In the past decades there has been an improvement in the medical treatment of children born preterm or with reduced foetal growth. This has resulted in a much higher survival rate of these children, but also in a higher number of surviving children with chronic conditions. These changes have, in turn, increased interest in investigating the connection between birth-characteristics and outcomes in later life. The overall aim of the present thesis was to study the relations between birth-characteristics, subsequent hospitalisations, and childbearing by means of data available in Swedish population-based registries. The study population in this thesis consisted of women (and men in Paper III) born in 1973-75 according to the Medical Birth Register and the Total Population Register. Information available in other registries, such as the Hospital Discharge Register, was obtained by individual record linkage. In Paper I, 148,281 women, alive and living in Sweden at 13 years of age, were included. Of the women, 4.1% were born preterm and 5.4% were born small for gestational age, and approximately 30% of all women had given birth between 13 and 27 years of age. We found that reduced foetal growth and possibly preterm birth were related to the likelihood of giving birth during the study period. The intergenerational effects of preterm birth and reduced foetal growth were investigated in Paper II and the study population consisted of 38,720 mother-offspring pairs. An intergenerational effect of reduced foetal growth was found, and reduced foetal growth in the mother also increased the risk for preterm birth in the child. Paper III was concerned with 304,275 men and women living in Sweden at 13 years of age. Of these men and women, 30% were hospitalised during adolescence and early adulthood (i.e. between 12 and 23 years of age). We found that men and women born small for gestational age or preterm were more likely to be hospitalised, and that those born small for gestational age seemed to be more at risk compared to those born preterm. Finally, in Paper IV, the relation between hospitalisations during adolescence and the likelihood of giving birth was studied in 142,998 women living in Sweden at 20 years of age. We found that a majority of the causes of hospitalisation during adolescence were positively connected to the likelihood of giving birth between 20 and 27 years of age. The relations presented in Papers I-IV were evident although socio-economic characteristics were adjusted for.

Kardiopulmonale Adaptation und Therapie von wachstumsretardierten Frühgeborenen mit intrauteriner Perfusionsstörung im Vergleich zu nicht-wachstumsretardierten Frühgeborenen ohne intrauterine Perfusionsstörung Eingereicht von: Christin Lenk, geb. Demolt angefertigt in der Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche in Leipzig, Neonatologische Intensivstation betreut von Frau Prof. Dr. med. Eva Robel-Tillig Juli 2012 Chronische intrauterine Hypoxie bedingt durch uterine, feto-maternale und fetale Perfusionsstörung führt zur fetalen Wachstumsrestriktion und Erhöhung der fetalen und neonatalen Morbidität und Mortalität. Die pränatale Kreislaufzentralisation stellt einen pathophysiologischen Kompensationsmechanismus dar, der durch Umverteilung des Blutflusses eine Versorgung lebenswichtiger Organe des Feten sichert (Rizzo et al. 2008), (Robel-Tillig 2003), (Robel 1994), (Saling 1966). In den letzten Jahren haben sich Studien mit der postnatalen Adaptation der wachstumsretardierten Neonaten beschäftigt und wesentliche Risiken im Verlauf der ersten Lebenstage definiert. Wenige validierte Aussagen existieren jedoch zur Kreislaufsituation der betroffenen Kinder und der kardialen Leistungsfähigkeit auch über die erste Lebenswoche hinaus. Die vorliegende Studie vergleicht unter dieser Fragestellung eine Gruppe von 43 Frühgeborenen mit intrauteriner Wachstumsrestriktion auf der Grundlage einer Perfusionsstörung und 33 Frühgeborene mit appropriatem Wachstum und ungestörter pränataler Perfusion während der ersten 42 Lebenstage hinsichtlich der unmittelbaren postnatalen pulmonalen und kardialen Adaptationsparameter und des weiteren klinischen Verlaufs. Besonderer Schwerpunkt wird dabei auf die dopplersonographisch erfasste kardiale Funktion der Kinder gelegt. Als wesentlichstes Ergebnis der dopplersonographischen Messungen lässt sich bei den Frühgeborenen mit pränataler Perfusionsstörung ein signifikant erhöhtes Herzminutenvolumen rechts- und linksventrikulär im Vergleich zur Gruppe der Frühgeborenen mit ungestörter Perfusion darstellen (Robel-Tillig 2003), (Leipälä et al. 2003), Martinussen 1997}, (Guajardo, Mandelbaum & Linderkamp 1994), (Lindner et al. 1990). Die unmittelbar postnatale Adaptation zeigt hinsichtlich des arteriellen Nabelschnur-pH-Wertes eine schlechtere Anpassung der Frühgeborenen mit pränataler Perfusionsstörung auf. Im weiteren Verlauf der ersten Tage benötigen diese Frühgeborenen seltener eine maschinelle Beatmung oder CPAP-Atemhilfe als die Frühgeborenen ohne Wachstumsrestriktion. Bis zum 42. Lebenstag kehrt sich dieser Befund jedoch um. Die Frühgeborenen mit Wachstumsrestriktion bedürfen nun signifikant länger und häufiger einer Atemhilfe und zusätzlicher Sauerstoffsupplementierung. Als Komplikation trat bei den wachstumsretardierten Frühgeborenen eine höhere Rate an bronchopulmonaler Dysplasie auf. Ein weiterer Unterschied wird hinsichtlich der Transfusionshäufigkeit dargestellt. Frühgeborene mit Wachstumsrestriktion erhielten häufiger eine Erythrozytentransfusion und länger eine Transfusion von zusätzlichem Volumen. Zusammenfassend weisen die ermittelten Befunde auf ein Persistieren der intrauterin bestehenden Kompensation der beeinträchtigten Kreislaufsituation hin. Eine genaue Kenntnis der speziellen Probleme dieser Patientengruppe ist zur Vermeidung postnatal anhaltender hämodynamischer Störungen erforderlich.

Objetivo: Analisar a influência dos cuidados maternos percebidos pelas mães sobre a frequência de aleitamento materno e aleitamento materno exclusivo, aos 3 e 6 meses de vida da criança em uma amostra expostas a diferentes ambientes intrauterinos. Métodos: Estudo observacional longitudinal, utilizando uma amostra de conveniência de mães e seus recém-nascidos, no qual os grupos foram classificados de acordo com as exposições maternas ocorridas no período gestacional, como diabetes mellitus, tabagismo ou desfecho do recém-nascido, como pequeno para idade gestacional, além de um grupo controle. Para algumas análises, os grupos em estudo foram subdivididos em grupo de condições intrauterinas adversas e grupo controle. A amostra foi selecionada em três hospitais de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, no período de 2011 a 2015. As mães e seus recém-nascidos foram avaliados ao nascimento, 7 e 15 dias, primeiro, terceiro e sexto mês de vida da criança. O aleitamento materno e o aleitamento materno exclusivo foram avaliados desde a entrevista do 15º dia até a entrevista do sexto mês de vida. Os questionários Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), que avalia a percepção dos cuidados maternos e Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), que avalia a presença de sintomas depressivos após o parto, foram autoaplicados na entrevista do terceiro mês. Os testes utilizados foram ANOVA com post hoc de Tukey, teste Kruskal-Wallis com post hoc de Dunn, ANOVA de duas vias, ANCOVA e a Regressão de Poisson. As análises foram realizadas no programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versão 18.0. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 212 duplas mãe/criança, 40 no grupo de mães com diabetes mellitus, 55 no grupo de tabagistas, 21 no grupo de nascidos pequenos para idade gestacional e 96 no grupo controle. A associação entre cuidado materno e amamentação entre os grupos em estudo mostrou que as mães que não praticavam mais o aleitamento materno no 3º mês de vida da criança apresentaram maiores escores na percepção de proteção e menores escores na percepção de cuidados maternos do que aquelas crianças que estavam em aleitamento materno exclusivo (p=0,038; p=0,017, respectivamente). O grupo controle apresentou maior escore na percepção de cuidados e menor escore na percepção de proteção materna em relação ao grupo de ambientes intrauterinos adversos (p=0,005, p=0,049, respectivamente). Em relação aos resultados da análise de regressão de Poisson entre amamentação, grupos, PBI e EPDS os dados mostram que, a cada um ponto a mais no protocolo de EPDS, o risco de não amamentar até 3 meses aumenta em 10,4% e até os 6 meses aumenta em 4,7% (p<0,001 e 0,004, respectivamente). Em relação ao aleitamento materno exclusivo, a cada um ponto a mais no protocolo de EPDS, o risco de não amamentar até 6 meses aumenta em 5,4% (p=0,002). As puérperas que perceberam restrição de carinho de suas mães aos 6 meses, apresentaram risco de 2,42% em relação à categoria de cuidado ótimo para não amamentar. Aquelas mães que perceberam suas mães como negligentes, apresentaram tendência de maior risco de 2,53% em relação à categoria de cuidado ótimo para não amamentar aos 6 meses de vida da criança. Conclusão: Os achados deste estudo sugerem que o estilo parental de baixo cuidado e de superproteção percebidos durante a infancia, interfere na frequencia do aleitamento materno e leva a sintomas depressivos após o parto. Demonstram, ainda, que os sintomas depressivos maternos após o parto influencia na frequencia da amamentação. / Objective: To analyze the influence of maternal care perceived by mothers on the frequency of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding at 3 and 6 months of the child's life in a sample exposed to different intrauterine environments. Methods: A longitudinal observational study used a convenience sample of mothers and their newborns. They were classified according to maternal exposure occurring during pregnancy, such as diabetes mellitus, smoking or outcome newborn, the small for gestational age, and a control group. For some analyzes, the study groups were divided into two groups: the group of adverse intrauterine conditions and control group. The recruitment of participants was in three hospitals in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 2011 to 2015. The mothers and their newborns were evaluated at the newborns birth, 7 and 15 days, first, third and sixth month of child’s life. Breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding was evaluated from the 15th day to the sixth month of life, through questionnaires. The Parental Bonding Instrument questionnaires (PBI), which evaluates the perception of maternal care and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), to assess the presence of depressive symptoms after delivery, were self-administered in the third month interview. The statistical tests used were ANOVA one-way with post hoc Tukey, Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Dunn, The two-way ANOVA, ANCOVA test and Poisson regression. Analyzes were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 18.0. Results: The sample was composed of 212 mothers with their child, 40 pairs in the diabetes mellitus group, 55 in the smokers group, 21 in small for gestational age group and 96 in the control group. The association between maternal care and breastfeeding among study groups showed that mothers who no longer practiced breastfeeding in the 3rd month of the child's life had higher scores in the perception of protection and lower scores in the perception of maternal care than those children who were in exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.038, p = 0.017, respectively). The control group had higher scores of perceived care and lower perception of maternal protection in relation to the adverse intrauterine environment group (p=0.005, p=0.049, respectively). Regarding the results of the Poisson regression analysis between breastfeeding groups, PBI, and EPDS data show that each additional point on the EPDS protocol, the risk of not breastfeeding up to 3 months increased by 10.4% and up 6 months increases by 4.7% (p <0.001 and 0.004, respectively). Compared with exclusive breastfeeding, each additional point on the EPDS protocol, the risk of not breastfeeding up to 6 months increased by 5.4% (p = 0.002). The mothers realized that restriction affection from their mothers at 6 months had a risk of 2.42% compared to the great care category to not breastfeed. Those mothers who perceived their mothers as negligent tended to increase the risk of 2.53% compared to the great care category for not breastfeeding at 6 months of child's life. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that low care and overprotection parenting style perceived during childhood, interfere with the frequency of breastfeeding and leads to depressive symptoms after delivery. They also demonstrated those maternal depressive symptoms after birth influences breastfeeding frequency.

Objetivo: Analisar a influência dos cuidados maternos percebidos pelas mães sobre a frequência de aleitamento materno e aleitamento materno exclusivo, aos 3 e 6 meses de vida da criança em uma amostra expostas a diferentes ambientes intrauterinos. Métodos: Estudo observacional longitudinal, utilizando uma amostra de conveniência de mães e seus recém-nascidos, no qual os grupos foram classificados de acordo com as exposições maternas ocorridas no período gestacional, como diabetes mellitus, tabagismo ou desfecho do recém-nascido, como pequeno para idade gestacional, além de um grupo controle. Para algumas análises, os grupos em estudo foram subdivididos em grupo de condições intrauterinas adversas e grupo controle. A amostra foi selecionada em três hospitais de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, no período de 2011 a 2015. As mães e seus recém-nascidos foram avaliados ao nascimento, 7 e 15 dias, primeiro, terceiro e sexto mês de vida da criança. O aleitamento materno e o aleitamento materno exclusivo foram avaliados desde a entrevista do 15º dia até a entrevista do sexto mês de vida. Os questionários Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), que avalia a percepção dos cuidados maternos e Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), que avalia a presença de sintomas depressivos após o parto, foram autoaplicados na entrevista do terceiro mês. Os testes utilizados foram ANOVA com post hoc de Tukey, teste Kruskal-Wallis com post hoc de Dunn, ANOVA de duas vias, ANCOVA e a Regressão de Poisson. As análises foram realizadas no programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versão 18.0. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 212 duplas mãe/criança, 40 no grupo de mães com diabetes mellitus, 55 no grupo de tabagistas, 21 no grupo de nascidos pequenos para idade gestacional e 96 no grupo controle. A associação entre cuidado materno e amamentação entre os grupos em estudo mostrou que as mães que não praticavam mais o aleitamento materno no 3º mês de vida da criança apresentaram maiores escores na percepção de proteção e menores escores na percepção de cuidados maternos do que aquelas crianças que estavam em aleitamento materno exclusivo (p=0,038; p=0,017, respectivamente). O grupo controle apresentou maior escore na percepção de cuidados e menor escore na percepção de proteção materna em relação ao grupo de ambientes intrauterinos adversos (p=0,005, p=0,049, respectivamente). Em relação aos resultados da análise de regressão de Poisson entre amamentação, grupos, PBI e EPDS os dados mostram que, a cada um ponto a mais no protocolo de EPDS, o risco de não amamentar até 3 meses aumenta em 10,4% e até os 6 meses aumenta em 4,7% (p<0,001 e 0,004, respectivamente). Em relação ao aleitamento materno exclusivo, a cada um ponto a mais no protocolo de EPDS, o risco de não amamentar até 6 meses aumenta em 5,4% (p=0,002). As puérperas que perceberam restrição de carinho de suas mães aos 6 meses, apresentaram risco de 2,42% em relação à categoria de cuidado ótimo para não amamentar. Aquelas mães que perceberam suas mães como negligentes, apresentaram tendência de maior risco de 2,53% em relação à categoria de cuidado ótimo para não amamentar aos 6 meses de vida da criança. Conclusão: Os achados deste estudo sugerem que o estilo parental de baixo cuidado e de superproteção percebidos durante a infancia, interfere na frequencia do aleitamento materno e leva a sintomas depressivos após o parto. Demonstram, ainda, que os sintomas depressivos maternos após o parto influencia na frequencia da amamentação. / Objective: To analyze the influence of maternal care perceived by mothers on the frequency of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding at 3 and 6 months of the child's life in a sample exposed to different intrauterine environments. Methods: A longitudinal observational study used a convenience sample of mothers and their newborns. They were classified according to maternal exposure occurring during pregnancy, such as diabetes mellitus, smoking or outcome newborn, the small for gestational age, and a control group. For some analyzes, the study groups were divided into two groups: the group of adverse intrauterine conditions and control group. The recruitment of participants was in three hospitals in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 2011 to 2015. The mothers and their newborns were evaluated at the newborns birth, 7 and 15 days, first, third and sixth month of child’s life. Breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding was evaluated from the 15th day to the sixth month of life, through questionnaires. The Parental Bonding Instrument questionnaires (PBI), which evaluates the perception of maternal care and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), to assess the presence of depressive symptoms after delivery, were self-administered in the third month interview. The statistical tests used were ANOVA one-way with post hoc Tukey, Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Dunn, The two-way ANOVA, ANCOVA test and Poisson regression. Analyzes were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 18.0. Results: The sample was composed of 212 mothers with their child, 40 pairs in the diabetes mellitus group, 55 in the smokers group, 21 in small for gestational age group and 96 in the control group. The association between maternal care and breastfeeding among study groups showed that mothers who no longer practiced breastfeeding in the 3rd month of the child's life had higher scores in the perception of protection and lower scores in the perception of maternal care than those children who were in exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.038, p = 0.017, respectively). The control group had higher scores of perceived care and lower perception of maternal protection in relation to the adverse intrauterine environment group (p=0.005, p=0.049, respectively). Regarding the results of the Poisson regression analysis between breastfeeding groups, PBI, and EPDS data show that each additional point on the EPDS protocol, the risk of not breastfeeding up to 3 months increased by 10.4% and up 6 months increases by 4.7% (p <0.001 and 0.004, respectively). Compared with exclusive breastfeeding, each additional point on the EPDS protocol, the risk of not breastfeeding up to 6 months increased by 5.4% (p = 0.002). The mothers realized that restriction affection from their mothers at 6 months had a risk of 2.42% compared to the great care category to not breastfeed. Those mothers who perceived their mothers as negligent tended to increase the risk of 2.53% compared to the great care category for not breastfeeding at 6 months of child's life. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that low care and overprotection parenting style perceived during childhood, interfere with the frequency of breastfeeding and leads to depressive symptoms after delivery. They also demonstrated those maternal depressive symptoms after birth influences breastfeeding frequency.

The aim of this study was to compare preterm birth (PTB) in daughters (G2) and granddaughters (G3) of foreign- and Swedish-born women (G1), to evaluate patterns in PTB in relation to migrant background over generations. A multigenerational cohort study was conducted using register data. Two generations of women born in Sweden between 1973 and 2016 were identified. Logistic regressions were used to estimate Odds Ratios (OR) at 95%CI for PTB (&lt;37 gestational weeks) for G2 and G3 by G1 country/region of birth (ref: Sweden). G2 daughters born to a migrant mother (G1) faced a disadvantage compared to their counterparts born to a Swedish mother. In G3, odds of PTB declined across all migrant groups revealing an advantage in some select groups relative to the Swedish reference group. The most pronounced decrease in PTB among Swedish-born women with migrant background was found in the Eastern European and Balkan (ORG2 1.55; 95%CI 1.38,1.74; and ORG3 0.85; 95%CI 0.74,0.98 respectively) and Non-Western main groups (ORG2 1.21; 95%CI 1.07, 1.37; and ORG3 0.79; 95%CI 0.68, 0.91). This study shows a decreased difference in PTB over generations among women with and without a foreign background. Further studies should determine the causes for the observed pattern.

University of Bradford through the International Development Fund / The full text will be available at the end of the embargo: 13th Oct 2024

Objectifs : Comparer différentes méthodes échographiques de surveillance de croissance fœtale au troisième trimestre de la grossesse dans la prédiction des enfants nés petits pour l’âge gestationnel (PAG) et étudier l’impact du délai entre l’échographie et l’accouchement. Méthodes : Les données sont issues de l’étude multicentrique prospective réalisée au Québec IRNPQEO/3D. Différentes méthodes échographiques sont comparées : le périmètre abdominal à partir d’Hadlock (Hadlock PA), d’Intergrowth study 21st (Intergrowth PA) ou de Salomon (Salomon PA) ; l’estimation du poids fœtal à partir des courbes customisées de Gardosi (Gardosi EPF) et d’Hadlock (Hadlock EPF) ; et la vitesse de croissance (VCPA) entre les 2ème et 3ème trimestres à partir du PA. Les délais entre l’échographie et l’accouchement étudiés étaient : <4 semaines d’aménorrhée (SA), <6SA et <10SA. Résultats : Sur 1831 patientes, le délai échographie-accouchement a été <4 semaines pour 17%, <6 semaines pour 47,5% et <10 semaines pour 96%. L’aire sous les courbes ROC (AUC) pour la prédiction des PAG étaient 0.772, 0.768, 0.766, 0.765, 0.708 et 0.674 respectivement pour Salomon PA, Hadlock EPF, Hadlock PA, Intergrowth PA, Gardosi EPF et la VCPA. La meilleure AUC était 0.856 pour le Hadlock PA, 0.824 pour Hadlock PA et 0.784 pour Hadlock EPF, pour des délais respectivement <4, <6 et <10 semaines. Pour un taux de 10% de faux positifs, la meilleure sensibilité était de 60.0% pour Intergrowth PA, 44.3% pour Hadlock PA et 42.1% pour Salomon PA pour des délais respectivement <4, <6 et <10 semaines. Conclusion: La biométrie fœtale au troisième trimestre a une faible performance pour prédire les PAG. / Objectives: To compare third trimester ultrasound screening methods to predict small for gestational age (SGA), and to evaluate the impact of the ultrasounddelivery interval on screening performance Methods: Data were collected from IRNPQEO/3D study: a multicenter prospective singleton cohort study in Quebec hospitals. We compared SGA prediction by the following methods: Abdominal circumference Z-score based on Hadlock (Hadlock AC), Intergrowth 21st study (Intergrowth AC) or Salomon (Salomon AC); estimated fetal weight (EFW) Z-score from Hadlock (Hadlock EFW); EFW based on customized curves from Gardosi (Gardosi EFW) and fetal growth velocity (FGVAC) based on AC between the second and the third trimester. Ultrasound-delivery intervals studied were: <4 weeks, <6 weeks and <10 weeks. Results: 1805 patients had a third trimester ultrasound performed (median gestational age 32). Ultrasound-delivery interval was less than 4 weeks in 17% cases, less than 6 weeks in 47.5% and less than 10 weeks in 96% of cases. Areas under ROC curve (AUC) were 0.772, 0.768, 0.766, 0.765, 0.708 and 0.674 respectively for Salomon AC, Hadlock EFW, Hadlock AC, Intergrowth AC, Gardosi EFW and FGVAC. The best AUC were 0.856 for Hadlock AC, 0.824 for Hadlock AC and 0.784 for Hadlock EFW, for intervals <4, 6 and 10 weeks, respectively. At a fixed 10% false positive, best detection rates were 60.0% for Intergrowth AC, 44.3% for Hadlock AC and 42.1% for Salomon AC, for intervals <4, 6 and 10 weeks, respectively. Conclusion: Third trimester ultrasound measurements provide poor to moderate prediction for SGA. A shorter ultrasound-delivery interval provides a better prediction.

Preeclampsia is a placental-related disorder characterized by generalized endothelial activation. Vascular predisposition is associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia and the recurrence risk is substantial. Onset of preeclampsia is preceded by placental hypo-perfusion, and placental over-production of vasoconstrictive agents might explain symptoms such as hypertension and proteinuria. Preeclampsia is associated with the birth of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. The trajectory of postnatal growth in SGA-born children is described as catch-up, but it is unclear whether prenatal preeclampsia is independently associated with postnatal growth. The objectives were: firstly, to study the association between partner change and prior miscarriages on the occurrence of preeclampsia and SGA; secondly, to study postnatal growth in children prenatally exposed to preeclampsia; and thirdly, to address the association between blood pressure (BP) changes during pregnancy and risks of preeclampsia and SGA. Population-based cohort studies were performed with information from the following registers: Swedish Medical Birth