originally was written in Afrikaans in 1988. This English translation was decided on to assist researchers, working with regional issues in/on South Africa who's mother tongue is English. The footnotes as well as the source list has not been translated due to the cost in doing so. However, it is trusted that researchers should find their way because more than 50% of the references are in English or could not be titled otherwise as they are archival documents or published literature. Due to new technology, the page numbers of the English version also differ from the original Afrikaans version. The approach to the research must be assessed within the time frame in which it was written and the methodology to regional history utilised, was mainly on that as expressed by VHT Skipp. The author since has extended and refined this model.

In Januarie 1914 het ‘n algehele industriële staking in die Unie van Suid-Afrika (SA) uitgebreek en die Unieverdedigingsmag (UVM) sou vir die eerste keer operasioneel aangewend word om die staking te onderdruk. Die Staande mag van die UVM was nog nie gereed om die staking op hul eie te onderdruk nie en gevolglik is die kommando’s van die Burgermagreserwes opgekommandeer vir diens. Probleme is dus destyds met die samestelling en organisasie van die UVM, as gevolg van die intergrasie van die verskillende militêre kulture, ondervind. Die Unieregering het op baie van die gewone burgers wat in die Anglo-Boereoorlog (ABO) in kommando’s geveg het, se ondersteuning en deelname om die staking te onderdruk, staatgemaak. Die tradisionele kommandostelsel van die voormalige Boererepublieke sou dus vlugtig tydens die 1914-staking herleef. Die Afrikaner het as gevolg van verskeie redes op kommando gegaan om die staking te help onderdruk. Die groeiende gees van nasionalisme onder die Afrikaner kon ook tydens die staking waargeneem word en sou tesame met die suksesvolle aanwending van die kommando’s tydens Januarie 1914 bydra tot die Rebellie later die jaar. Die politieke, ekonomiese en sosio-maatskaplike omstandighede van destyds het tot die nywerheidstaking van Januarie 1914 bygedra. Die rol wat die vakbonde en mynbedryf in die tydperk voor die Eerste Wêreldoorlog gespeel het, het ook bygedra tot die staking. Die ervaringe en omstandighede van die kommandolede tydens ontplooiing in Januarie 1914 is ‘n belangrike aspek van die sosiale militêre geskiedskrywing in SA. Onderwerpe soos, mobilisasie, voorrade, vervoer, dissipline, asook demobilisasie en kompensasie werp dus lig op die ervaringe en omstandighede van gewone burgers op kommandodiens tydens die staking. Die aanwending van die kommando’s tydens die 1914-staking het uiteenlopende reaksies van die verskillende groepe in die gemeenskap tot gevolg gehad. Die betrokkenheid van ander rolspelers, soos swart mense en vrouens, tydens die staking was gering, dog belangrik vir die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis. Copyright / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted