Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar a associação entre fatores clínicos e laboratoriais com o uso de insulina em gestantes com DMG no momento do diagnóstico e analisar os possíveis fatores preditores do uso de insulina. Método: Foram estudadas, de forma retrospectiva, 294 pacientes com diabetes melito gestacional (DMG) diagnosticado por meio do teste de tolerância à glicose oral de 100 gramas (TTGO-100g) entre 24 e 33 semanas completas de gestação, cujo seguimento pré-natal foi realizado ambulatorialmente pelo setor de Endocrinopatias e Gestação da Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de 1 de julho de 2002 a 30 de junho de 2008. Os seguintes fatores clínicos e laboratoriais, que pudessem estar associados ao uso de insulina para controle glicêmico, foram analisados: idade materna, obesidade pré-gestacional - índice de massa corpórea (IMC) > 30 Kg/m2, antecedente familiar de diabetes melito (DM), tabagismo, hipertensão arterial, uso de corticosteróides sistêmicos, antecedente obstétrico de DMG e de macrossomia fetal, nuliparidade, multiparidade, antecedente obstétricos de natimortos e neomortos, idade gestacional no momento do diagnóstico, gemelidade, índice de líquido amniótico (ILA) aumentado ILA > 18 cm, polidrâmnio (ILA > 25 cm), número de valores anormais do TTGO-100g, glicemia de jejum anormal no TTGO- 100g glicemia de jejum > 95 mg/dL; média das quatro glicemias aferidas no TTGO-100g; valor da glicemia de jejum, de 1ª, 2ª e 3ª horas do TTGO-100g e hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c). A associação entre cada fator e a necessidade de insulinoterapia foi analisada individualmente (2 de Pearson / teste exato de Fisher e teste t de Student). O modelo de regressão logística para a análise multivariada foi usado para predizer a probabilidade desses fatores em relação ao uso de insulina. Resultados: Das 294 pacientes avaliadas, 39,8% (117/294) necessitaram de insulinoterapia para controle glicêmico. Observou-se correlação positiva entre o uso de insulina e obesidade pré-gestacional, antecedente familiar de DM, hipertensão arterial, antecedente obstétrico de DMG e de macrossomia fetal, número de valores anormais no TTGO-100g, glicemia de jejum > 95 mg/dL no TTGO-100g; média das quatro glicemias aferidas no TTGO-100g; valor da glicemia de jejum, de 1ª, 2ª e 3ª horas do TTGO-100g e HbA1c pela análise univariada (P<0,05). Na análise do modelo de regressão logística foram desenvolvidos dois modelos que incluíam os seguintes fatores preditores do uso de insulina: obesidade pré-gestacional, antecedente familiar de DM, número de valores anormais no TTGO-100g (só modelo 1) e valor da glicemia de jejum do TTGO-100g (só modelo 2). Os dois primeiros modelos foram novamente analisados, incluindo-se a variável HbA1c para verificação de sua contribuição na predição do uso de insulina. Curvas de probabilidade e escores foram construídos com base nas quatro combinações de fatores preditores. Conclusões: É possível estimar a probabilidade do uso de insulinoterapia para controle glicêmico em gestantes com DMG por meio de IMC pré-gestacional, antecedente familiar de DM, número de valores anormais do TTGO-100g, valor da glicemia de jejum no TTGO-100g e da HbA1c. / Objective: To determine the association between clinical and laboratory parameters and insulin requirement in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and to evaluate possible factors predicting the need for insulin therapy. Methods: A total of 294 patients with GDM diagnosed by the 100- g/3-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 24 and 33 complete weeks of gestation were retrospectively studied. These patients were under prenatal follow-up at the Obstetric Clinic of the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine (HCFMUSP) between July 1, 2002 and June 30, 2008. The clinical and laboratory factors which could be associated to the need for insulin therapy were analyzed: maternal age, prepregnancy obesity body mass index (BMI) > 30 Kg/m2, family history of diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking, hypertension, use of systemic corticosteroids, prior GDM, prior fetal macrosomia, nulliparity, multiparity, prior stillbirth, prior neonatal death, gestational age at diagnosis of GDM, multiple pregnancy, elevated amniotic fluid index (AFI) AFI > 18 cm, polyhydramnios (AFI > 25 cm), number of abnormal 100-g/3-h OGTT values, 100-g/3-h OGTT fasting plasma glucose > 95 mg/dL, mean of the four 100-g/3-h OGTT values, 100-g/3-h OGTT fasting/one/two/three plasma glucose values, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The association between each factor and the need for insulin therapy was then analyzed individually (Pearsons chi-square/Fishers exact or Student t test). The performance of these factors to predict the probability of insulin therapy was estimated using a logistic regression model. Results: Among the 294 patients studied, 39.8% (117/294) required insulin for glycemic control. Univariate analysis showed a positive correlation between insulin therapy and prepregnancy obesity, family history of diabetes, hypertension, prior GDM, prior fetal macrosomia, number of abnormal 100-g/3-h OGTT values, 100-g/3-h OGTT fasting plasma glucose > 95 mg/dL, mean of the four 100-g/3-h OGTT values, 100-g/3-h OGTT fasting/one/two/three plasma glucose values, and HbA1c (P < 0.05). Two logistic regression models were developed and included the following parameters: prepregnancy obesity, family history of diabetes, number of abnormal 100-g/3-h OGTT values (just model 1) and 100-g/3-h OGTT fasting plasma glucose (just model 2). The two first models were analysed another time including the variable HbA1c to verify its contribution on prediction of the need for insulin therapy. Probability curves and scores were constructed based on the four combinations of predictive factors. Conclusions: The probability of insulin therapy can be estimated in pregnant women with GDM based on prepregnancy obesity, family history of diabetes, number of abnormal 100-g/3-h OGTT values, 100-g/3-h OGTT fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1c concentration.

<p>The high prevalence of diabetes mellitus among the Sudanese population is linked to obesity, poor glycaemic control and a high rate of complications. This study investigated 1/ Leptin hormone and its correlations with different biochemical characteristics in Sudanese diabetic subjects, 2/ The impact of glycaemic control on pregnancy outcome in pregnancies with diabetes, 3/ The glycaemic response to Sudanese traditional carbohydrate foods, 4/ The influence of glucose self-monitoring on the glycaemic control among this population, 5/ The health related quality of life in Sudanese subjects with diabetes-related lower limb amputation. </p><p>Leptin was significantly lower in diabetic subjects compared with controls of same BMI in both females (P =0.0001) and males (P =0.019). In diabetic subjects, serum leptin correlated positively with the homeostatic assessment (HOMA) of both beta-cell function (P =0.018) and insulin resistance (P =.038). In controls, leptin correlated only with insulin resistance. Pregnancy complications were higher among diabetic compared with control women (P<0.0001) and varied with the type of diabetes. Infants of diabetic mothers had a higher incidence of neonatal complications than those of non-diabetic women (P<0.0001). In six Sudanese traditional carbohydrate meals over all differences in incremental AUCs were significant for both plasma glucose (P = 0.0092) and insulin (P = 0.0001). Millet porridge and wheat pancakes displayed significantly lower post-prandial glucose and insulin responses, whereas maize porridge induced a higher post-prandial glucose and insulin response. In type 2 diabetic subjects SMBG or SMUG was not related to glycaemic control. In type 1 diabetic subjects, SMBG was significantly associated with better glycaemic control, as assessed by HbA1c (P=0.02) and blood glucose at clinic visits (P=<0.0001), similar associations were found for SMUG respectively. Neither glycaemic control nor glucose self-monitoring was associated with education level. Diabetic subjects with LLA had significantly poorer HRQL compared to a reference diabetic group (P=<0.0001). Duration of diabetes and amputation had negative impact on HRQL in subjects with LLA (P=<0.0001) respectively. Diabetic subjects with LLA had decreased sense of coherence and high presence of symptoms. Improving health services at the primary level is important to reduce the complications and burden of disease in the Sudanese population.</p>

The high prevalence of diabetes mellitus among the Sudanese population is linked to obesity, poor glycaemic control and a high rate of complications. This study investigated 1/ Leptin hormone and its correlations with different biochemical characteristics in Sudanese diabetic subjects, 2/ The impact of glycaemic control on pregnancy outcome in pregnancies with diabetes, 3/ The glycaemic response to Sudanese traditional carbohydrate foods, 4/ The influence of glucose self-monitoring on the glycaemic control among this population, 5/ The health related quality of life in Sudanese subjects with diabetes-related lower limb amputation. Leptin was significantly lower in diabetic subjects compared with controls of same BMI in both females (P =0.0001) and males (P =0.019). In diabetic subjects, serum leptin correlated positively with the homeostatic assessment (HOMA) of both beta-cell function (P =0.018) and insulin resistance (P =.038). In controls, leptin correlated only with insulin resistance. Pregnancy complications were higher among diabetic compared with control women (P&lt;0.0001) and varied with the type of diabetes. Infants of diabetic mothers had a higher incidence of neonatal complications than those of non-diabetic women (P&lt;0.0001). In six Sudanese traditional carbohydrate meals over all differences in incremental AUCs were significant for both plasma glucose (P = 0.0092) and insulin (P = 0.0001). Millet porridge and wheat pancakes displayed significantly lower post-prandial glucose and insulin responses, whereas maize porridge induced a higher post-prandial glucose and insulin response. In type 2 diabetic subjects SMBG or SMUG was not related to glycaemic control. In type 1 diabetic subjects, SMBG was significantly associated with better glycaemic control, as assessed by HbA1c (P=0.02) and blood glucose at clinic visits (P=&lt;0.0001), similar associations were found for SMUG respectively. Neither glycaemic control nor glucose self-monitoring was associated with education level. Diabetic subjects with LLA had significantly poorer HRQL compared to a reference diabetic group (P=&lt;0.0001). Duration of diabetes and amputation had negative impact on HRQL in subjects with LLA (P=&lt;0.0001) respectively. Diabetic subjects with LLA had decreased sense of coherence and high presence of symptoms. Improving health services at the primary level is important to reduce the complications and burden of disease in the Sudanese population.

Obesity is a major health problem in the Western world. Mean birth weight has increased during the last 25 years. One explanation is that the proportion of large for gestational age (LGA) infants has increased. Such infants risk developing obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes later in life. Despite the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia, their postnatal metabolic adaptation has not been investigated. Our data, obtained with stable isotope labeled compounds, demonstrate that newborn LGA infants have increased lipolysis and decreased insulin sensitivity. After administration of glucagon, the plasma levels of glucose and the rate of glucose production increased. The simultaneous increase in insulin correlated with the decrease in lipolysis, indicating an antilipolytic effect of insulin in these infants. We also demonstrated an intergenerational effect of being born LGA, since women born LGA, were at higher risk of giving birth to LGA infants than women not born LGA. Further, the LGA infants formed three subgroups: born long only, born heavy only, and born both long and heavy. Infants born LGA of women with high birth weight or adult obesity were at higher risk of being LGA concerning weight alone, predisposing to overweight and obesity at childbearing age. In addition we found that pregnant women with gestational diabetes were at increased risk of giving birth to infants that were heavy alone. This could explain the risk of both perinatal complications and later metabolic disease in infants of this group of women. To identify determinants of fetal growth, 20 pregnant women with a wide range of fetal weights were investigated at 36 weeks of gestation. Maternal fat mass was strongly associated with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was related to glucose production, which correlated positively with fetal size. The variation in resting energy expenditure, which was closely related to fetal weight, was largely explained by BMI, insulin resistance, and glucose production. Lipolysis was not rate limiting for fetal growth in this group of women. Consequently, high maternal glucose production due to a high fat mass may result in excessive fetal growth.

Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting 5–15% of women of reproductive age. The syndrome is characterized by menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. Infertility is a major problem in PCOS and it can be explained partially by chronic anovulatory cycles. Excess body weight and insulin resistance are common among women with PCOS, exposing them to the most common pregnancy complication, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and, later in life, to a higher risk of developing glucose metabolism disorders eventually leading to outbreak of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the respective roles of the syndrome per se, excess body weight and hyperandrogenism regarding the aforementioned complications are still to be clarified. The objectives were first to determine the risks of PCOS, infertility problems and decreased fertility at age 26 in women with a history of menstrual irregularity or elevated androgen levels in adolescence (at age 16). We also aimed to clarify whether PCOS per se is associated with decreased fertility and increased incidence of miscarriage, GDM, prediabetes and T2DM. Lastly, we focused on the respective roles of excess body weight and hyperandrogenism as regards the development of GDM and impaired glucose metabolism. The study populations were derived from the prospective Northern Finland Birth Cohorts 1966 and 1986, comprising all expected births in 1966 (n = 5889 females) and 1986 (n = 4567) in the two northernmost provinces of Finland. The data was complemented with fertility rates and diagnoses of GDM and T2DM from registers held by the National Institute for Health and Welfare and The Social Insurance Institution of Finland. Menstrual irregularity or elevated androgen levels in adolescence were associated at age 26 with increased risks of PCOS and infertility problems, but not with decreased fertility rates. At the end of their reproductive life women with symptoms of PCOS were not more often childless, had had a similar incidence of miscarriages but had a smaller family size compared with healthy women, and obesity further decreased family size in this group. Excess body weight and elevated androgen levels, but not PCOS per se, were independent risk factors of GDM. The increased risk of T2DM in PCOS was mainly due to excess body weight, although both factors had a synergistic effect on the development of T2DM. / Tiivistelmä Monirakkulainen munasarjaoireyhtymä (PCOS) on yleinen naisilla esiintyvä hormonaalinen häiriö, josta kärsii 5-15% lisääntymisikäisistä naisista. Kuukautiskierron häiriöt, mieshormoniylimäärä ja monirakkulaiset munasarjat ovat ominaisia oireyhtymälle. Lapsettomuus on keskeinen ongelma oireyhtymässä, mikä johtuu osittain kroonisesta ovulaatioiden epäsäännöllisyydestä tai niiden puuttumisesta. Ylipainoa ja insuliiniresistenssiä esiintyy usein oireyhtymää sairastavilla naisilla ja ne altistavat raskausajan diabeteksen puhkeamiselle. Myöhemmällä iällä PCOS-naisilla on suurentunut riski sairastua sokeriaineenvaihdunnan häiriöihin, jotka lisäävät riskiä tyypin 2 diabeteksen (T2DM) puhkeamiselle. PCOS:n, ylipainon ja mieshormoniylimäärän itsenäiset roolit edellä mainittujen häiriöiden kehittymisessä ovat kuitenkin edelleen epäselviä. Ensimmäisenä tavoitteena oli selvittää PCOS:n, lapsettomuusongelmien ja alentuneen hedelmällisyyden riskiä 26-vuotiaana naisilla, joilla todettiin kuukautiskierron häiriö tai kohonneet mieshormonipitoisuudet nuoruusiällä (16-vuotiaana). Toiseksi selvitimme, liittyykö PCOS itsessään alentuneeseen hedelmällisyyteen sekä kohonneeseen keskenmenojen, raskausdiabeteksen, diabeteksen esiasteiden ja T2DM esiintyvyyteen. Lisäksi selvitimme ylipainon ja mieshormoniylimäärän itsenäisiä rooleja raskausdiabeteksen ja muiden sokeriaineenvaihdunnan häiriöiden kehittymisessä. Tutkimusaineistoina olivat Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortit 1966 (n = 5889 naista) ja 1986 (n = 4567 naista), joihin sisältyivät kaikki elävänä syntyneet lapset vuosina 1966 ja 1986 kahdesta Suomen pohjoisimmasta läänistä. Tutkimusaineistoja täydennettiin hedelmällisyyslukujen ja GDM- sekä T2DM-diagnoosien osalta Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen ja Kansaneläkelaitoksen ylläpitämistä rekistereistä. Nuoruusiän kuukautiskierron häiriöt ja mieshormoniylimäärä olivat yhteydessä suurentuneeseen riskiin kehittää PCOS ja kärsiä lapsettomuusongelmista, mutta näiden yhteyttä alentuneisiin hedelmällisyyslukuihin 26-vuotiaana ei todettu. PCOS-oireiset naiset eivät kärsineet lapsettomuudesta lisääntymisiän aikana verrokkinaisia enemmän ja keskenmenojen esiintyvyys ei eronnut oireisten ja terveiden naisten välillä. Oireisilla naisilla oli kuitenkin pienempi perhekoko kuin verrokeilla, ja lihavuus entisestään pienensi perhekokoa oireisilla naisilla. Ylipaino ja mieshormoniylimäärä olivat itsenäisiä riskitekijöitä raskausdiabeteksen kehittymiselle. PCOS ei ollut riskitekijä raskausdiabeteksen kehittymiselle. Kohonnut T2DM-riski PCOS:ssa johtui lähinnä ylipainosta, vaikkakin molemmat tekijät olivat itsenäisiä riskitekijöitä T2DM:n kehittymiselle.

Les relations bien connues en cas d'hémochromatose entre surcharge en fer, insulinorésistance et stress oxydant, nous ont conduit à chercher à établir le rôle de la ferritine comme un facteur prédictif du risque de diabète gestationnel et du stress oxydant indépendamment de toute supplémentation dans une population de femmes Libanaises non anémiques. Nous avons observé qu'une ferritine élevée en début de la grossesse était un facteur prédictif d'intolérance au glucose, alors que cette relation n'était pas retrouvée avec une hémoglobine élevée, suggérant que le fer de réserve est un facteur de risque à considérer et non pas le fer fonctionnel. Le dosage de la ferritine pourrait être un marqueur biologique à prendre en considération pour évaluer le risque d'intolérance au glucose chez les femmes à risque de diabète gestationnel. La prévalence du diabète gestationnel dans la population étudiée, sur la base de nouveaux critères adoptés par l'Organisation mondiale de la santé était de ~15% alors qu'elle n'était que de 4% avec les critères de O'Sullivan actuellement utilisés dans les hôpitaux où a été recrutée notre population. Cette forte différence souligne la nécessité de l'adoption de nouveaux critères pour un meilleur dépistage et une meilleure prise en charge du fait des risques materno-fœtaux associés au diabète gestationnel. Malgré l'abaissement des valeurs de la glycémie, nous montrons que les nouveaux seuils de glycémie définissant désormais un diabète gestationnel sont toujours associés à une augmentation du stress oxydant, notamment des dommages à l'ADN. Conformément à la littérature, nous montrons qu'un statut en fer élevé, est associé à un état de stress oxydant élevé. De façon plus originale nous montrons qu'une ferritine élevée en début de grossesse aggrave l'association du stress oxydant et de l'insulinorésistance avec l'intolérance au glucose. En l`absence de modèle satisfaisant pour l`étude du diabète gestationnel expérimental, nous avons validé dans une étude préliminaire un régime riche en fructose comme modèle expérimental de diabète gestationnel. Nous montrons que ce modèle induit les mêmes modifications chez les rates et leurs ratons que celles observées lors de diabète gestationnel, de plus lorsque ce régime est enrichi en fer, des altérations oxydatives sont observées au niveau cérébral et hépatique des ratons. Ce modèle expérimental nous permettra d'étudier ultérieurement les voies de signalisation qui régissent les interactions entre fer, stress oxydant et diabète gestationnel et d'évaluer les répercussions d'une augmentation des dommages oxydatifs chez les fœtus, chez les nouveau-nés à la naissance et à distance par des études de comportement. Enfin en raison des données récentes sur l'épigénétique notre modèle expérimental pourrait nous permettre de suivre l'évolution en terme d'apparition de pathologies à l'âge adulte (insulinorésistance, diabète de type 2, déclin cognitif) des animaux nés de mère avec un diabète gestationnel. Au vu de l`ensemble de nos résultats sur les interactions entre ferritine, intolérance au glucose et stress oxydant, le bénéfice d`une supplémentation martiale durant la grossesse chez des femmes à risque de diabète gestationnel doit être évalué. / The overall goal of this study was to establish the role of ferritin as a predictor for gestational diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress in non-anemic and non-iron supplemented Lebanese women. We observed that high ferritin level during the first-trimester of pregnancy was a predictor for impaired glucose tolerance, whereas high hemoglobin values yielded no significant relationship, suggesting that the iron reserve was the main indicator to be considered as a risk factor rather than the functional iron. Thus, the serum ferritin level could be used as a biological marker to assess for the risk of glucose intolerance in pregnant women. Based on the new World Health Organization criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis, it is predicted that gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence in our population could be increased by four-fold. Since gestational diabetes mellitus has deleterious effects on the perinatal and maternal health outcomes, the implementation of these new criteria will allow for better management of blood glucose in pregnant women at risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus. Although the new criteria adopted lower cut-off blood glucose value, hyperglycemia is still a factor that highly associated with increase oxidative stress, ultimately leading to DNA damage. Previously, we have shown that high iron status was associated with elevated oxidative stress. Furthermore, we have established that high ferritin during early-term pregnancy affected the association between oxidative stress and insulin resistance with glucose intolerance. Due to the lack of good experimental model to study gestational diabetes mellitus, we have utilized fructose-supplemented diet fed pregnant dam as an experimental animal model for our gestational diabetes studies. Data obtained in a preliminary study indicated that, this experimental animal model had identical metabolic modifications found in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Moreover, we have showed that iron-enriched diet significantly increased the redox status of the brain and the liver of the fructose-supplemented dams. Therefore, we believed that this experimental model is good model for future studies to evaluate the signaling pathways involved in iron, oxidative stress and gestational diabetes and to assess the impact of increased oxidative damage during pregnancy on the fetus, immediately after birth and later during the developmental stages via various behavioral tests. Finally, an epigenetic study using this experimental model may allow us to understand the genetic alterations that affected the likelihood of developing insulin resistance, diabetes, or cognitive decline in pups born to the mothers with gestational diabetes. Based on the findings from our studies on the interaction between ferritin, glucose impairment, and oxidative stress, as well as the iron-supplemented diet in the dams with gestational diabetes mellitus, a caution must be exercised when supplementing a pregnant woman with iron. The use of iron-supplementation during pregnancy should be re-evaluated.

VIEIRA NETA, Francisca Adriele. Políticas públicas na saúde voltadas para o Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional: avaliação da aplicação no ciclo gravídico-puérperal. 2013. 88f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Políticas Públicas e Gestão da Educação Superior, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-07T12:46:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_favneta.pdf: 1117955 bytes, checksum: 50efe4a2d80c04a1a622b763935bbad2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-08T14:37:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_favneta.pdf: 1117955 bytes, checksum: 50efe4a2d80c04a1a622b763935bbad2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-08T14:37:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_favneta.pdf: 1117955 bytes, checksum: 50efe4a2d80c04a1a622b763935bbad2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The objective of this research was analyze the application of the public policies guidelines to the pregnant and postpartum with Gentional Diabetes Millitus during prenatal care, approaching the prevention, diagnosis and treatment. For this purpose, it was used a sample of 28 women with GDM at public and reference disease institute. An exploratory, descriptive and documentary survey was conducted approaching the quantitative. The instrument was a form and the technique, the structured interview. The data collection occurred from November 2012 to January 2013. First of all, we conducted a collection in charts and in antenatal card of the survey participants. Later on, the pregnates and postpartum women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus diagnosed passed through an interview. The result of the research showed the balance between countries on public policies to pregnant and postpartum women with GDM, Brazil has the highest number of actions directed to gestational diabetes, for instance: prenatal care access in the first trimester of pregnancy; number of consultations according to those recommended by public policies, about the interval among childbirths, the majority took four years to get pregnant again, in the blood pressure check part, the pregnant women adhered during antenatal consultations over six times and the orientations received after the gestational diabetes diagnosis, the diet was the first guidance received. Nevertheless, remains the convenience of expansion and the creation of new public policies on health, targeted to pregnant and postpartum women with gestational diabetes mellitus, since this disease is still based on the guidelines established for chronic diseases. The DMG grows rapidly in uncomfortable level, and actions are insufficient to meet the health needs of this group. / A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a aplicação das diretrizes das políticas públicas dirigidas às gestantes e puérperas portadoras de Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional, durante o pré natal, abordando a prevenção, o diagnóstico e o tratamento. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma amostra com 28 mulheres portadoras de DMG em instituição pública e de referência para a doença. Realizou-se uma pesquisa documental, exploratória e descritiva com abordagem quantitativa. O instrumento foi um formulário, e a técnica, a entrevista estruturada. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de novembro de 2012 a janeiro de 2013. Primeiramente foi realizada uma coleta em prontuários e no cartão de pré-natal das participantes do estudo. No segundo momento foi aplicada uma entrevista às gestantes e puérperas, com diagnóstico de Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional. A pesquisa mostrou na comparação entre países sobre as políticas públicas dirigidas às gestantes e puérperas com DMG, o Brasil destacou-se com o maior número de ações direcionado para o diabetes gestacional, e, mediante o resultado da pesquisa tivemos os seguintes resultados: acesso ao pré-natal no primeiro trimestre da gestação; número de consultas condizente com as preconizadas pelas políticas públicas; em referência ao intervalo entre partos a maioria levou mais de quatro anos para engravidar novamente; na categoria verificação da pressão arterial, as gestantes aferiram-na durante as consultas de pré-natais mais de seis vezes e quanto às orientações recebidas após a definição do diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional, a dieta foi a primeira orientação recebida. Mesmo assim, pontua-se a conveniência de ampliação e a criação de novas políticas públicas na saúde, direcionadas às gestantes e puérperas portadoras de diabetes mellitus gestacional, uma vez que, essa patologia ainda se baseia nas normas e diretrizes estabelecidas para as doenças crônicas. O DMG cresce rapidamente em patamar pouco confortável, e as ações são insuficientes para suprir as necessidades de saúde desse grupo.

Submitted by MARIANA PINTO SIRIMARCO null (mpsirimarco@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-08T03:04:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERSÃO FINAL 2 08-04.pdf: 1774461 bytes, checksum: 13e24ee503bed7a9ca8d50a2f58cd2aa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-08T16:39:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sirimarco_mp_me_bot.pdf: 1774461 bytes, checksum: 13e24ee503bed7a9ca8d50a2f58cd2aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-08T16:39:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sirimarco_mp_me_bot.pdf: 1774461 bytes, checksum: 13e24ee503bed7a9ca8d50a2f58cd2aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / JUSTIFICATIVA – desde agosto de 2011 o Serviço Especializado de Diabetes e Gravidez da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu/Unesp (SEDG-FMB/Unesp) adotou o novo protocolo diagnóstico para o DMG recomendado pela ADA/IADPSG. Entretanto, o Perfil Glicêmico (PG) continuou associado ao TOTG 75g, para diagnosticar a Hiperglicemia Gestacional Leve (HGL), reconhecida e tratada em nosso Serviço como se fosse DMG. A controvérsia sobre o custo-benefício do novo protocolo da ADA/IADPSG e a dúvida sobre a necessidade de manutenção do PG no protocolo do Serviço justificam o presente estudo. OBJETIVOS – avaliar o impacto do novo protocolo da ADA/IADPSG na prevalência de HGL e de DMG, na ocorrência de resultados perinatais adversos (RPNA) e na associação TOTG 75g e PG para diagnóstico de HGL no SEDG-FMB/Unesp. MÉTODO – estudo de corte transversal, incluindo gestantes, e seus recém-nascidos (RN), submetidas aos protocolos diagnósticos e que realizaram pré-natal e parto no Serviço, antes (janeiro de 2008 a 14 de agosto de 2011) e após (15 de agosto de 2011 a dezembro de 2014) à mudança do protocolo, definindo uma amostra por conveniência. Considerando os dois períodos, foram comparadas a prevalência de DMG e de HGL e a ocorrência de RN-GIG, macrossomia, primeira cesárea e tempo de internação dos RN. Na análise estatística foram utilizados análise de Poison e teste t-Student, teste do Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fischer e cálculo de risco (RR e IC 95%) para os desfechos avaliados. O limite de significância estatística foi de 95% (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS – o NOVO protocolo resultou em aumento no número de mulheres com DMG e deixou de identificar 17,3% do total de gestantes, que mantiveram o diagnóstico de HGL, apesar do TOTG 75g normal. O novo protocolo ADA/IADPSG não influenciou o desfecho perinatal. CONCLUSÕES – esses resultados reforçam a validade da manutenção do PG no protocolo diagnóstico do SEDG-FMB/Unesp. Para concluir sobre o custo-benefício do NOVO protocolo, são necessários grandes estudos, multicêntricos e com tamanho amostral adequado. / BACKGROUND - since August 2011 the Specialized Center of Diabetes and Pregnancy of the Botucatu Medical School / Unesp (SEDG-FMB / Unesp) has adopted a new diagnostic protocol for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) recommended by the ADA / IADPSG guidelines. However, the glycemic profile (GP) remained associated with the 75g OGTT to diagnose Mild Gestational Hyperglycemia Lite (MGH), recognized and treated in our department as if it were GDM. The controversy over the cost-effectiveness of the new ADA / IADPSG guideline and doubt about the need for GP maintenance in the service protocol justify this study. OBJECTIVES - To assess the impact of the new ADA / IADPSG guideline in the prevalence of MGH and GDM, in the incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes (APNO) and in the association 75g OGTT and PG for diagnosis of MGH at the SEDG-FMB / Unesp. METHOD - cross-sectional study, including pregnant women and their newborns (NB) that underwent diagnostic protocols and had their prenatal care and delivery at the service before (January 2008 to August 14, 2011) and after (15 August 2011 to December 2014) the protocol modification, defining a convenience sample. Considering the two periods, the prevalence of GDM and MGH and the occurrence of LGA-NB, macrosomia, first cesarean delivery and NB hospital stay were compared. For statistical analysis, Poison analysis and Student's t test, chi-square or Fisher's exact test were used and risk estimate (RR and 95% CI) for the assessed outcomes. The statistical significance threshold was 95% (p <0.05). RESULTS - The new protocol resulted in a increase in the number of women with GDM, but failed to identify 17.3% of pregnant women who maintained the diagnosis of MGH, despite normal 75g OGTT. The new ADA / IADPSG guideline did not influence the perinatal outcome. CONCLUSIONS - These results reinforce the validity of maintaining the GP in the diagnosis protocol at the SEDG-FMB / Unesp. To conclude on the cost-effective of the new protocol, large multicenter studies with adequate sample size are required

Introduction: The measurement of placental thickness can constitute an important clinical marker for newborns prediction affected by the restriction of uteroplacental blood flow. With a simple and inexpensive technique after birth, and with ultrasonographic findings obtained previously during pregnancy, it adds up an inexpensive and effective method in perinatal propaedeutics, adding greater security in the management of these high-pregnant women risk suffering from hypertension, diabetes mellitus and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Objectives: To study the placental thickness in low-risk pregnant women and women with hypertensive syndromes of pregnancies, IUGR and diabetes mellitus; search for possible associations between placental thickness diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography and immediately after birth; seek possible association between placental thickness and perinatal outcomes. Methodology: Cross-sectional, prospective, observational study of a group of pregnant women with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and intrauterine growth restriction to be compared to a control group. Such a study was carried out between the months of October 2013 and February 2015. The first group consisted of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus, the second group consisted of pregnant women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, the third group consisted of pregnant women with IUGR and the fourth group, of low-risk pregnant women. During the hospitalization of the patient, six measures of placental thickness were performed by ultrasound examination. The placentas were examined macroscopically right after birth, to evaluated the placental thickness, performing five cuts transversely. With a total of six slices, the thickness measurement was performed with a digital equipment at the center point of each slice. Results: Total sample of this study consisted of 83 patients, 30 healthy patients with low-risk pregnancy, 20 women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, 17 with diabetes and 16 women with intrauterine growth restriction, and of these, eight had also pre-eclampsia associated with. Evaluating the correlation between measures of placental thickness of each slice, mesuared by ultrasound and macroscopic examination, there was a significant but weak correlation between the first (r = 0,26; p = 0,02) and sixth (r = 0,28; p<0,01) slices and a significant and moderate correlation between the third (r = 0,33; p = 0,02), fourth (r = 0,41; p<0,0001) and fifth (r = 0,38; p<0,0001) slices. As to the correlation between the average thickness at the macroscopic to the average thickness at ultrasound, separeted by groups, there was a significant correlation in the IUGR group (r = 0,60; p<0,05). Conclusions: measures of placental thickness evaluated by antepartum ultrasound and macroscopic examination of the placenta after birth, have a positive and significant correlation, regardless of the diseases of pregnant women prior or during pregnancy; there was no correlation between the average thickness of the placenta in postpartum measures with the average thickness of the antepartum ultrasound measures in groups of BXR, SHG and DM, but there was moderate correlation in the IUGR group; the division of the placenta into slices both ultrasound examination as at the macroscopic examination after delivery showed a low but significant correlation between the third slices and a positive and significant correlation between the first, third, fourth, fifth and sixth slices between the methods of measurement. There was no correlation between the measurements of placental thickness antenatal or postnatal with perinatal outcomes. By the findings of this study, it is recommended that the placental thickness measurement by ultrasound should be performed in the center of the placental disk, corresponding to the third or fourth slice. / Introdução: A medida da espessura placentária pode se constituir em um marcador clínico importante para a predição de recém-nascidos afetados pela restrição de fluxo sanguíneo uteroplacentário. Com estabelecimento de técnica simples e barata, após o nascimento, e de posse de resultados ultrassonográficos obtidos previamente durante a gestação, acrescenta-se mais um método de baixo custo e eficácia preditiva acurada na propedêutica perinatal, adicionando maior segurança no manejo destas gestantes de alto risco portadoras de doença hipertensiva, diabetes melito e crescimento intrauterino restrito (CIUR). Objetivos: Estudar a espessura placentária em gestantes de baixo risco e portadoras de Síndromes Hipertensivas da Gestações, CIUR e Diabetes melito; buscar possíveis associações entre a espessura placentária diagnosticada ao exame ultrassonográfico pré-natal e imediatamente após o nascimento; buscar possível associação entre a espessura placentária e desfechos perinatais. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, prospectivo e observacional de um grupo de gestantes portadoras de doença hipertensiva, diabetes melito e crescimento intrauterino restrito que foi comparado a um grupo controle. Tal estudo foi desenvolvido entre os meses de outubro de 2013 e fevereiro de 2015. O primeiro grupo foi constituído de gestantes portadoras de diabetes mellitus gestacional, o segundo grupo, foi constituído de gestantes portadoras de síndromes hipertensivas da gestação, o terceiro grupo foi constituído por gestantes portadoras de CIUR e, o quarto grupo, por gestantes de baixo risco. Durante a internação hospitalar da parturiente foram realizadas seis medidas de espessura placentária pelo exame de ultrassonografia. As placentas foram examinadas macroscopicamente logo após o nascimento sendo avaliada a espessura placentária, realizando-se cinco cortes no sentido transversal da placenta. Com um total de seis fatias, a medida da espessura foi realizada com um especímetro digital no ponto central de cada fatia. Resultados: amostra total deste estudo foi constituída por 82 pacientes, sendo 29 pacientes hígidas, com gestação de baixo risco, 20 portadoras de síndromes hipertensivas da gestação, 17 portadoras de diabetes melito e 16 portadoras de crescimento intrauterino restrito, sendo que dessas, 8 apresentavam, também, PE associada. Quando se buscou a correlação entre as medidas das espessuras placentárias de cada fatia, avaliadas pela ecografia e macroscopia, houve correlação fraca porém significante entre as primeiras (r = 0,26; p = 0,02) e sextas fatias (r = 0,28; p<0,01) e correlação moderada e significante entre as terceiras (r = 0,33; p = 0,02), quartas (r = 0,41; p<0,0001) e quintas (r = 0,38; p<0,0001) fatias. Quando buscou-se a correlação entre a espessura média na macroscopia com a espessura média na ecografia, por grupos de estudo, observou-se correlação moderada e significante no grupo de crescimento restrito (r = 0,60; p<0,05). Conclusões: as medidas da espessura placentária avaliadas pela ultrassonografia anteparto e ao exame macroscópico da placenta após o nascimento, possuem uma correlação positiva e significante, independente de as gestantes serem ou não portadoras de patologias prévias ou durante a gravidez; não houve correlação entre a espessura média da placenta na macroscopia pós-parto com a espessura média à ecografia nos grupos de BXR, SHG e DM, porém houve correlação moderada no grupo de CIUR; a divisão da placenta em fatias tanto no exame de ultrassonografia como no exame macroscópico após o parto mostrou uma correlação positiva e significante entre as primeiras, terceiras, quartas, quintas e sextas fatias, entre os métodos de medida; não houve correlação entre as medidas da espessura placentária antenatal e pós-natal com as diversas variáveis perinatais. Pelos achados do presente estudo, recomenda-se que de forma sistemática a medida da espessura placentária pela ultrassonografia seja realizada no centro do disco placentário, ou seja, na terceira ou quarta fatia.