Register, Uppsala Mother and Child Database and Stockholm-Gotland Obstetric Database. Associations were estimated with logistic and linear regression analyses, with adjustments for maternal characteristics, including body mass index, pre-gestational diseases and socioeconomic factors. The results were, firstly, that partner change was associated with preeclampsia and SGA birth in the second pregnancy but depended on the outcome of the first pregnancy, and that a history of recurrent miscarriages was associated with increased risks of preeclampsia and SGA. Secondly, prenatal exposure to preeclampsia was associated with increased offspring growth in height during the first five years. This association was also seen in children born with normal birth weight for gestational age. Thirdly, pre-hypertension in late gestation and elevated diastolic BP from early to mid-gestation were both associated with SGA birth. Further, women with pre-hypertension in early gestation without lowered diastolic BP until mid-gestation seemed to represent a risk group for preeclampsia. To conclude, the importance of previous pregnancy outcomes in the antenatal risk evaluation was highlighted. Secondly, the results imply that postnatal growth trajectory is related to maternal preeclampsia, in addition to SGA. Thirdly, the association between BP changes within a normal range and SGA may challenge the clinical cut-off for hypertension in pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION: Plusieurs études ont été menées sur le risque d’issus indésirables de grossesse associé à la prise de caféine durant la grossesse; cependant aucune étude n'a encore été réalisée sur les facteurs prédictifs de cette exposition. Pourtant, une prise en considération de ces facteurs augmenterait l’efficacité des recommandations nutritionnelles à ce sujet. En outre, peu d'études ont évalué le risque de nouveau-nés petits pour l'âge gestationnel (PAG) comparé aux autres issues indésirables de grossesse. OBJECTIFS: 1) Déterminer la fréquence de la consommation de caféine durant la grossesse et ses facteurs prédictifs ; 2) quantifier l’association de cette exposition au risque de (PAG). MÉTHODE: 3458 participantes ont été sélectionnées aléatoirement dans le Registre Québécois des Grossesses (RQG) créé par l’appariement de trois banques de données administratives : RAMQ, MED–ÉCHO et ISQ. Des analyses statistiques ont permis d’étudier les facteurs prédictifs de cette utilisation et une étude cas-témoins a permis de quantifier le risque de (PAG) qui lui est associé. RÉSULTATS: 87,3% des participantes consommaient de la caféine avant leur grossesse et 71,4% durant. L'âge maternel avancé, le tabagisme, l'hypertension et les hospitalisations avant la grossesse sont des facteurs prédictifs de la consommation de caféine durant la grossesse. Une augmentation de 20% de risque de PAG a été observée [OR = 1,19; 95% IC (1,01–1,40)]. CONCLUSION: La consommation de caféine pendant la grossesse est répandue et la sécurité de cette utilisation doit être questionnée. Nos résultats suggèrent que la consommation de caféine durant la grossesse augmenterait le risque de PAG. / BACKGROUND: Several studies have been conducted on the association between several adverse pregnancy outcomes and caffeine intake during pregnancy; but, no study has yet been conducted on the predictors of such exposure. However, a consideration of these factors would contribute in making nutritional recommendations in this regard more efficient. In addition, few studies had evaluated the risk of small for gestational age infants (SGA) compared to other adverse pregnancy outcomes. OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine the frequency of caffeine consumption during pregnancy and its predictors, 2) Quantify the association between SGA outcome and this exposure. METHODS: 3458 participants were randomly selected from the Quebec Pregnancy Registry (QPR) created by the linking of three administrative databases: RAMQ, MED-ECHO and ISQ. Statistical analyzes were used to examine predictors of the use and case-control study was conducted to quantify the risk of SGA associated with it. RESULTS: 87.3% of participants consumed caffeine prior to pregnancy and 71.4% during. Maternal age, smoking, hypertension and hospitalizations before pregnancy are predictors of caffeine consumption during pregnancy. A 20% increase in SGA risk was observed [OR = 1.19, 95% CI (1.01 - 1.40)]. CONCLUSION: Caffeine consumption during pregnancy is common and safety of this use must be questioned. Our results suggest that caffeine consumption during pregnancy increases the risk of SGA.

