INTRODUÇÃO: Os adenomas hipofisários são neoplasias benignas que representam cerca de 15% das neoplasias intracranianas. Em sua maioria ocorre de forma esporádica. Estudos moleculares desses adenomas identificaram anormalidades genéticas que podem ter um papel na sua tumorigênese. Dentre alguns desses genes foram descritos os oncogenes GNAS e PTTG e os genes supressores tumorais AIP, CDKN1B e MEG3. OBJETIVO: realizar estudo molecular dos genes associados a tumorigênese através da pesquisa de mutações nos genes GNAS, AIP e CDKN1B e o estudo de expressão gênica de CDKN1B, PTTG e MEG3 em adenomas aparentemente esporádicos, correlacionando com os dados clínicos e laboratoriais, em pacientes acompanhados no serviço de Endocrinologia do HCFMUSP. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Compreendeu 96 adenomas hipofisários aparentemente esporádicos: 41 somatotropinomas, 27 corticotropinomas, 21 adenomas clinicamente não funcionantes (ACNF) e 7 prolactinomas. Foi realizada avaliação restrospectiva dos dados clínicos e laboratoriais ao diagnóstico. Após a análise histológica por hematoxilinaeosina, foi realizada análise imunohistoquímica das proteínas Ki-67 e p53 e molecular do DNA genômico e RNA, extraídos do tecido tumoral. Análise mutacional das regiões codificantes de AIP e CDKN1B e dos hotspots de GNAS nos éxons 8 e 9 foi realizada através de amplificação por PCR e sequenciamento automático. A quantificação relativa do RNAm de CDKN1B, MEG3 e PTTG foi avaliada pelo método de 2-??Ct por PCR em tempo real. RESULTADOS: Presença de mutações somáticas no gene GNAS (gsp+) em 14,5% dos adenomas. Não houve diferenças significativas clínicas e laboratoriais entre os adenomas gsp+ e gsp-. Variantes com potencial patogênico não foram identificadas nos genes AIP e CDKN1B. A análise imunohistoquímica do Ki-67 apresentou média de 1,32% (0,9-4,5) e do p53 média de 1,04 (1,0-1,8). O gene CDKN1B apresentou expressão média de ,12 ± 0,74 (0,1-3,1), com expressão mais baixa nos corticotropinomas. O gene PTTG apresentou expressão média de 2,49 ± 3,10 (0,2-19,0), com maior expressão nos corticotropinomas. O gene MEG3 apresentou expressão média de 0,95 ± 1,38 (0,0-8,8), com valores mais baixos nos ACNF. Três padrões de cluster nos níveis de expressão de RNAm dos genes CDKN1B, PTTG e MEG3 foram identificados: cluster A = CDKN1B >= 1,85/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 foi observado em 100% dos corticotropinomas; cluster B= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 2,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 observado apenas nos somatotropinomas (32%) e o cluster C= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,05 observado na maioria dos ACNF (73%). CONCLUSÕES: A maioria dos adenomas apresentaram índices de Ki-67 menor do que 3%. Em conformidade com este achado, a imunohistoquímica para p53 não se mostrou estatisticamente significativa. A mutação ativadora na proteína Gs? (gsp+) foi a mutação mais frequente em adenomas hipofisários esporádicos, principalmente em somatotropinomas. Não foram identificadas variantes com potencial patogênico nos genes AIP e CDKN1B, portanto, parece ser um evento raro em adenomas esporádicos. A expressão gênica aumentada do gene PTTG foi identificada principalmente nos corticotropinomas. No entanto, ela não foi preditiva de subtipo de adenoma. A expressão gênica do CDKN1B estava diminuída na maioria dos corticotropinomas e normal na maioria dos somatotropinomas e ACNF. A expressão gênica do MEG3 estava diminuída na maioria dos adenomas ACNF e corticotropinomas e normal na maioria dos somatotropinomas. Na análise de cluster hierárquico, foram identificados três padrões de expressão gênica que se correlacionaram com subtipo de adenoma hipofisário / BACKGROUND: Pituitary adenomas are benign tumors that account for about 15% of intracranial tumors. Mostly occurs sporadically. Molecular studies of these adenomas identified genetic abnormalities that may have a role in tumorigenesis. Some of these genes have been described as the oncogenes GNAS and PTTG and tumor suppressor genes AIP, CDKN1B and MEG3. OBJECTIVE: perform a molecular study of genes related in tumorigenesis to evaluate presence of mutations in GNAS, AIP and CDKN1B genes and gene expression analysis of CDKN1B, PTTG and MEG3 genes in apparently sporadic adenomas, correlating with the clinical and laboratory data from patients treated at the Endocrinology service of HCFMUSP.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 96 apparently sporadic adenomas was included: 41 somatotropinomas, 27 corticotropinomas, 21 clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) and seven prolactinomas. Retrospective evaluation of clinical and laboratory data from diagnosis. After histological analysis by hematoxylin-eosin staining, it was performed immunohistochemical analysis of Ki -67 and p53 proteins and molecular analysis of genomic DNA and RNA extracted from tumor tissue. Mutational analysis of coding regions of AIP and CDKN1B and hotspots exons 8 and 9 of GNAS was performed by PCR and automatic sequencing. Relative quantification of mRNA CDKN1B, MEG3 and PTTG was evaluated by 2-??Ct method using Real Time PCR. RESULTS: Presence of somatic mutations on GNAS gene (gsp+) in 14,5% of pituitary adenomas. There were no clinical and laboratorial differences between gsp+ and gsp- somatotropinomas. Variants with pathogenic potencial were not identified in AIP and CDKN1B genes. Imunohistochemical analysis showed mean of 1,32% (0,9-4,5) for Ki-67 and mean of 1,04% (1,0-1,8) for p53. Gene expression of CDKN1B presented a mean of 1,12 ± 0,74 (0,1-3,1) with lower expression in corticotropinomas. Gene expression of PTTG presented a mean of 2,49 ± 3,10 (0,2-19,0) with higher expression in corticotropinomas. Gene expression of MEG3 presented a mean of 0,95 ± 1,38 (0,0-8,8) with lower expression in NFPA. Three cluster patterns in the levels of mRNA expression of genes CDKN1B, PTTG and MEG3 were identified: cluster A = CDKN1B >= 1,85/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 observed in 100% of corticotropinomas; cluster B= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 2,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 observed only in somatotropinomas (32%) and cluster C= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,05 observed in most of NFPA (73%). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the adenomas showed Ki -67 index lower than 3%. In accordance with this finding, immunohistochemistry for p53 was not statistically significant. The activating mutation in the Gs? protein (gsp+) was the most common mutation in sporadic pituitary adenomas, particularly in somatotropinomas. Variants with pathogenic potential have not been identified in the AIP and CDKN1B gene therefore seems to be a rare event in sporadic adenomas. Increased gene expression of PTTG was primarily identified in corticotropinomas. However, it was not predictive of adenoma subtype. The gene expression of CDKN1B was decreased in most corticotropinomas and normal in most somatotropinomas and NFPA. The gene expression of MEG3 was decreased in most of NFPA and corticotropinomas, and normal in most somatotropinomas. In hierarchical cluster analysis was identified three patterns of gene expression that correlated with pituitary adenoma subtype

INTRODUÇÃO: Os adenomas hipofisários são neoplasias benignas que representam cerca de 15% das neoplasias intracranianas. Em sua maioria ocorre de forma esporádica. Estudos moleculares desses adenomas identificaram anormalidades genéticas que podem ter um papel na sua tumorigênese. Dentre alguns desses genes foram descritos os oncogenes GNAS e PTTG e os genes supressores tumorais AIP, CDKN1B e MEG3. OBJETIVO: realizar estudo molecular dos genes associados a tumorigênese através da pesquisa de mutações nos genes GNAS, AIP e CDKN1B e o estudo de expressão gênica de CDKN1B, PTTG e MEG3 em adenomas aparentemente esporádicos, correlacionando com os dados clínicos e laboratoriais, em pacientes acompanhados no serviço de Endocrinologia do HCFMUSP. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Compreendeu 96 adenomas hipofisários aparentemente esporádicos: 41 somatotropinomas, 27 corticotropinomas, 21 adenomas clinicamente não funcionantes (ACNF) e 7 prolactinomas. Foi realizada avaliação restrospectiva dos dados clínicos e laboratoriais ao diagnóstico. Após a análise histológica por hematoxilinaeosina, foi realizada análise imunohistoquímica das proteínas Ki-67 e p53 e molecular do DNA genômico e RNA, extraídos do tecido tumoral. Análise mutacional das regiões codificantes de AIP e CDKN1B e dos hotspots de GNAS nos éxons 8 e 9 foi realizada através de amplificação por PCR e sequenciamento automático. A quantificação relativa do RNAm de CDKN1B, MEG3 e PTTG foi avaliada pelo método de 2-??Ct por PCR em tempo real. RESULTADOS: Presença de mutações somáticas no gene GNAS (gsp+) em 14,5% dos adenomas. Não houve diferenças significativas clínicas e laboratoriais entre os adenomas gsp+ e gsp-. Variantes com potencial patogênico não foram identificadas nos genes AIP e CDKN1B. A análise imunohistoquímica do Ki-67 apresentou média de 1,32% (0,9-4,5) e do p53 média de 1,04 (1,0-1,8). O gene CDKN1B apresentou expressão média de ,12 ± 0,74 (0,1-3,1), com expressão mais baixa nos corticotropinomas. O gene PTTG apresentou expressão média de 2,49 ± 3,10 (0,2-19,0), com maior expressão nos corticotropinomas. O gene MEG3 apresentou expressão média de 0,95 ± 1,38 (0,0-8,8), com valores mais baixos nos ACNF. Três padrões de cluster nos níveis de expressão de RNAm dos genes CDKN1B, PTTG e MEG3 foram identificados: cluster A = CDKN1B >= 1,85/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 foi observado em 100% dos corticotropinomas; cluster B= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 2,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 observado apenas nos somatotropinomas (32%) e o cluster C= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,05 observado na maioria dos ACNF (73%). CONCLUSÕES: A maioria dos adenomas apresentaram índices de Ki-67 menor do que 3%. Em conformidade com este achado, a imunohistoquímica para p53 não se mostrou estatisticamente significativa. A mutação ativadora na proteína Gs? (gsp+) foi a mutação mais frequente em adenomas hipofisários esporádicos, principalmente em somatotropinomas. Não foram identificadas variantes com potencial patogênico nos genes AIP e CDKN1B, portanto, parece ser um evento raro em adenomas esporádicos. A expressão gênica aumentada do gene PTTG foi identificada principalmente nos corticotropinomas. No entanto, ela não foi preditiva de subtipo de adenoma. A expressão gênica do CDKN1B estava diminuída na maioria dos corticotropinomas e normal na maioria dos somatotropinomas e ACNF. A expressão gênica do MEG3 estava diminuída na maioria dos adenomas ACNF e corticotropinomas e normal na maioria dos somatotropinomas. Na análise de cluster hierárquico, foram identificados três padrões de expressão gênica que se correlacionaram com subtipo de adenoma hipofisário / BACKGROUND: Pituitary adenomas are benign tumors that account for about 15% of intracranial tumors. Mostly occurs sporadically. Molecular studies of these adenomas identified genetic abnormalities that may have a role in tumorigenesis. Some of these genes have been described as the oncogenes GNAS and PTTG and tumor suppressor genes AIP, CDKN1B and MEG3. OBJECTIVE: perform a molecular study of genes related in tumorigenesis to evaluate presence of mutations in GNAS, AIP and CDKN1B genes and gene expression analysis of CDKN1B, PTTG and MEG3 genes in apparently sporadic adenomas, correlating with the clinical and laboratory data from patients treated at the Endocrinology service of HCFMUSP.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 96 apparently sporadic adenomas was included: 41 somatotropinomas, 27 corticotropinomas, 21 clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) and seven prolactinomas. Retrospective evaluation of clinical and laboratory data from diagnosis. After histological analysis by hematoxylin-eosin staining, it was performed immunohistochemical analysis of Ki -67 and p53 proteins and molecular analysis of genomic DNA and RNA extracted from tumor tissue. Mutational analysis of coding regions of AIP and CDKN1B and hotspots exons 8 and 9 of GNAS was performed by PCR and automatic sequencing. Relative quantification of mRNA CDKN1B, MEG3 and PTTG was evaluated by 2-??Ct method using Real Time PCR. RESULTS: Presence of somatic mutations on GNAS gene (gsp+) in 14,5% of pituitary adenomas. There were no clinical and laboratorial differences between gsp+ and gsp- somatotropinomas. Variants with pathogenic potencial were not identified in AIP and CDKN1B genes. Imunohistochemical analysis showed mean of 1,32% (0,9-4,5) for Ki-67 and mean of 1,04% (1,0-1,8) for p53. Gene expression of CDKN1B presented a mean of 1,12 ± 0,74 (0,1-3,1) with lower expression in corticotropinomas. Gene expression of PTTG presented a mean of 2,49 ± 3,10 (0,2-19,0) with higher expression in corticotropinomas. Gene expression of MEG3 presented a mean of 0,95 ± 1,38 (0,0-8,8) with lower expression in NFPA. Three cluster patterns in the levels of mRNA expression of genes CDKN1B, PTTG and MEG3 were identified: cluster A = CDKN1B >= 1,85/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 observed in 100% of corticotropinomas; cluster B= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 2,25/ MEG3 >= 0,65 observed only in somatotropinomas (32%) and cluster C= CDKN1B >= 0,95/ PTTG >= 1,25/ MEG3 >= 0,05 observed in most of NFPA (73%). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the adenomas showed Ki -67 index lower than 3%. In accordance with this finding, immunohistochemistry for p53 was not statistically significant. The activating mutation in the Gs? protein (gsp+) was the most common mutation in sporadic pituitary adenomas, particularly in somatotropinomas. Variants with pathogenic potential have not been identified in the AIP and CDKN1B gene therefore seems to be a rare event in sporadic adenomas. Increased gene expression of PTTG was primarily identified in corticotropinomas. However, it was not predictive of adenoma subtype. The gene expression of CDKN1B was decreased in most corticotropinomas and normal in most somatotropinomas and NFPA. The gene expression of MEG3 was decreased in most of NFPA and corticotropinomas, and normal in most somatotropinomas. In hierarchical cluster analysis was identified three patterns of gene expression that correlated with pituitary adenoma subtype

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No description available.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Herstellung von organischen selbstorganisierenden (Sub-)Monolagen (sog. SAM s) auf Siliziumoxid und deren Metallisierung. Die characteristischen Strukturen dieser Oberflächen sind mit der Rasterkraftmikroskopie (RKM) untersucht worden. Im präparativen Abschnitt wird die Abscheidung des SAM (Octadecyltrichlorosilan (OTS)) in einer Toluol/Wasserlösung auf eine Siliziumoxidoberfläche und deren anschließendem lateralen Erscheinungsbild (als Octadecylsiloxan ODS) beschrieben. Die Submonolagen des ODS auf dem Oxid erscheinen in den Topografiebildern des RKM s als eine Art Insellandschaft . Diese Modellstrukturen mit stark unterschiedlicher Oberflächeneigenschaften sind in dem methodischen Teil der Arbeit unter verschiedenen äußeren Bedingungen untersucht worden. Neben der Lateralkraft (Kontakt-Modus) und der Dämpfung (dyn. Nichtkontakt-Modus) stand hier die Kontrastentstehung der Topografie im RKM im Vordergrund. Im Gegensatz zu der theoretischen Länge des ODS-Moleküls wurde eine geringere Höhe des adsorbierten Moleküls gemessen. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, wie die ODS-(Unter)Struktur das Wachstum aufgedampfter Metallschichten beeinflusst. Die Ergebnisse der Evaporation mit Silber und Eisen ergaben zum Teil überraschende Ergebnisse. Frisch aufgedampfte Filme ließen die Unterstruktur anhand der Größe der Metallcluster erkennen, wobei das Silber auf ODS größere Cluster bildete als Eisen auf ODS. Nach einer Temperaturbehandlung unterscheiden sich die Systeme sehr stark, im Falle des Fe-Substrates invertierte sich der Kontrast der Topografie.

This work investigates the growth dynamic of the reactive molecular beam epitaxy of Fe3O4 films, and its impact on the cation distribution as well as on the magnetic and structural properties at the surface and the interfaces. In order to study the structure and composition of Fe3O4 films during growth, time-resolved high-energy x-ray diffraction (tr-HEXRD) and time-resolved hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (tr-HAXPES) measurements are used to monitor the deposition process of Fe3O4 ultrathin films on SrTiO3(001), MgO(001) and NiO/MgO(001). For Fe3O4\SrTiO3(001) is found that the film first grows in a disordered island structure, between thicknesses of 1.5nm to 3nm in FeO islands and finally in the inverse spinel structure of Fe3O4, displaying (111) nanofacets on the surface. The films on MgO(001) and NiO/MgO(001) show a similar result, with the exception that the films are not disordered in the early growth stage, but form islands which immediately exhibit a crystalline FeO phase up to a thickness of 1nm. After that, the films grown in the inverse spinel structure on both MgO(001) and NiO/MgO(001). Additionally, the tr-HAXPES measurements of Fe3O4/SrTiO3(001) demonstrate that the FeO phase is only stable during the deposition process, but turns into a Fe3O4 phase when the deposition is interrupted. This suggests that this FeO layer is a strictly dynamic property of the growth process, and might not be retained in the as-grown films. In order to characterize the as-grown films, a technique is introduced to extract the cation depth distribution of Fe3O4 films from magnetooptical depth profiles obtained by fitting x-ray resonant magnetic reflectivity (XRMR) curves. To this end, x-ray absorption (XAS) and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectra are recorded as well as XRMR curves to obtain magnetooptical depth profiles. To attribute these magnetooptical depth profiles to the depth distribution of the cations, multiplet calculations are fitted to the XMCD data. From these calculations, the cation contributions at the three resonant energies of the XMCD spectrum can be evaluated. Recording XRMR curves at those energies allows to resolve the magnetooptical depth profiles of the three iron cation species in Fe3O4. This technique is used to resolve the cation stoichiometry at the surface of Fe3O4/MgO(001) films and at the interfaces of Fe3O4/MgO(001) and Fe3O4/NiO. The first unit cell of the Fe3O4(001) surface shows an excess of Fe3+ cations, likely related to a subsurface cation-vacancy reconstruction of the Fe3O4(001) surface, but the magnetic order of the different cation species appears to be not disturbed in this reconstructed layer. Beyond this layer, the magnetic order of all three iron cation species in Fe3O4/MgO(001) is stable for the entire film with no interlayer or magnetic dead layer at the interface. For Fe3O4/NiO films, we unexpectedly observe a magnetooptical absorption at the Ni L3 edge in the NiO film corresponding to a ferromagnetic order throughout the entire NiO film, which is antiferromagnetic in the bulk. Additionally, the magnetooptical profiles indicate a single intermixed layer containing both Fe2+ and Ni2+ cations.