Le tissu adipeux sous-cutané (TAsc) est le site préférentiel du stockage postprandial des triglycérides (TG). Quand les capacités d’accrétion sont dépassées, le stockage des TG se fait dans des sites ectopiques du TA et dans des tissus non adipocytaires, par exemple foie et muscles, ce qui entraine de multiples dysfonctionnements dans ces organes et tissus, et permet le développement du syndrome d’insulinorésistance. Chez les sujets obèses, la période postprandiale est caractérisée par des anomalies métaboliques, immunitaires, hormonales, et également par une diminution importante du flot sanguin dans le tissu adipeux (FSTA) sous-cutané. Ce blocage de la perfusion postprandiale du TA a aussi été montrée chez des individus minces qui avaient de très lourds antécédents familiaux de maladies cardiométabolique (obésité, diabète de type 2, maladies cardiovasculaires). Dans cette thèse, on classifiera ces individus comme « non-répondeurs ». À ce jour, peu d’attention a été accordée à ce phénomène. L’hypothèse qui sous-tend cette thèse est que les anomalies du FSTA sont innées ou primaires et sont impliquées très tôt dans le développement de la résistance à l’insuline (RI), du diabète de type 2 et du syndrome métabolique. Le but de notre recherche était donc de vérifier si les altérations du FSTA sont présentes chez les personnes saines et minces, mais à très haut risque de développer une RI ou une maladie cardiométabolique. Nous avons aussi cherché à déterminer les facteurs liés à la non-réponse. Pour cela il nous a fallu explorer certains facteurs hormonaux impliqués dans la régulation du FSTA. Nos résultats montrent que le FSTA est très diminué, à jeun et en postprandial, chez les sujets à haut risque de maladies cardiométaboliques mais encore minces et métaboliquement sains, sans RI. Nous avons aussi montré, pour la première fois, l’effet vasodilatateur du peptide intestinal vasoactif (VIP) dans le TAsc, tout comme le rôle stimulant du système cholinergique dans la régulation postprandiale du FSTA. Cependant, aucun de ces facteurs ne participe au dysfonctionnement du FSTA postprandial chez les non-répondeurs. Des taux répétés de TG plus élevés chez les non-répondeurs et l’association du FSTA avec certains indices de la RI décrits dans la littérature suggèrent que l’altération du métabolisme lipidique suite à la diminution du FSTA puisse servir de médiateur à la détérioration de la sensibilité à l’insuline. / Abstract : Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) is the preferential site of triacylglycerols (TAG) postprandial disposal. When the buffering capacity of SCAT for lipids is exceeded, TAG are disposed in ectopic adipose tissue depots and in non-adipose tissues, such as liver and muscles. Consequently, multiple dysfunctions of these organs and tissues develop including insulin resistance (IR). In obese people, the postprandial period is characterized by metabolic, immune and hormonal alterations, but also by severely altered adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF). Nevertheless, significant alteration of postprandial ATBF was also found in lean individuals with highly positive familiar history of cardiometabolic diseases (obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases). In the thesis, we term them as "non-responders". Up to date, little attention has been payed to this phenomenon. The underlying hypothesis of this thesis is that alterations in ATBF are inborne or very early and that they participate on the development of IR, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Consequently, the aim of our research was to verify if the alterations in ATBF are present in healthy, normal-weight subjects, but at very high risk for development of IR or cardiometabolic diseases. Simultaneously, we searched for factors linked with nonresponsiveness phenomenon. To do this, we examined some hormonal factors in ATBF regulation. Our results confirm the presence of altered fasting and postprandial ATBF in at highrisk subjects for cardiometabolic diseases, but still lean and metabolically healthy, without IR. For the first time, we have also demonstrated the role of cholinergic system in postprandial ATBF regulation, and vasodilatory effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in SCAT. However, none of these factors takes part in postprandial ATBF dysfunction in non-responders. Higher TAG levels repeatedly found in non-responders and the association of ATBF with some indices of insulin sensitivity described in the literature suggest that alteration of lipid metabolism as a result of low ATBF may mediate deterioration of insulin sensitivity.