LEITE, F. Influência da restrição de crescimento intra-uterino na idade da menarca: estudo da coorte de nascidos vivos de Ribeirão Preto de 1978/9. 2008. 85 p. Dissertação (Mestrado) apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto/USP. A idade da menarca é um marco da puberdade e, quando antecipada, parece estar associada a um maior risco de desenvolvimento de câncer de mama, síndrome metabólica e obesidade. É possível que alterações no ambiente intrauterino, como a restrição de crescimento do feto, levem a interferências no sistema hipotálamo-hipófise-gonadal resultando em alterações na idade da menarca. Em vista da controvérsia dos fatores que influenciam na idade da menarca, este estudo testou a hipótese da associação entre restrição de crescimento intra-uterino (baixo peso ao nascer, pequeno para idade gestacional, restrição intra-uterina de Kramer) e antecipação da idade da menarca. Em uma sub-amostra foi testada a possível interação entre a restrição de crescimento intra-uterino e o índice de massa corpórea. Para esse estudo foram utilizadas informações coletadas nos seguimentos de 1987/9 e 2004/5 de 1056 meninas nascidas em Ribeirão Preto, provenientes do estudo de coorte dos nascidos vivos em Ribeirão Preto de 1978/9. Menarca antecipada foi definida como primeiro sangramento vaginal ocorrido antes dos 12 anos de idade. Análise univariada foi seguida de análise bivariada e multivariada por meio de modelo generalizado empregando distribuição de Poisson para estimativa de riscos relativos e erro padrão por meio de método robusto. Os fatores de confusão controlados foram idade, escolaridade e situação conjugal da mãe, número de irmãos, comprimento ao nascer, prematuridade e índice de massa corpórea (apenas para a subamostra). Em média, a menarca ocorreu aos 12,3 anos (DP=1,5). A ocorrência de menarca antecipada foi de 27,7% (n= 293) para a coorte inteira e de 29,1% (n= 172) na sub-amostra. Foi encontrada associação negativa entre restrição de crescimento intra-uterino, seja representado por baixo peso ao nascer (Risco Relativo, RR= 0,47; Intervalo de Confiança de 95%, IC95%: 0,26-0,84), pequeno para idade gestacional (RR = 0,57;IC95%:0,37-0,89) ou restrição de Kramer (RR= 0,65; IC95%:0,47-0,92), com a antecipação da idade da menarca. Os resultados foram semelhantes na análise da sub-amostra, porém sem significância estatística. Quando o índice de massa corpórea foi considerado na análise da sub-amostra, não houve modificação dos resultados. Desta forma, este estudo demonstrou associação negativa entre restrição de crescimento intra-uterino e antecipação da idade da menarca, ou seja, a restrição de crescimento foi fator de proteção da menarca antecipada. / LEITE, F. Influence of intrauterine growth restriction on the age of menarche: the cohort study of live births of Ribeirao Preto in 1978/9. 2008. 85 p. Dissertation (Master) submitted to the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto/USP. This study tested the hypothesis of association between intrauterine growth restriction and early age of menarche. For this study, follow-up data (n = 1056) from the population based livebirth cohort study of Ribeirao Preto of 19789 were analyzed. Early menarche was defined as having the first menstrual event before 12 years-old and intrauterine growth restriction was defined by three measurements: low birthweight (< 2500grs), small for gestational age (< 10% Williams growth curve) and fetal growth ratio (< 0.85 mean weight for gestational age). Relative risks were estimated by generalized estimation equations (Poisson distribution) with robust method for estimation of standard errors. Analyzes were adjusted for maternal age, education and marital status, number of siblings, birth length and preterm. Body mass index was tested as intervenient or interaction factor in a subsample of the cohort examined at 9 yrs-old. The mean age of menarche was 12.3 years (Standard Deviation = 1.5). Early menarche was observed for 27.7% for the entire cohort and 29.1% for the sub-sample. Negative association was observed between intrauterine growth restriction and early menarche. The adjusted relative risks and respective confidence intervals (95% CI) for low birth weight, small for gestational age and fetal growth ratio were respectively: 0.47 (95% CI: 0.26-0.84), 0.57 (95% CI: 0,37-0,89), and 0.65 (95%CI: 0,47-0, 92). No evidence that body mass index was an intermediate or interaction factor was observed. Thus, this study showed a negative association between intrauterine growth restriction and anticipation of age of menarche.